Domra: chiridzwa kuumbwa, nhoroondo, mhando, kutamba nzira, kushandiswa

Nekuda kwekunzwika kwayo, domra inotora nzvimbo yakakosha mumhuri yetambo dzakadzurwa. Inzwi rake rakapfava, richiyeuchidza kugunun'una kwerukova. Mumazana emakore XVI-XVII, domrachi vaiva vaimbi vematare, uye vanhu vakawanda vaigara vachiungana mumigwagwa yemaguta kuti vateerere kutamba kwevaimbi vaidzungaira vachiridza dhomra. Mushure menguva yakaoma, chiridzwa chinopinda zvakare muboka rezvidzidzo, chinoshandiswa kuita mimhanzi yevanhu uye yechinyakare, inonzwika yega uye sechikamu cheensembles.

Domra mudziyo

Muviri uri muchimiro chehemisphere une flat soundboard iyo mutsipa wakasungirirwa. 3 kana 4 tambo dzinodhonzwa pairi, dzichipfuura nepakati uye nut. Maburi manomwe eresonator akatemerwa pakati pegudzanzwi. Panguva yeKutamba, bhodhi rekurira rinodzivirirwa ne "shell" rakanamirwa panosangana mutsipa nebhodhi rekurira. Inodzivirira kubva pakukwenya. Musoro wemufananidzo une mapegi ekugadzirisa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwetambo.

Academic classification inoreva domra kune chordophones. Kana isiri yemuviri wakatenderera, domra inogona kutaridzika seimwe chimbo cheRussia - the balalaika. Muviri unogadzirwawo kubva kumhando dzakasiyana dzehuni. Iyo inoumbwa nekunamira mapuranga emapuranga - rivets, akakomberedzwa negoko. Chigaro chine mabhatani akati wandei anogadzirisa tambo.

Chokwadi chinofadza. Mienzaniso yekutanga yakagadzirwa kubva kumanhanga akaomeswa uye akachekwa.

Nzira yekugadzira domra yakaoma. Kune chimwe chishandiso, marudzi akati wandei ehuni anoshandiswa:

• muviri wakagadzirwa nebirch;
• spruce uye fir zvakaomeswa zvakanaka kugadzira deco;
• zvigunwe zveminwe zvakachekwa kubva kune isingawanzoitiki ebony;
• chigadziko chinoumbwa kubva kumaple;
• matanda akaoma zvikuru chete anoshandiswa pakugadzira mutsipa uye hinged shell.

Izwi rinobudiswa nemurevereri. Saizi yaro inogona kusiyana, ine zviridzwa zvakakura kupfuura zvidiki. Migumo yemurevereri inogadzikwa kumativi ose, ichigadzira chamfer. Kureba - 2-2,5 cm, hupamhi anenge masendimita imwe nehafu.

Chishandiso chemazuva ano, pasina izvo vaimbi vaisazokwanisa kuridza domra, inogadzirwa nenylon yakapfava kana caprolon. Kune zvakare mapikicha echinyakare akagadzirwa kubva kugoko rekamba. Pachiridzwa che viola uye domra bass, mudziyo wedehwe unoshandiswa kuburitsa ruzha. Muyananisi akadaro anoita kuti inzwi risanzwike.

Nhoroondo ye domra

Shanduro pamusoro pekwakabva chordophone dzakasiyana. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti ichi chiridzwa cheRussia, Belarusian, Ukrainian vanhu. MuRussia, akaonekwa muzana remakore re X, sezvo pane uchapupu hwakanyorwa. Inotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvemusayendisiti wekumabvazuva uye encyclopedist Ibn Rust. Domra yakave yakakurumbira muzana remakore rechi16.

Nhasi, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotaura nezvekumabvazuva kwechiridzwa chemimhanzi. Chimiro chayo chakafanana neTurkic vestibules. Iyo ine zvakare dhizaini, uye panguva yePlay, vaimbi vakashandisa chip yehuni, bhonzo rehove, seplectrum.

Vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vekuMabvazuva vaiva nevamiririri vavo vezviridzwa zvine tambo zvakatemwa, izvo zvakagamuchira mazita avo: Kazakh dombra, Turkish baglama, Tajik rubaba. Iyo vhezheni ine kodzero yekuvepo, domra ingadai yakapinda muRussia yekare panguva yejoko reTatar-Mongol kana yakaunzwa nevatengesi.

Chiridzwa chacho chingava chakabva kune nyere, nhengo yeEurope yemhuri yetambo yakadimurwa. Asi, kana iwe ukapinda munhoroondo, zvino yakasvika kumadokero kubva kunzvimbo dzekumabvazuva.

Kwemazana maviri emakore, domra yaivaraidza vanhu, chaive chiridzwa chemabhufu nevatauri vengano. Tsars nemaboyars vaive nedomrachi yavo mudare, asi nziyo dzinoruma dzinoseka hunhu, hupenyu, uye hasha dzemunhu wese uye zvese zvaiwanzokonzera kusagutsikana pakati pevakuru. Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich akapa chirevo chaakashandisa kutambudza, uye domra akanyangarika pamwe chete navo, Mutambo waakadana kuti "Mitambo yemadhimoni".

Chokwadi chinofadza. Pasi peutungamiri hwaPatriarch weAll Russia Nikon, zviridzwa zvebuffoon zvakaunganidzwa muhuwandu hwakawanda kubva kumaguta nemisha, zvakaunzwa pangoro kumahombekombe eRwizi rweMoscow ndokupiswa. Murazvo wakabvira kwemazuva akati kuti.

Chordophone yakamutswa muna 1896 nemukuru weGreat Russian Orchestra, muimbi uye muongorori VV Andreev. Balalaika yake ensemble yakanga isina boka rinotungamira renziyo. Pamwe chete natenzi SI Nalimov, vakadzidza zviridzwa zvakanga zvarasikirwa nemukurumbira uye vakagadzira mudziyo wainyatsokodzera kuridza nziyo dzenziyo. Kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, domra yave chikamu chetambo ensembles, kwayaive yakakosha.

Mhando dze domra

Ichi chiridzwa chemimhanzi chemhando mbiri:

• Tambo-nhatu kana Diki - ine quart system muchikamu kubva "mi" yekutanga octave kusvika "re" yechina. Nhamba yefrets pafretboard ndeye 24. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira alto, bass uye domra-piccolo.
• Ina-tambo kana Yakakura - nzira yekuiridza inofanana nebhesi gitare, inowanzoshandiswa nevatambi vemazuva ano. Iyo sisitimu iri muchikamu chechishanu, nhamba yefrets ndeye 30. Rudzi rwemaoctave matatu akazara kubva ku "sol" madiki kusvika "la" yechina, anowedzerwa negumi semitones. Iwo mana-tambo anosanganisira bass domra, alto uye piccolo. Zvishoma zvinowanzoshandiswa contrabass uye tenor.

Ruzha rwakapfuma rwevelvety, gobvu, rinorema timbre rine bass. Mubhuku rezasi, chiridzwa chinozadza mutsara webhasi mu orchestra. 3-tambo domras inogadziriswa muzvikamu zvekota, iyo prima tuning inotanga netambo yakazaruka yechipiri.

Play technique

Muimbi anogara pasi pahafu yechigaro, anorerekera zvishoma muviri mberi, akabata mudziyo. Anoisa rutsoka rwake rworudyi kuruboshwe rwake, bhari inobatwa neruoko rwake rworuboshwe, yakakotama pakona yakarurama. Vanotanga vanodzidziswa kutamba nemunwe, kwete nepikicha. Nzira iyi inonzi pizzicato. Mushure me 3-4 maekisesaizi, unogona kutanga kutamba semurevereri. Achibata tambo uye kudzvanya tambo painoda fret neminwe yeruoko rweruboshwe, muiti anoburitsa ruzha. Kufamba kumwechete kana kushanduka, kudedera kunoshandiswa.

Vatambi Vakakurumbira

Sezvinoita violin mune imwe orchestra yesymphony, domra munziyo dzechinyakare iprima chaiyo. Inowanzoshandiswa sechiridzwa chega. Munhoroondo yenziyo, vanyori vanoremekedzwa vakaidarika zvisina kufanira. Asi vaimbi vemazuva ano vanobudirira kunyora zvinyorwa zveTchaikovsky, Bach, Paganini, Rachmaninoff uye kuwedzera kune chordophone repertoire.

Pakati pevakakurumbira nyanzvi domrists, Purofesa weRussia Academy yeScience. Gnesinykh AA Tsygankov. Ndiye muridzi wekugadzira zvibodzwa zvepakutanga. Mupiro unokosha mukugadzirwa kwechiridzwa chakaitwa naRF Belov ndiye munyori wekuunganidza repertoire uye vaverengi ve domra.

Pakanga pasina nguva dzose dzinobwinya munhoroondo yechiridzwa chevanhu veRussia. Asi nhasi nhamba huru yevanhu vari kudzidzira kuiridza, horo dzekonzati dzakazadzwa nevateveri vehupfumi hwetimbre ruzha.