Caesar Antonovich Cui |

Cesar Cui

Cui. Bolero "O, mudiwa wangu, mudiwa" (A. Nezhdanova)

Muchiedza cherudo universalism ne "tsika yekunzwa", kwete chete iyo yose yeCui's melos yekutanga nemadingindira ayo uye nhetembo dzerudo uye opera zvinonzwisisika; Zvinonzwisisika zvakare kuti shamwari dzechidiki dzaCui (kusanganisira Rimsky-Korsakov) dzakafadzwa nenziyo dzechokwadi dzemoto dzaRatcliffe. B. Asafiev

C. Cui muimbi weRussia, nhengo yenharaunda yeBalakirev, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, anoshingaira propagandist yemafungiro uye zvisikwa zveMighty Handful, musayendisiti ane mukurumbira mumunda wekusimbisa, injinjini-general. Muzvikamu zvose zvebasa rake, akawana kubudirira kwakakosha, akaita mupiro wakakura mukuvandudza tsika dzemimhanzi uye sayenzi yehondo. Nhaka yemimhanzi yaCui yakakura zvakanyanya uye yakasiyana-siyana: 14 maopera (awo mana ndeevana), mazana erudo, orchestral, kwaya, ensemble mabasa, uye piano nziyo. Iye ndiye munyori weanopfuura mazana manomwe emimhanzi anotsoropodza mabasa.

Cui akaberekerwa muguta reLithuania reVilna mumhuri yemudzidzisi wenzvimbo yekurovedza muviri, chizvarwa cheFrance. Mukomana akaratidza kufarira mimhanzi yepakutanga. Akagamuchira zvidzidzo zvake zvepiyano zvekutanga kubva kuhanzvadzi yake huru, uye kwenguva yakati akadzidza nevadzidzisi vega. Pazera remakore gumi nemana, akanyora rwiyo rwake rwekutanga - mazurka, akazoteverwa nemasikati, nziyo, mazurkas, rudo pasina mazwi, uye kunyange "Overture kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro." Vasina kukwana uye vasina ruzivo rwemwana, aya opus ekutanga zvisinei anofarira mumwe wevadzidzisi veCui, akavaratidza kuna S. Moniuszko, aigara panguva iyoyo muVilna. Muimbi akatanhamara wechiPolish akabva atenda tarenda remukomana uye, achiziva mamiriro ezvemari asingagoneki emhuri yeCui, akatanga kudzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi uye counterpoint yekuumba naye mahara. Cui akadzidza naMoniuszko kwemwedzi 14 chete, asi zvidzidzo zvemuimbi mukuru, unhu hwake chaihwo, zvakarangarirwa kweupenyu hwose. Makirasi aya, pamwe chete nekudzidza paimba yekurovedza muviri, akadzongonyedzwa nemhaka yokusimuka kuenda kuSt.

Muna 1851-55. Cui akadzidza paMain Engineering School. Pakanga pasina mubvunzo wezvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvakarongeka, asi pakanga paine zvakawanda zvemimhanzi, kunyanya kubva kushanya kwevhiki nevhiki kuenda kuopera, uye vakazopa chikafu chakapfuma chekuumba Cui semunyori uye mutsoropodzi. Muna 1856, Cui akasangana naM. Balakirev, iyo yakaisa nheyo yeNew Russian Music School. Kwapera chinguva, akava pedyo A. Dargomyzhsky uye muchidimbu A. Serov. Kuenderera mberi muna 1855-57. dzidzo yake paNikolaev Military Engineering Academy, pasi pesimba raBalakirev, Cui akapedza nguva yakawanda uye simba pakuita zvemimhanzi. Mushure mekupedza chikoro, Cui akasiiwa pachikoro semurairidzi wetopography nekugadzirwa "pabvunzo yekubudirira kwakanyanya musainzi mumareteni." Basa rakaoma rekudzidzisa nesainzi reCui rakatanga, richida basa rakakura uye kushanda nesimba kubva kwaari uye richienderera kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake. Mumakore makumi maviri ekutanga ebasa rake, Cui akabva pachiratidzo kuenda kuna colonel (20), asi basa rake rekudzidzisa raingogumira kumagiredhi epasi echikoro. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuti vakuru vemauto vaisakwanisa kuwirirana nepfungwa yemukana wekuti mukuru asanganise zvesainzi uye zvekudzidzisa, kuumba uye zvakakosha zviitiko nekubudirira kwakaenzana. Nekudaro, kuburitswa muInjiniya Journal (1875) yechinyorwa chakajeka "Manotsi ekufambisa eInjiniya Mukuru muTheatre yeKushanda paEuropean Turkey" akaisa Cui pakati penyanzvi dzakatanhamara mumunda wekusimbisa. Nenguva isipi akava purofesa paacademy uye akakwidziridzwa kuva Major General. Cui ndiye munyori weakawanda emabasa akakosha ekusimbisa, mabhuku ezvinyorwa, maererano neayo anenge mazhinji evakuru veuto reRussia vakadzidza. Gare gare akasvika panzvimbo yeinjiniya-mukuru (inoenderana neuto remazuva ano reColonel-general), akabatanidzwawo mubasa rekudzidzisa paMikhailovskaya Artillery Academy uye Academy yeGeneral Staff. Muna 1878, Cui's 1858 dzerudo, op. 3 (pachiteshi cheV. Krylov), panguva imwechete akapedza opera Musungwa weCaucasus mukutanga. Muna 3, Cui akanyora comic opera The Son of the Mandarin, yakanangana nekuita pamba. Pamutambo wekutanga, M. Mussorgsky akaita semandarin, munyori akaperekedza piyano, uye overture yakaitwa naCui naBalakirev mumaoko e1859. Makore mazhinji achapfuura, uye aya mabasa anozove eCui's most repertoire operas.

Muma60s. Cui akashanda pa opera "William Ratcliff" (yakanyorwa muna 1869 pachikuva cheMariinsky Theatre), iyo yakavakirwa padetembo rezita rimwe chete naG. Heine. "Ndakamira pachirongwa ichi nekuti ndaifarira hunhu hwayo hunoshamisa, husingagumi, asi hune shungu, hwakapesvedzerwa hunhu hwegamba pachayo, ndakafadzwa netarenda raHeine uye dudziro yakanaka kwazvo yaA. Pleshcheev (vhesi rakanaka raigara richindifadza uye raive ne pesvedzero isina mubvunzo pamimhanzi yangu) ". Kuumbwa kwe opera kwakashandurwa kuita rudzi rwerabhoritari yekugadzira, umo mafungiro uye maitiro eunyanzvi eBalakirevians akaedzwa nehupenyu hwevanyori, uye ivo pachavo vakadzidza kunyora kweopera kubva pane zvakaitika kuna Cui. Mussorgsky akanyora kuti: “Zvakanaka, hongu, zvinhu zvakanaka zvinogara zvichiita kuti utaridzike uye umirire, uye Ratcliff inopfuura chinhu chakanaka ... Ratcliff haisi yako chete, asiwo neyedu. Akakambaira kubva mudumbu rako rehunyanzvi pamberi pemeso edu uye haana kumbobvira atengesa tarisiro dzedu. ... Izvi ndizvo zvinoshamisa: "Ratcliff" naHeine stilt, "Ratcliff" ndeyako - rudzi rwekuda kwekupenga uye mhenyu zvekuti nekuda kwemimhanzi yako matinji haaonekwe - anopofomadza. Chimiro cheiyo opera kusanganisa kusinganzwisisike kwechokwadi uye hunhu hwerudo mune mavara emagamba, ayo akange atofanotemerwa nezvinyorwa.

Maitiro erudo anoratidzwa kwete chete mukusarudzwa kwechirongwa, asiwo mukushandiswa kweorchestra uye kuwirirana. Mimhanzi yezvikamu zvakawanda inosiyaniswa nerunako, melodic uye harmonic kutaura. Iwo anodzokorodza anopinda paRatcliff ane hupfumi hwemasikirwo uye akasiyana muvara. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zve opera ndeye yakagadziridzwa melodic recitation. Kukanganisa kweiyo opera kunosanganisira kushaikwa kweyakakura mimhanzi uye dingindira budiriro, imwe yekareidoscopicity yezvakajeka ruzivo maererano nekushongedza kwehunyanzvi. Hazvisi nguva dzose zvinogoneka kuti munyori abatanidze nziyo dzinowanzonakidza kuita chinhu chimwe chete.

Muna 1876, iyo Mariinsky Theatre yakabata yekutanga yebasa idzva raCui, iyo opera Angelo yakavakirwa padanho redhirama naV. Hugo (chiitiko ichi chinoitika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX muItari). Cui akatanga kuigadzira paakanga atove muimbi akura. Tarenda yake semunyori yakagadziridzwa uye yakasimbiswa, hunyanzvi hwake hwehunyanzvi hwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Mumhanzi waAngelo unoratidzwa nekurudziro huru uye chido. Mavara akagadzirwa akasimba, akajeka, anoyeukwa. Cui akavaka neunyanzvi mutambo wemumhanzi weopera, zvishoma nezvishoma achisimbisa kukakavara kwezviri kuitika pachikuva kubva pachiito kuenda kuchiito nenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzehunyanzvi. Anoshandisa zvinodzokororwa nounyanzvi, akapfuma mukutaura uye akapfuma mukukura kwemadingindira.

Mumhando ye opera, Cui akagadzira mimhanzi yakawanda inoshamisa, kubudirira kwepamusoro kwaiva "William Ratcliffe" na "Angelo". Zvisinei, ndizvo chaizvo pano apo, zvisinei nezvakawanwa uye nzwisiso, mamwe maitiro asina kunaka akaonekwawo, kunyanya mutsauko pakati pehukuru hwemabasa akaiswa uye kuita kwawo kunoshanda.

Muimbi wenziyo anoshamisa, anokwanisa kuumba manzwiro akanyanya uye akadzama mumimhanzi, iye, semuimbi, akazviratidza zvakanyanya mudiki uye, pamusoro pezvose, murudo. Mune iyi genre, Cui akawana classical kuwirirana uye kuwirirana. Nhetembo dzechokwadi uye kurudziro zvakaratidza kudanana uye kutenderera kwemazwi se "Aeolian harps", "Meniscus", "Tsamba Yakapiswa", "Yakapfekwa neshungu", 13 mifananidzo yemimhanzi, 20 nhetembo naRishpen, 4 sonnets naMickiewicz, makumi maviri neshanu nhetembo naPushkin, 25 nhetembo naNekrasov, 21 nhetembo naAK Tolstoy nevamwe.

Mabasa akati wandei akakosha akagadzirwa naCui mundima yemimhanzi yezviridzwa, kunyanya suite yepiyano "MuArgento" (yakatsaurirwa kuna L. Mercy-Argento, mukurumbira wemimhanzi yeRussia kunze kwenyika, munyori wemonograph pabasa raCui. ), 25 piano preludes, violin suite "Kaleidoscope" uye etc. Kubva 1864 uye anenge kusvika pakufa kwake, Cui akaenderera mberi nebasa rake remimhanzi-yakakosha. Misoro yekutaura kwake mumapepanhau akasiyana zvakanyanya. Akaongorora makonzati emuSt. Petersburg uye mitambo yeopera nguva dzose, achigadzira imwe nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeSt. Petersburg, akaongorora basa revanyori vokuRussia nevekune dzimwe nyika, uye unyanzvi hwevaimbi. Zvinyorwa zveCui uye ongororo (kunyanya mu60s) kusvika pamwero mukuru wakaratidza chikuva chepfungwa chedenderedzwa reBalakirev.

Mumwe wevatsoropodzi vekutanga veRussia, Cui akatanga kugara achisimudzira mimhanzi yeRussia munhau yekunze. Mubhuku rinonzi "Music in Russia", rakabudiswa muParis muchiFrench, Cui akasimbisa kukosha kwepasi rose kwebasa raGlinka - rimwe re "nyanzvi dzemimhanzi huru dzenyika dzose uye nguva dzose." Nekufamba kwemakore, Cui, semutsoropodzi, akawedzera kushivirira mafambiro ehunyanzvi asina kubatanidzwa neMighty Handful, iyo yaive yakabatana nekumwe shanduko mukuona kwake kwenyika, nekuzvimiririra kukuru kwekutonga kwakakomba kupfuura kare. Saka, muna 1888, akanyorera Balakirev kuti: “… Uku kunzwa kunofadza kwerusununguko rwakakwana rwetsika. Ndinogona kukanganisa mukutonga kwangu kwemimhanzi, uye izvi zvinondishungurudza zvishoma, kana chete kutendeseka kwangu kusingakundiki kune chero kupi zvako kwekunze kwekunze kusina chokuita nemimhanzi.

Munguva yehupenyu hwake hurefu, Cui akararama, sokunge zvakadaro, hupenyu hwakati wandei, achiita zvakanyanya zvakanyanya muminda yake yese yaakasarudza. Uyezve, akanga achibatanidzwa mukunyora, kutsoropodza, mauto-pedagogical, zvesayenzi uye zvemagariro panguva imwe chete! Kuita kunoshamisa, kwakapetwa netarenda rakatanhamara, kutendiswa kwakadzama mukururamisa kwezvinangwa zvakaumbwa muhuduku hwake humbowo husingarambiki hwehunhu hukuru uye hwakatanhamara hweCui.

A. Nazarov