Ernst Krenek (Ernst Krenek) |

Ernst Krenek

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 23, 2000, nharaunda yemimhanzi yakapemberera makore zana ekuzvarwa kwemumwe wevanyori vekutanga, Ernst Krenek, ane basa rake richiri kuongororwa zvisina tsarukano nevatsoropodzi nevateereri. Ernst Krenek, munyori weAustro-America, akanga ari muAustria ane ropa rakazara pasinei nezita rake rechiSlavic. Muna 1916 akava mudzidzi waFranz Schreker, munyori wenziyo ane mabasa akanyanyisa uye akanga ane mukurumbira wezvinhu zvitsva (zvemimhanzi). Panguva iyoyo, Schreker akadzidzisa kuumbwa paVienna Academy yeMumhanzi. Basa rekutanga raKrenek (kubvira 1916 kusvika 1920) rinomuratidza semunyori mukutsvaga maitiro ake akasiyana. Anoteerera zvikuru kune counterpoint.

Muna 1920, Schreker akava mutungamiriri Academy of Music muBerlin, uye muduku Krenek akapfuurira zvidzidzo zvake pano. Muimbi anoita shamwari, kusanganisira mazita ane mukurumbira akadai saFerruccio Busoni, Eduard Erdman, Artur Schnabel. Izvi zvinoita kuti Krenek igamuchire kumwe kukwidziridzwa kune yagara iripo, nekuda kweSchreker, mazano emumhanzi. Muna 1923, Krenek akarega kushanda pamwe Schreker.

Nguva yekutanga yeBerlin yebasa remunyori yainzi "atonal", yakaratidzwa nemabasa anokatyamadza, kusanganisira matatu anonzwika symphonies (op. 7, 12, 16), pamwe chete neopera yake yekutanga, yakanyorwa mumhando yecomic opera. "Shadow Jump" . Iri basa rakagadzirwa muna 1923 uye rinobatanidza zvinhu zvemazuva ano jazz uye atonal music. Zvichida nguva iyi inogona kunzi nzvimbo yekutanga yebasa raKrenek.

Muna 1923, Krenek anoroora mwanasikana Gustav Mahler Anna. Maonero ake enyama ari kuwedzera, asi mumhanzi anotevera nzira yeabstract, isingachinjiki, mazano matsva. Muimbi anofarira mimhanzi yaBartok naHindemith, achivandudza maitiro ake. Mimhanzi yaMaestro yakanyatsozadzwa nemaitiro emazuva ano, uye, chekutanga, izvi zvinoshanda kune opera. Kuedza nemhando yeopera, Krenek inoizadza nezvinhu zvisiri zvemhando yepamusoro.

Nguva kubva 1925 kusvika 1927 yakaratidzwa nekutama kwaKrenek kuKassel uyezve kuWeisbaden, kwaakadzidza zvekutanga zvemimhanzi dramaturgy. Nenguva isipi munyori wacho akasangana naPaul Becker, kondakita airidza padzimba dzeopera. Becker anoratidza kufarira basa raKrenek uye anomukurudzira kuti anyore imwe opera. Aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita Orpheus naEurydice. Munyori we libretto ndiOskar Kokoschka, muimbi ane mukurumbira uye mudetembi akanyora chinyorwa chekutaura zvakanyanya. Basa racho rakazadzwa nehuwandu hukuru hwezvisina simba, zvisinei, sezvakaitwa opera yapfuura, inoitwa nenzira yakasiyana, kusiyana nemaitiro emumwe munhu, izere nekutaura uye kusashivirira kwemunyori kune chero rudzi rwekubvumira muzita remukurumbira wakachipa. Pano uye ane hutano egoism, uye chirongwa chinoshamisa, pamwe chete nechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika. Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kutaura nezveKrenek semunhu akajeka wega.

Paaigara muWeisbaden, Krenek anonyora imwe yeanonyanya kushamisa, uye panguva imwechete inokakavadzana opera "Johnny anotamba“. Iyo libretto inonyorwa zvakare nemunyori. Mukugadzira, Krenek inoshandisa zvakanyanya zvinoshamisa hunyanzvi hwekuita (foni isina tambo uye chaiyo locomotive (!)). Mutambi mukuru we opera muimbi weNegro jazz. Opera yakaitwa muLeipzig muna Kukadzi 11, 1927 uye yakagamuchirwa nechido neveruzhinji, kuita kwakafanana kwakamirira opera mune dzimwe dzimba dzeopera, uko yakazoitwa, uye izvi zvinodarika 100 matanho akasiyana, kusanganisira Maly Opera neBallet. Theatre muLeningrad (1928, yakanyorwa naS. Samosud). Nekudaro, vatsoropodzi havana kukoshesa opera pakukosha kwayo, vachiona mairi mamiriro emagariro uye ekunyomba. Basa racho rakashandurirwa mumitauro gumi nemisere. Kubudirira kwe opera kwakachinja zvakanyanya hupenyu hwemaestro. Krenek anosiya Weisbaden, anoramba Anna Mahler uye anoroora mutambi Bertha Hermann. Kubva 18, munyori anga achigara muVienna, achishanyira Europe munzira semuperekedzi wemabasa ake. Kuedza kudzokorora kubudirira kwe "Johnny", akanyora 1928 zvematongerwo enyika satirical operas, kuwedzera, huru opera "The Life of Orestes" (3). Mabasa ese aya anoyemurika nemhando yakanaka yekuimba. Nenguva isipi kutenderera kwenziyo kunooneka (p. 1930), iyo, maererano nevatsoropodzi vakawanda, yakanga isiri chinhu kunze kwekufananidza kweSchubert's "Winterreise".

MuVienna, Krenek zvakare anotora nzira yekufunga zvakare maonero ake emimhanzi.

Panguva iyoyo, mhepo yevateveri veSchoenberg yakatonga pano, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye: Berg naWebern, vanozivikanwa nokuda kwekubatana kwavo neViennese satirist Karl Kraus, uyo aiva nedenderedzwa guru revanozivana vane simba.

Mushure meimwe pfungwa, Krenek anosarudza kudzidza maitiro eSchoenberg maitiro. Nhanganyaya yake kune dodecaphone style yakaratidzwa mukusikwa kwekusiyana kwedingindira reorchestra (op. 69), pamwe chete nehurongwa hwakarongeka, hunokosha hwenziyo "Durch die Nacht" (p. 67) kumashoko aKraus. . Pasinei nekubudirira kwake mundima iyi, Krenek anotenda kuti basa rake opera. Anosarudza kuita shanduko kune Orestes opera uye kuratidza kune veruzhinji. Urongwa uhwu hwakazadzika, asi Krenek akaodzwa mwoyo, vateereri vakakwazisa opera yacho zvisingaite. Krenek anoenderera mberi nekunyatsoongorora maitiro ekugadzira, anozotsanangura zvaakadzidza mubasa rakanakisa "Uber neue musik" (Vienna, 1937). Mukuita, anoshandisa nzira iyi mu "Kutamba neMimhanzi" (opera "Charles V"). Iri basa rinoitwa muGermany kubva muna 1930 kusvika muna 1933. Chinonyanya kukosha ndeye 1938 yakagadzirwa muPrague yakaitwa naKarl Renkl. Mumutambo uyu wemimhanzi unonakidza, Krenek anosanganisa pantomime, firimu, opera uye ndangariro dzake. Rusununguko rwakanyorwa nemunyori rwakazara neAustria patriotism uye zvitendero zveRoman Catholic. Krenek anowedzera kutaura nezvebasa renyika mumabasa ake, izvo zvinotsanangurwa zvisiri izvo nevatsoropodzi vazhinji venguva iyoyo. Kusabvumirana nekuongorora kwakamanikidza munyori kuti abve muVienna, uye muna 1937 munyori wacho akatamira kuUnited States. Sezvo agara ikoko, Krenek kwenguva yakati aiita zvekunyora, kuumba, uye kudzidzisa. Muna 1939 Krenek akadzidzisa kuumbwa paVassar College (New York). Muna 1942 akasiya basa iri ndokuva mukuru weDhipatimendi reFine Arts School of Music muMinnesota, mushure me1947 akatamira kuCalifornia. Muna Ndira 1945, akava mugari wepamutemo weUS.

Munguva yekugara kwake muUnited States kubva muna 1938 kusvika 1948, munyori wacho akanyora zvinyorwa makumi matatu, kusanganisira maopera ekamuri, mabheti, anoshandira kwaya, uye symphonies (30 ne4). Aya mabasa anobva pane yakasimba dodecaphonic maitiro, nepo mamwe mabasa achinyorwa nemaune pasina kushandisa dodecaphonic maitiro. Kutanga muna 5, Krenek akatsanangura pfungwa dzake pachake munhevedzano yetupepa.

Kubva pakutanga kwe50s, Krenek's ekutanga operas akabudirira kurongwa pamatanho emitambo muAustria neGermany. Yechipiri, inonzi nguva ye "kusununguka kwekusununguka" yakaratidzwa mutambo yekutanga quartet (op. 6), uyewo mumonumental yekutanga symphony (p. 7), nepo kuguma kwehukuru, zvichida, kunogona kufungwa. 2nd uye 3rd symphonies ye maestro.

Nguva yechitatu yemafungiro emunyori neo-romantic yakaratidzwa ne opera "Hupenyu hweOrestes", basa racho rakanyorwa muhutano hwemitsara yezwi. "Charles V" - basa rekutanga raKrenek, rakagadzirirwa mumutauro wegumi nembiri, saka ndewemabasa enguva yechina. Muna 1950, Krenek akapedza nhoroondo yehupenyu hwake, iyo yepakutanga inochengetwa muLibhurari yeCongress (USA). Muna 1963, maestro akahwina Austrian Grand Prix. Mimhanzi yese yaKrenek yakaita seencyclopedia inoronga mimhanzi yenguva yacho mukutevedzana kwenguva.

Dmitry Lipuntsov, 2000