Acoustics, musical |

(kubva muchiGiriki. axoystixos - auditory) - sayenzi inodzidza chinangwa chemitemo yemuviri yemimhanzi maererano nekuona kwayo uye kushanda kwayo. A. m. inoongorora zviitiko zvakadai sekukwirira, ruzha, timbre, uye nguva yemimhanzi. manzwi, consonance uye dissonance, mimhanzi. masisitimu uye anovaka. Ari kudzidza zvemimhanzi. kunzwa, kudzidza mimhanzi. zvishandiso nevanhu. mavhoti. Imwe yematambudziko makuru eA.m. ndiko kujekeswa kwemaitiro emuviri. uye psychophysiological. maitiro emimhanzi anoratidzwa mune chaiyo. mitemo yemhosva iyi uye inokanganisa shanduko yavo. MuA.m. data uye nzira dzezvakawanda zvemuviri zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. acoustics, iyo inodzidza maitiro ekwakabva uye kuparadzirwa kwezwi. Iyo yakabatana zvakanyanya neyekuvaka acoustics, neiyo psychology yekuona, iyo physiology yekunzwa uye izwi (physiological acoustics). A. m. rinoshandiswa kutsanangura huwandu hwezviitiko mumunda wekuwirirana, chiridzwa, orchestration, nezvimwe.

Sechikamu chemimhanzi. Dzidziso yaA.m. yakatanga mudzidziso dzevazivi vekare nevaimbi. Saka, semuenzaniso, masvomhu izvo zvekutanga zvemimhanzi masisitimu, nguva uye tunings zvaizivikanwa muna dr. Girisi (chikoro chePythagorean), cf. Asia (Ibn Sina), China (Lu Bu-wei) nedzimwe nyika. Kubudirira kweA.m. inobatanidzwa nemazita aJ. Tsarlino (Italy), M. Mersenne, J. Sauveur, J. Rameau (France), L. Euler (Russia), E. Chladni, G. Ohm (Germany), nevamwe vakawanda. vamwe vaimbi nemasayendisiti. Kwenguva refu, iyo huru mimhanzi inopesana. Acoustics yaive hukama hwenhamba pakati pemafambiro emanzwi mumimhanzi. nguva, tunings uye masisitimu. Zvikamu zvaDr. zvakaonekwa gare gare uye zvakagadzirirwa netsika yekugadzira miziyamu. zvishandiso, tsvakurudzo yezvidzidzo. Saka, maitiro ekuvakwa kwemamusi. zviridzwa zvakatsvakwa zvine simba nevatenzi, vaimbi nevadzidzisi vaifarira maacoustics ezwi rekuimba.

Means. danho mukukura kweA.m. inobatanidzwa nezita remuGermany akakurumbira. nyanzvi yefizikisi uye physiologist G. Helmholtz. Mubhuku rinonzi "Dzidziso yekunzwa kwekunzwa sehwaro hwefiziology yedzidziso yemimhanzi" ("Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik", 1863), Helmholtz akatsanangura mhedzisiro yezvaakaona uye zviedzo pamimhanzi. . manzwi uye maonero avo. Muchidzidzo ichi, yekutanga pfungwa yakakwana ye physiology yekunzwa kwekunzwa yakapihwa, inozivikanwa pasi pezita. resonance dzidziso yekunzwa. Anotsanangura maonerwo enzwi semugumisiro wekunakidzwa kweresonant kwakagadzirirwa decomp. kuwanda kwemafiber enhengo yeCorti. Helmholtz akatsanangura chiitiko che dissonance uye consonance nemabhiti. Dzidziso yeAcoustic Helmholtz yakachengeta kukosha kwayo, kunyangwe zvimwe zvezvirongwa zvayo zvisingaenderane nemazuva ano. pfungwa pamusoro pemaitiro ekunzwa.

Mupiro mukuru mukuvandudzwa kwe psychophysiology uye acoustics yekunzwa yakaitwa pakupera kwe19th - kutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 K. Stumpf naW. Köhler (Germany). Zvidzidzo zveaya masayendisiti zvakawedzera A.m. sesainzi. chirango; yaisanganisira dzidziso yemaitiro ekufungisisa (kunzwa uye kuona) decomp. chinangwa mativi ekurira kwenzwi.

Muzana remakore rechi20, kukura kweA.m. inoratidzirwa nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekutsvakurudza, kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvine chokuita nechinangwa chemaitiro ekuparara. zvishandiso zvemimhanzi. Yakakonzerwa nekusimuka kweMuses. prom-sti, chido chekusimudzira kugadzirwa kwemimhanzi. zvishandiso zvakasimba theoretical. hwaro. Muzana remakore rechi20, nzira yekuongorora mimhanzi yakatanga. manzwi anoenderana nekusarudzwa kwematoni asina kukwana kubva paruzha rwakaoma uye kuyerwa kwavo. intensity. Experiment technique. tsvakiridzo, yakavakirwa panzira dze electroacoustic. zviyero, zvakawana kukosha kukuru mune acoustics yemimhanzi. zvishandiso.

Kuvandudzwa kweredhiyo uye tekinoroji yekurekodha kwakabatsirawo mukuwedzera kwekutsvagisa pamimhanzi yeacoustical. Chainyanya kutariswa munharaunda iyi matambudziko eacoustics muredhiyo uye kurekodha masitudiyo, kudhindwa kwemimhanzi yakarekodhwa, uye kudzoreredzwa kwezviridzwa zvekare zvegiramufoni. zvinyorwa. Chinonyanya kufarirwa mabasa ane chekuita nekuvandudzwa kwestereophonic sound rekodhi uye stereophonic kutepfenyura mimhanzi paredhiyo.

Nhanho yakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano A. m. inobatanidzwa nekutsvakurudza kwemazizi. musicologist uye acoustics musayendisiti NA Garbuzov. Mumabasa ake, zvakarongwa uye nzira. zvishoma, kunzwisisa kutsva kwechinyorwa chaA. yakatora chimiro sechikamu chemazuva ano. dzidziso yemimhanzi. Garbuzov akagadzira dzidziso yakabatana yekuona kwekunzwa, munzvimbo ine pungwe. nzvimbo inogarwa neiyo zone pfungwa yemimhanzi. kunzwa (ona Zone). Kuvandudzwa kweiyo zone pfungwa kwakatungamira mukugadzirwa kwenzira dzekududzira uye kuongorora maitiro ekuita muinzwi, simba, tempo uye rhythm. Muchidzidzo chemimhanzi kusika uye maonero, mukudzidza kwemimhanzi. prod. zvakave zvinogoneka kuvimba nedonzvo data rinoratidzira muses. inzwi, art. kuuraya. Kugona uku kwakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji emimhanzi yenguva yedu, semuenzaniso. kujekesa hukama hweintonation uye modhi mumimhanzi inonzwika chaiyo. kugadzirwa, kudyidzana kwekuita uye kugadzira zvikamu zvehunyanzvi. iyo yose, inova kuridza, kuita, kugadzirwa.

Kana kare A. iyo m yakaderedzwa kusvika hl. arr. kune tsananguro dzemasvomhu dzinobuda mumimhanzi. maitiro ehurongwa hwehurongwa - frets, intervals, tunings, uye mune ramangwana kusimbiswa kunochinjirwa kuchidzidzo nenzira dzechinangwa chemitemo yekuita hunyanzvi nemimhanzi. maonero.

Chimwe chezvikamu zvemazuva ano A.m. manzwi emuimbi. vhoti. Pane dzidziso mbiri dzinotsanangura magadzirirwo ekudzora kuwanda kwekudengenyeka kwezwi - classical. myoelastic. dzidziso uye neurochronax. dzidziso yakataurwa nemusayendisiti wechiFrench R. Yusson.

LS Termen, AA Volodin nevamwe vari kuita acoustics emagetsi zviridzwa zviridzwa muUSSR. Zvichienderana nemaitiro ekugadzira maratidziro eruzha, Volodin akagadzira dzidziso yepitch perception, maererano neiyo nzwi rinonzwisiswa nemunhu rinotemerwa nekuoma kwayo harmonic. spectrum, uye kwete chete oscillation frequency of the main. tones. Dzidziso iyi ndeimwe yekubudirira kukuru kwevasayendisiti veSoviet mumunda wezviridzwa zvemimhanzi. Kuvandudzwa kwezviridzwa zvemagetsi zvemumhanzi kwakawedzera zvakare kufarira kwevaongorori veacoustic mumibvunzo yetuning, hukasha, uye mukana wekudzora manzwi emahara.

Sebazi redzidziso yemimhanzi, A.m. haigone kutorwa sechirango chinokwanisa kupa tsananguro yakazara yemamisiti akadaro. zviitiko, senge modhi, chikero, kuwirirana, consonance, dissonance, nezvimwewo, nzira dzeacoustics uye data inowanikwa nerubatsiro rwavo inobvumira nyanzvi dzemimhanzi kuti dzinyatso sarudza imwe kana imwe sainzi. mubvunzo. Mitemo yeacoustic yemimhanzi panguva yekukura kwemazana emakore emuses. tsika dzaigara dzichishandiswa kuvaka magariro akakosha sisitimu yemamuses. mutauro une mitemo yakati pasi pe art.-aesthetic. nheyo.

Mazizi. nyanzvi muA.m. akakunda imwe-sidedness maonero pamusoro pemhando yemimhanzi, hunhu hwemasayendisiti ekare, to-rye yakawedzera kukosha kwemuviri. inzwi maficha. Sample dzekushandiswa kwedata A.m. mumimhanzi. dzidziso ibasa rezizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi Yu. N. Tyulin ("Kudzidzisa pamusoro pekubatana"), LA Mazel ("Pamurwiyo", nezvimwewo), SS Skrebkov ("Nzira yekududzira tonality?"). Pfungwa yenzvimbo yekunzwa yekunzwa inoratidzwa mukuora. musicologist. inoshanda uye, kunyanya, mukutsvakurudza kwakakosha, yakatsaurirwa kuita inzwi (zvinoitwa naOE Sakhaltuyeva, Yu. N. Rags, NK Pereverzev nevamwe).

Pakati pemabasa, to-rye yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvemazuva ano. A.m., - chinangwa chekururamisa kwechiitiko chitsva chemodhiyo uye tonation mubasa remazuva ano. vanyori, vachijekesa basa rechinangwa acoustic. zvinhu mukuumbwa kwemuses. mutauro (sound-altitude, timbre, dynamic, spatial, etc.), kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yekunzwa, inzwi, mimhanzi. maonero, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekutsvakurudza dzekuita zvisikwa uye maonero emimhanzi, nzira dzinobva pakushandiswa kwe electroacoustic. midziyo yekurekodha uye tekinoroji.

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EV Nazaikinskiy