Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mukupwiswa kwangu kwakadzama, Mozart ndiyo nzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru, inoguma, uko runako rwakasvika mundima yenziyo. P. Tchaikovsky

“Kudzika kwakadini! Ushingi hwakadini netsinhirano yakadini! Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Pushkin yakaratidza zvakajeka kukosha kweunyanzvi hweMozart. Chokwadi, musanganiswa wakadaro wekukwana kwechinyakare neushingi hwekufunga, kusakwana kwakadaro kwesarudzo dzega dzega dzakavakirwa pamitemo yakajeka uye yakanyatsorongeka yekuumbwa, isu pamwe hatingawani mune chero vagadziri vezvemimhanzi. Zuva rakajeka uye risinganzwisisike, rakapfava uye rakanyanya kuoma kunzwisisa, zvakadzama munhu uye pasi rose, cosmic inooneka nyika yemimhanzi yaMozart.

WA Mozart akaberekerwa mumhuri yaLeopold Mozart, mutambi weviolin uye muimbi mudare rabhishopi mukuru weSalzburg. Tarenda yeGenius yakabvumira Mozart kunyora mimhanzi kubva pazera remakore mana, nekukurumidza zvikuru unyanzvi hwekuridza clavier, violin, uye organ. Baba vacho vaitungamirira zvidzidzo zvemwanakomana wavo nounyanzvi. Muna 1762-71. akaita nzendo, panguva iyo matare mazhinji eEurope akaziva hunyanzvi hwevana vake (mukuru, hanzvadzi yaWolfgang aive mutambi ane chipo checlavier, iye pachake akaimba, akaitisa, akaridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana virtuoso uye yakagadziridzwa), izvo zvakakonzera kuyemura kwese. Pazera ramakore 14, Mozart akapiwa chigaro chapapa cheGolden Spur, akasarudzwa kuva nhengo yePhilharmonic Academy muBologna.

Panzendo, Wolfgang akajairana nemimhanzi yenyika dzakasiyana, achibata mhando dzemhando dzenguva iyoyo. Saka, kuzivana naJK Bach, aigara muLondon, kunounza hupenyu hwekutanga symphonies (1764), muVienna (1768) anogamuchira maodha emitambo mumhando yeItaly buffa opera ("The Pretend Simple Girl") uye German Singspiel (“Bastien naBastienne”; gore rakanga rapfuura, mutambo wechikoro (chiLatin chinosetsa) Apollo naHyacinth wakaitirwa paYunivhesiti yeSalzburg. Kunyanya kubereka zvibereko kwaiva kugara kwake muItaly, uko Mozart akavandudzika mumakwikwi (polyphony) naGB Martini. (Bologna), anoisa muMilan, iyo opera seria "Mithridates, Mambo wePontasi" (1770), uye muna 1771 - iyo opera "Lucius Sulla".

Murume wechidiki akangwara akanga asingafariri vatsigiri kupfuura mwana wechishamiso, uye L. Mozart haana kukwanisa kumuwanira nzvimbo padare ripi neripi reEurope muguta guru. Ndaifanira kudzokera kuSalzburg kuti ndinoita mabasa omuperekedzi wedare. Zvishuwo zvekugadzira zveMozart zvaive zvino zvakaganhurirwa kumirairo yekunyora mimhanzi inoera, pamwe nezvidimbu zvekuvaraidza - divertissements, cassations, serenades (kureva, masutu ane zvikamu zvekutamba zveakasiyana ezviridzwa ensembles ainzwika kwete chete manheru ematare, asiwo mumigwagwa; mudzimba dzevanhu vemuguta reAustria). Mozart akaenderera mberi nebasa rake munzvimbo iyi gare gare muVienna, uko basa rake rakakurumbira rerudzi urwu rakagadzirwa - "Little Night Serenade" (1787), rudzi rwedikidiki symphony, izere nekuseka uye nyasha. Mozart anonyorawo concertos for violin uye orchestra, clavier uye violin sonatas, etc. Imwe yepamusoro-soro yemimhanzi yenguva ino ndiyo Symphony muG minor No. mumweya kumusangano wekunyora "Storm and Onslaught" .

Achinetseka mupurovhinzi yeSalzburg, kwaakange akadzorwa nemashoko okudzvinyirira abhishopi mukuru, Mozart akaedza zvisingabudiriri kugara muMunich, Mannheim, Paris. Nzendo dzekuenda kumaguta aya (1777-79), zvisinei, dzakaunza manzwiro mazhinji (rudo rwekutanga - kune muimbi Aloysia Weber, kufa kwaamai) uye zvimiro zveunyanzvi, zvinoratidzwa, kunyanya, mu clavier sonatas (muA mudiki, muA. huru ine misiyano uye Rondo alla turca), muSymphony Concerto yeviolin uye viola uye orchestra, etc. Separate opera zvigadzirwa ("The Dream of Scipio" - 1772, "The Shepherd King" - 1775, zvese muSalzburg; "The Imaginary Muchengeti webindu" - 1775, Munich) haana kugutsa zvishuvo zveMozart zvekugara achisangana neimba yeopera. Iyo dhizaini yeopera seria Idomeneo, Mambo weKrete (Munich, 1781) yakaratidza kukura kwakazara kwaMozart semuimbi uye murume, ushingi hwake uye kuzvimiririra munyaya dzehupenyu uye hunyanzvi. Achisvika kubva kuMunich kuenda kuVienna, uko bhishopi mukuru akaenda kumhemberero dzokugadzwa pachigaro, Mozart akaparadzana naye, achiramba kudzokera kuSalzburg.

Mozart's yakanaka yeViennese debut yaive singspiel The Abduction kubva kuSeraglio (1782, Burgtheater), iyo yakateverwa nemuchato wake naConstance Weber (hanzvadzi yaAloysia). Zvisinei (zvino, mirairo ye opera haina kugamuchirwa kakawanda. Mudetembi wedare L. Da Ponte akabatsira mukugadzirwa kwemitambo panhandare yeBurgtheater, yakanyorwa pakusununguka kwake: maviri emabasa epakati aMozart - "The Marriage of Figaro" ( 1786) uye "Don Giovanni" (1788), uye zvakare opera-buff "Ndizvo zvinoitwa nemunhu wese" (1790); muSchönbrunn (imba yezhizha yedare) mutambo mumwe chete nemimhanzi "Director weTheatre" (1786) yakaitwa zvakare.

Mumakore ekutanga muVienna, Mozart aiwanzoita, achigadzira makonsati eclavier uye orchestra ye "academies" yake (makonzati akarongwa nekunyoreswa pakati pevatsigiri vehunyanzvi). Kukosha kunoshamisa kwebasa remunyori kwaive kudzidza kwemabasa aJS Bach (pamwe naGF Handel, FE Bach), iyo yaitungamira zvido zvake zvehunyanzvi kumunda wepolyphony, ichipa hudzamu hutsva nekukosha kune pfungwa dzake. Izvi zvakaratidzwa zvakajeka muFantasia uye Sonata muC minor (1784-85), mumatatu etambo quartets akatsaurirwa kuna I. Haydn, uyo Mozart aive neushamwari hukuru hwevanhu uye hwekusika. Mumhanzi waMozart wakadzama wakapinda muzvakavanzika zvekuvapo kwemunhu, pakawedzera kutaridzika kwemabasa ake, kusanyanya kubudirira kwavakaita muVienna (nzvimbo yemuimbi wekamuri yedare yakagamuchirwa muna 1787 yaingomumanikidza kugadzira matambiro emasqueradhi).

Kunzwisisa kwakawanda kwakawanikwa nemunyori muPrague, uko muna 1787 Muchato weFigaro wakaitwa, uye munguva pfupi iyo yekutanga yaDon Giovanni yakanyorerwa guta iri yakaitika (muna 1791 Mozart akaita imwe opera muPrague - Tsitsi dzaTitus) , iyo yakanyatsojekesa basa remusoro unosuruvarisa mubasa raMozart. The Prague Symphony muD chikuru (1787) uye ekupedzisira symphonies matatu (Nhamba 39 muE-flat chikuru, Nhamba 40 muG minor, Nha. iyo yakapa mufananidzo wakajeka uye wakazara wepfungwa nemanzwiro epanguva yavo uye wakagadzira nzira yesymphony yezana ramakore reXIX. Pakati pema symphonies matatu e41, chete Symphony muG minor yakaitwa kamwe chete muVienna. Zvisikwa zvekupedzisira zvisingafi zveunyanzvi hwaMozart yaive opera The Magic Flute - rwiyo rwekuvhenekera uye kufunga (1788, Theatre muViennese suburbs) - uye inochema inodiwa Requiem, isina kupedzwa nemunyori.

Kufa kwakangoerekana kwaitika kwaMozart, ane hutano hwakanga hwakadzikiswa nekurebesa kwesimba rekugadzira uye mamiriro akaoma emakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, zvisinganzwisisike mamiriro ehurongwa hweRequiem (sezvazvakazoitika, kurongeka kusingazivikanwe kwaive kwe vamwe Count F. Walzag-Stuppach, uyo aida kuipfuudza seyakaumbwa), kuvigwa muguva revanhu vose - izvi zvose zvakakonzera kupararira kwengano pamusoro pechepfu yeMozart (ona, semuenzaniso, dambudziko raPushkin "Mozart uye Salieri"), iyo isina kugamuchira chero simbiso. Kuzvizvarwa zvakawanda zvakatevera, basa raMozart rakazova munhu wemimhanzi muuzhinji, kukwanisa kwayo kusikazve mativi ose ekurarama kwevanhu, kuaratidza mutsinhirano yakaisvonaka uye yakakwana, yakazadzwa, zvisinei, nemisiyano yomukati nokupokanidzana. Nyika yeunyanzvi yemimhanzi yaMozart inoita seinogarwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana, vanhu vane mativi akawanda. Yakaratidza chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvenguva, iyo yakaguma neChimurenga cheFrance cha1789, nheyo inopa hupenyu (mifananidzo yaFigaro, Don Juan, symphony "Jupiter", nezvimwewo). Kusimbiswa kwehunhu hwemunhu, kuita kwemweya kwakabatana nekuburitswa kwenyika yakapfuma kwazvo yemanzwiro - iyo yakasiyana-siyana yemukati mayo mimvuri uye zvinyorwa zvinoita kuti Mozart ave mutangiri werudo.

Hunhu hwakakwana hwemimhanzi yaMozart, iyo yaimbundira marudzi ese enguva (kunze kweaya atotaurwa kare - ballet "Trinkets" - 1778, Paris; mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo, matambiro, nziyo, kusanganisira "Violet" pachiteshi cheJW Goethe. , mass, motets, cantatas nemamwe mabasa ekwaya, ensembles yekamuri yezviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana, makonsati ezviridzwa zvemhepo ane orchestra, Concerto yenyere nembira ine orchestra, nezvimwewo) uye iyo yakavapa yemhando yepamusoro sampuli, inonyanya kukonzerwa nehombe. basa rinoitwa mairi kudyidzana kwezvikoro, zvitayera, eras nemhando dzemimhanzi.

Achishandisa hunhu hwechikoro chekare cheViennese, Mozart akapfupikisa chiitiko chetsika dzechiItaly, chiFrench, chiGerman, nhandare yemitambo yevanhu nenyanzvi, mhando dzakasiyana dzeopera, nezvimwewo. (libretto "Muchato weFigaro "Yakanyorwa maererano nemutambo wemazuva ano waP. Beaumarchais" Crazy Day, kana The Marriage of Figaro "), mweya wekupandukira uye unonzwira tsitsi weGermany ("Storm and Onslaught"), yakaoma uye isingagumi. dambudziko rekupokana pakati pekushinga kwemunhu uye kudzorera tsika ("Don Juan").

Chitarisiko chega chebasa reMozart chinoumbwa nematauriro mazhinji uye nzira dzekusimudzira dzakajairika panguva iyoyo, dzakasanganiswa uye dzakanzwikwa nemusiki mukuru. Nziyo dzake dzechiridzwa dzakapesvedzerwa ne opera, zvimiro zve symphonic kukura zvakapinda mu opera uye misa, iyo symphony (semuenzaniso, Symphony muG minor - rudzi rwenyaya yehupenyu hwemweya wemunhu) inogona kupihwa Hunhu hunotsanangudza hwemumhanzi wekamuri, konsato - nekukosha kweiyo symphony, nezvimwewo. Mhando dzekanoni dzeItaly buffa opera muThe Marriage of Figaro inozviisa pasi pekugadzirwa kwekomedhi yevatambi vechokwadi vane mataurirwo erwiyo akajeka, kumashure. zita rekuti "jolly drama" kune mhinduro yega yega kumutambo wemumhanzi muDon Giovanni, wakazadzwa nekusiyana kweShakespearean kweanosetsa uye zvinosiririsa.

Imwe yemuenzaniso wakajeka weMozart's artic synthesis ndeye Mashiripiti Flute. Pasi pechifukidziro chengano ine hurongwa hwakaoma (zvizhinji zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa mumahara naE. Schikaneder), pfungwa dzeutopian dzehuchenjeri, kunaka uye kururamisira kwepasirese, hunhu hweChiedza, dzakavanzwa (simba reFreemasonry rakakanganiswawo pano. - Mozart aive nhengo ye "hama dzemahara masons"). Iwo arias ePapageno's "shiri-murume" mumweya wenziyo dzechivanhu anochinjana nenziyo dzekwaya dzakasimba muchikamu cheZorastro akachenjera, mazwi anobva pamoyo earias evanoda Tamino naPamina - ane coloratura yeMambokadzi weHusiku, kuda kuita parodying virtuoso kuimba muItari opera, musanganiswa wearias uye ensembles nehurukuro dzekukurukurirana ( mutsika ye singspiel) inotsiviwa ne kuburikidza nebudiriro mumafainari akawedzerwa. Zvose izvi zvinosanganiswawo nekurira kwe "mashiripiti" kweMozart orchestra maererano neunyanzvi hwezviridzwa (nenyere yega uye mabhero). Kuwanda kwemimhanzi yaMozart kwakabvumira kuti ive iyo yakanakisa yehunyanzvi hwePushkin naGlinka, Chopin naTchaikovsky, Bizet naStravinsky, Prokofiev naShostakovich.

E. Tsareva

Mudzidzisi wake wekutanga uye muperekedzi aive baba vake, Leopold Mozart, mubatsiri Kapellmeister mudare reSalzburg Archbishop. Muna 1762, baba vake vanosuma Wolfgang, achiri mudiki mutambi, uye hanzvadzi yake Nannerl kumatare eMunich neVienna: vana vanotamba kiibhodhi, violin uye kuimba, uye Wolfgang anovandudzawo. Muna 1763, rwendo rwavo rurefu rwakaitwa kumaodzanyemba nokumabvazuva kweGermany, Belgium, Holland, kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, Switzerland, kusvika kuEngland; kaviri vaive muParis. MuLondon, kune muzivikanwi naAbel, JK Bach, pamwe chete nevaimbi Tenducci naManzuoli. Pazera ramakore gumi namaviri, Mozart akaumba mhanzi inonzi The Imaginary Shepherdess naBastien et Bastienne. MuSalzburg, akagadzwa pachinzvimbo chemuperekedzi. Muna 1769, 1771 uye 1772 akashanyira Italy, kwaakagamuchirwa, akaronga maopera ake uye aiita dzidzo yakarongeka. Muna 1777, pamwe chete naamai vake, akaenda kuMunich, Mannheim (kwaakadanana nemuimbi Aloisia Weber) uye Paris (kwakafira amai vake). Anogara muVienna uye muna 1782 anoroora Constance Weber, hanzvadzi yaAloysia. Mugore rimwe chetero, opera yake The Abduction kubva kuSeraglio yakamirira kubudirira kukuru. Anogadzira mabasa emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, achiratidza kushamisa kunoshamisa, anova munyori wedare (asina basa chairo) uye anotarisira kugamuchira chinzvimbo chechipiri Kapellmeister weRoyal Chapel mushure mekufa kwaGluck (yekutanga aive Salieri). Pasinei nomukurumbira, kunyanya somunyori weopera, tariro yaMozart haina kuitika, kusanganisira makuhwa pamusoro pemaitiro ake. Inosiya Chinodikanwa chisina kupera. Kuremekedza kokorodzano netsika dzevakuru vakuru, zvose zvechitendero nezvenyika, zvakabatanidzwa muMozart nepfungwa yokuita basa uye simba romukati rakaita kuti vamwe vamuone somutangiri anoziva weRomanticism, nepo kune vamwe anoramba ari mugumo usingaenzaniswi wokunatswa uye akangwara. zera, zvine hukama neruremekedzo nemitemo uye canons. Chero zvazvingava, kwaiva kubva mukubonderana kunoramba kuripo nemitauro yakasiyana-siyana netsika dzepanguva iyoyo ndipo pakazvarwa runako urwu rwakachena, runyoro, rusingaparari rwenziyo dzaMozart, umo nenzira isinganzwisisike kudaro mune huya hunopisa muviri, hunyengeri, hunodedera. inonzi "dhimoni". Nekuda kwekushandiswa kunoenderana kwehunhu uhwu, tenzi weAustria - chishamiso chechokwadi chemimhanzi - akakunda matambudziko ese ekuumbwa neruzivo rwenyaya, iyo A. Einstein inodana "somnambulistic", achigadzira nhamba huru yemabasa akaputika. kubva pasi pepeni yake zvose pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune vatengi uye uye semugumisiro wekukurumidza mukati mekuda kwemukati. Akaita nekukurumidza uye kugadzikana kwemurume wemazuva ano, kunyangwe akaramba ari mwana asingagumi, mutorwa kune chero zviitiko zvetsika izvo zvisingaenderane nemimhanzi, akatendeukira zvachose kune nyika yekunze uye panguva imwechete achikwanisa kunzwisisa kunoshamisa mune zvakadzama zvepfungwa nemafungiro.

Muzivi asingaenzaniswi wemweya wemunhu, kunyanya wechikadzi (uyo akapa nyasha dzayo uye huviri muchiyero chakaenzana), nekuchenjera kuseka zvakaipa, kurota nyika yakanaka, kufamba zviri nyore kubva mukusuwa kukuru kuenda kune mufaro mukuru, muimbi anonamata wezvishuwo. uye masakaramende - angave aya ekupedzisira ari echiKatorike kana eMasonic - Mozart achiri kunakidza semunhu, achiramba ari pamusoro pemimhanzi mupfungwa yemazuva ano. Semuimbi, akagadzira zvese zvakawanikwa munguva yakapfuura, achiunza pakukwana kwemarudzi ese emimhanzi uye kukunda angangoita ese akamutangira nemusanganiswa wakakwana wemanzwire ekuchamhembe neLatin. Kuti tigadzirise nhaka yemimhanzi yaMozart, zvaive zvakafanira kutsikisa muna 1862 bhuku rakawanda, rakagadziridzwa uye rakagadziriswa, iro rine zita remugadziri wayo L. von Köchel.

Kubudirira kwakadaro kwekugadzira - kusingawanzoitiki, zvisinei, mumhanzi weEurope - kwaisangova mhedzisiro yekugona kwekuzvarwa (zvinonzi akanyora mimhanzi zviri nyore uye nyore semabhii): mukati menguva pfupi yaakagoverwa nemugumo uye. yakaratidzwa nedzimwe nguva isingatsananguriki yemhando yepamusoro, yakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nekukurukurirana nevadzidzisi vakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kukunda nguva dzematambudziko mukugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi. Pakati pevaimbi vaiva nesimba rakananga paari, munhu anofanira kutumidza (kuwedzera kuna baba vake, vatungamiri veItaly uye vemazuva ano, pamwe chete naD. von Dittersdorf naJA Hasse) I. Schobert, KF Abel (muParis neLondon), vese vanakomana vaBach, Philipp Emanuel uye kunyanya Johann Christian, aive muenzaniso wekubatanidzwa kwe "gallant" uye "akadzidza" masitaera mumhando huru yezviridzwa, pamwe nearias uye opera akateedzana, KV Gluck - maererano nemitambo yemitambo. , kunyangwe paine musiyano wakakosha muzvigadziriso zvekusika, Michael Haydn, mutambi akanakisa wekupikisa, mukoma waJoseph mukuru, uyo, zvakare, akaratidza Mozart nzira yekuzadzisa kutaura kunogutsa, kuve nyore, nyore uye kuchinjika kwenhaurirano, pasina kusiya zvakanyanya kuomarara. maitiro. Nzendo dzake kuParis neLondon, kuMannheim (kwaakateerera kuimba yakakurumbira yaiitwa naStamitz, yekutanga uye yepamusoro-soro ensemble muEurope) dzaive dzakakosha. Ngatitariseiwo kune zvakatipoteredza Baron von Swieten muVienna, uko Mozart akadzidza uye akakoshesa mimhanzi yaBach naHandel; Pakupedzisira, tinocherechedza nzendo dzokuItaly, kwaakasangana nevaimbi vakakurumbira uye vaimbi (Sammartini, Piccini, Manfredini) uye apo muBologna akatora bvunzo mukurwisana kwakasimba kubva Padre Martini (kutaura chokwadi, kwete kubudirira zvikuru).

Muimba yemitambo, Mozart akawana musanganiswa usina kumboitika weItaly opera buffa nedhirama, achiwana mhedzisiro yemumhanzi yekukosha kusingaenzaniswi. Nepo kuita kwema opera ake kwakavakirwa pamaitiro akanyatsosarudzwa edariro, orchestra, senge lymph, inopinda musero diki diki rehunhu hwemunhu, inopinda nyore nyore mumapaka madiki mukati meshoko, sewaini inonhuhwirira, inodziya, sekunge nekutya. kuti chimiro hachizove nemweya wakakwana. bata basa. Nziyo dzemusanganiswa usina kujairika dziri kumhanya museiri izere, ingave ichigadzira engano solos, kana kupfeka zvakasiyana, zvekungwarira zvipfeko zveensembles. Pasi pekugara kwakanaka kwechimiro chechimiro uye pasi pemasikirini akanyanya satirical, munhu anogona kuona chishuwo chenguva dzose kukuziva kwevanhu, iyo yakavanzwa nemutambo unobatsira kubata marwadzo uye kupora. Zvinogoneka here kuti nzira yake yekugadzira inopenya yakaguma neChinodiwa, icho, kunyangwe chisina kupera uye chisingagoneke kuverenga zvakajeka, kunyangwe chakapedzwa nemudzidzi asina ruzivo, chichiri kubvunda uye kudonhedza misodzi? Rufu sebasa uye kunyemwerera kuri kure kwehupenyu kunoonekwa kwatiri muLacrimosa inogomera, seshoko remwari wechidiki akatorwa kubva kwatiri nekukurumidza.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)

• Rondedzero yezvinyorwa naMozart →