Kobyz: tsananguro chiridzwa, kuumbwa, nhoroondo, ngano, kushandiswa

Kubva kare, mashaman eKazakh akakwanisa kuridza chiridzwa chinoshamisa chetambo chakakotamiswa, ruzha rwacho rwakavabatsira kutaurirana nemidzimu yemadzitateguru avo. Vanhuwo zvavo vaitenda kuti kobyz itsvene, mumaoko eva shaman inowana simba rinokosha, mimhanzi yaro inokwanisa kukanganisa kuguma kwemunhu, kudzinga mweya yakaipa, kuporesa kubva kuzvirwere uye kunyange kurebesa upenyu.

Tool mudziyo

Kunyange munguva dzekare, vanhu vokuKazakh vakadzidza kugadzira kobyz kubva pamuti mumwe chete. Vakachera mhango yehemisphere muchidimbu chemepu, pine kana birch, iyo kune rimwe divi yaienderera mberi nemutsipa wakakombama une musoro wakati sandara. Kune rimwe divi, museve wakagadzirwa wakashanda sechigadziko panguva yeKutamba.

Chiridzwa chacho chakanga chisina bhodhi repamusoro. Kuriridza, uta hwaishandiswa. Chimiro chayo chinoyeuchidza uta, umo bvudzi rebhiza rinoita basa retambo. Kobyz ine tambo mbiri chete. Izvo zvakamonyoroka kubva ku60-100 bvudzi, zvakasungirirwa kumusoro neshinda yakasimba yemvere dzengamera. Chiridzwa chine tambo dzemvere dzemabhiza chinonzi kyl-kobyz, uye kana pakashandiswa shinda yakasimba yengamera, inonzi nar-kobyz. Kureba kwese kubva kumusoro kusvika kumagumo ekumira hakusi kupfuura 75 centimita.

Mumazana emakore apfuura, chiridzwa chemimhanzi chenyika hachina kunyanya kuchinja. Inogadzirwawo nechidimbu chehuni, ichidavira kuti zvimedu zvakasimba chete zvinogona kuponesa mweya unogona kuimba semhepo yakasununguka, kuungudza semhumhi, kana kuti kurira semuseve wapotserwa.

Pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, dzimwe tambo mbiri dzakawedzerwa kune maviri atovapo. Izvi zvakabvumira vatambi kuti vawedzere ruzha rwekurira, kuridza chiridzwa kwete chete nziyo dzedzinza rekare, asiwo mabasa akaomarara nevanyori vekuRussia neEurope.

History

Iye ane mukurumbira musiki wekobyz ndiye Turkic akyn uye munyori wenyaya Korkyt, aigara muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Vagari veKazakhstan vanonyatsochengeta, vachipfuudza kubva kumuromo kuenda kumuromo ngano nezve uyu munyori wenziyo. Kubva panguva dzekare, chiridzwa ichi chave chichionekwa sehunhu hwevatakuri vechitendero cheTengrian - madhora.

VaShaman vaimuona semurevereri pakati penyika yevanhu nevamwari. Vakasunga simbi, pendants dzematombo, minhenga yezizi kumusoro wechiridzwa, uye vakaisa girazi mukati mebhokisi. Vachiita tsika dzavo dzisinganzwisisike mune imwe yurt yakasviba, vakashevedzera zvitsinga, vachimanikidza vanhuwo zvavo kuteerera kuda "kwepamusoro".

Vatama-tama vakashandisa kobyz kubvisa kusuruvara parwendo rurefu. Unyanzvi hwekuridza chiridzwa hwakapfuudzwa kubva kumadzibaba kuenda kuvanakomana. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kutambudzwa kwevashaman kwakatanga, semhedzisiro, tsika dzekuridza chiridzwa dzakakanganiswa. Kobyz yakapotsa yarasikirwa nekukosha kwayo kwenyika uye nhoroondo.

Muimbi weKazakh Zhappas Kalambaev uye mudzidzisi weAlma-Ata Conservatory Daulet Myktybaev vakakwanisa kudzosera chiridzwa chevanhu uye vakatochiunza kudanho guru.

Ngano yekusikwa kwekobyz

Munguva dzisina anorangarira, jaya Korkut akararama. Akanga akatemerwa kufa pazera remakore makumi mana - saka mukuru akaporofita, uyo akaonekwa muchiroto. Asingadi kukundwa nedambudziko rinosuruvarisa, murume wacho akashongedza ngamera, akaenda rwendo, achitarisira kuwana kusafa. Murwendo rwake akasangana nevanhu vaimucherera makuva. Jaya racho rakanzwisisa kuti rufu rwaisadzivisika.

Ipapo, mukusuruvara, iye akabayira ngamera, akagadzira kobyz kubva pahunde yomuti wakare, uye akafukidza muviri wawo nedehwe remhuka. Akaridza chiridzwa, uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvakauya zvichimhanya kuzoteerera mimhanzi yakaisvonaka. Pazvairira, Rufu rwakanga rusina simba. Asi kamwe Korkut akarara, uye akarohwa nenyoka, umo Rufu rwakaberekwazve. Akasiya nyika yevapenyu, jaya rakava mutakuri wekusafa uye hupenyu husingagumi, mutsigiri wevose shamans, ishe weMvura yakadzika.

Kushandisa kobyz

Munyika dzakasiyana dzepasi pane zvakafanana neKazakh chiridzwa. KuMongolia inonzi morin-khuur, kuIndia inonzi taus, muPakistan inonzi sarangi. Russian analogue - violin, cello. MuKazakhstan, tsika dzekutamba kobyz dzinobatanidzwa kwete chete netsika dzemadzinza. Yakashandiswa nemanomads uye zhyrau - vapi vezano kune khans, vaiimba mabasa avo. Nhasi inhengo ye ensembles uye orchestra yezviridzwa zvevanhu, inonzwika yega, inobereka tsika yenyika kuis. Vaimbi veKazakh vanoshandisa kobyz munziyo dzerock, mumhanzi wepop uye mune epic echivanhu.

Vatambi Vakakurumbira

Iwo anozivikanwa zvikuru kobyzists:

• Korkyt ndiye munyori wekupedzisira IX-kutanga X mazana emakore;
• Zhappas Kalambaev - virtuoso uye munyori wenziyo nziyo;
• Fatima Balgayeva muimbi ega weKazakh Academic Orchestra yeFolk Instruments, munyori wemaitiro ekutanga ekutamba kobyz.

MuKazakhstan, Layli Tazhibayeva anozivikanwa - mutambi wekobyz anozivikanwa, mukadzi wepamberi weboka reLayla-Qobyz. Chikwata chinoridza mabharadhi ematombo ekutanga, umo ruzha rwekobyz rwunopa kunaka kwakakosha.