Hwamanda: mudziyo wechiridzwa, nhoroondo, ruzha, mhando, nzira yekutamba, shandisa

Nhengo zhinji dzeboka rendarira hadzisi dzemumhanzi. Vanhu vaida kuti vape zviratidzo panguva yekuvhima, kuswedera pedyo nengozi, kuunganidza mauto ehondo. Iyo pombi haina mutsauko. Asi kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, rave chikamu cheiyo orchestra, kurira musymphonic, mimhanzi yejazz, pamwe neyeyo yega.

Pipe mudziyo

Nheyo yekurira kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi zvemhepo inorara mukudengenyeka uye kuchinja kwemhepo yemhepo mukati mechubhu. Iyo yakareba, mikana yakawanda yainopa muimbi. Papombi, ine hurefu hunosvika masendimita 150, asi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekubatana inokotama kaviri, ichideredza kureba kwechiridzwa kusvika 50 cm.

Iyo chubhu ine chimiro che cylinder ine dhayamita inopfuura centimita, zvishoma nezvishoma inowedzera, ichishanduka kuita socket. Tekinoroji yekugadzira yakaoma. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uverenge nenzira kwayo dhigirii yekuwedzera socket kuitira kuti ienderane nehurefu hwechiteshi chikuru.

Sezvineiwo, kune iyo yakareba pombi munyika ine kureba kwemamita makumi matatu nemaviri uye socket dhayamita inopfuura 32 metres. Zviri pachena kuti munhu haazokwanisi kutamba pairi. Mhepo inopihwa kuchiteshi kuburikidza ne compressor.

Chiridzwa chine zvikamu zvitatu: muromo, pombi uye bhero. Asi iyi ndeyechinyakare uye kure nepfungwa yakakwana yechiridzwa. Muchokwadi, kune zvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu mairi. Pakati pezvinyorwa:

• muromo - inobatanidza mapepa enzeve kune chiteshi chikuru;
• yekutanga, yechipiri, yechitatu uye kugadzirisa korona - nerubatsiro rwekorona yehurongwa hwese uye kuwedzera kwayo, chiridzwa chinogadziriswa, mamwe ose anoshandiswa kugadzirisa;
• mavharuvhu - hurongwa hwevhavha, kana yakavharwa, kuchinja kwezwi rinoitika;
• drain valve - chigadzirwa chemichina chisingabatanidzi mukubudisa inzwi.

Machubhu uye zvikamu zvechiridzwa zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya nemhangura nemhangura alloys, kupenya kwemuviri kunopiwa ne lacquer, nickel kana sirivheri plating.

Nhoroondo yechishandiso

Zviridzwa zvemhepo zvakaonekwa kare kare zvisati zvagadzirwa zvezvinorira. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vanhu vakadzidza kuridza hwamanda mazana matatu emakore tisati tasvika. MuEgypt yekare, pakanga pane teknolojia yakakosha iyo mapaipi aigona kugadzirwa kubva kune rimwe pepa resimbi.

Mukuchera muEgypt, pombi dzakagadzirwa nematanda nematehwe dzakawanikwa. Uye muguva reTutankhamun, midziyo yakagadzirwa nesirivha nendarira yakawanikwa.

MuMiddle Ages, mauto ose akanga akashongedzerwa nevaridzi vehwamanda, basa ravo guru raiva rokuendesa mirairo yemirairo kumapoka ehondo. Pakati pehondo, chiridzwa ichi chaishandiswa kukwezva kutarisa kwevaoni pamakwikwi ejousting uye pamazororo. Ruzha rwayo rwakazivisa vagari vemumaguta nezvekuuya kwevanhu vakakosha kana kudiwa kwekuungana munhandare kuti vazivise zvakatemwa.

Munguva yeBaroque, zuva rekufara kwemimhanzi yedzidzo yeEurope inotanga. Kurira kwehwamanda kunosanganisirwa mumaokestra kekutanga. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti chiridzwa chakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa chete diatonic chiyero, vaimbi vakaoneka avo vakanyatsogona hunyanzvi kuburikidza nekushandura nzvimbo yemiromo.

Asi pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zviridzwa zvine tambo uye zvinoimbwa zvakabudirira, uye hwamanda, ine zvishoma mukugona kwayo kuita, yakadzikira kumashure muochestra. Inotanga zvakare kunzwika nekushingaira chete padyo nepakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Panguva ino, mhizha dzakanga dzavandudza magadzirirwo acho nokupinza mavharuvhu matatu mairi. Vakawedzera hunyanzvi hwechiridzwa, vachichibvumira kushandura chiyero, kudzikisa ruzha netoni, semitone uye toni nehafu. Hwamanda yakawana kugona kuburitsa chromatic chiyero, uye mushure mehuwandu hwekuvandudzwa kwechishandiso, dambudziko rekutsetsenura uye shanduko yetimbre yakagadziriswa.

Nhoroondo yechiridzwa chendarira yemhepo inoziva vakawanda vakatanhamara varidzi vehwamanda. Mumwe wavo ndiMaurice André, anozivikanwa so“muridzi webhosvo womuzana remakore rechi200.” Akabata hwamanda seimwe yezviridzwa zvekonzati huru, akadzidziswa kuParis Conservatory, uye akarekodha anopfuura XNUMX discs. Vamwe varidzi vehwamanda vane mukurumbira vanosanganisira Louis Armstrong, Freddie Hubbard, Sergey Nakaryakov, Arturo Sandoval.

System, range, marejista

Iyo huru mune orchestra ndiyo hwamanda muhurongwa "B-flat" - "Ita". Manotsi akanyorwa mu treble clef toni yakakwira kupfuura ruzha chairwo. Mubhuku rezasi, chiridzwa chinoburitsa ruzha rwakasuruvara, pakati - nyoro (piano), mhirizhonga, inopfuurira (forte). Mubhuku repamusoro, hwamanda inodana mutereri ane sonorous, inzwi rakajeka.

Mukati merejista, hwamanda inoratidza inoshamisa mukana wendima, nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekufamba kwayo inobvumidza iwe kunyora arpeggios.

MuEurope neAmerica, "analogue" yechiridzwa ichi mu "Do" system yakawana kuparadzirwa kukuru. Vaimbi vekuMadokero vanowana akawanda mabhenefiti ekushandiswa kwayo, kureruka kwekugadzirwa kwenzwi murejista yepamusoro uye kugona kuona huwandu kubva ku "Mi" yediki octave kusvika "C" yechitatu.

Pipe marudzi

Mamwe marudzi epombi haanyanyi kushandiswa:

• alto - zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa kubudisa inzwi rerejista yakaderera, iyo "Sol" system, kazhinji mune symphony orchestra rudzi urwu runotsiva flugelhorn;
• piccolo - muenzaniso wakagadziridzwa nevhavha yakawedzerwa, yakarongedzwa ku "Sol" kana "La", ine muromo muduku;
• bass - yakarongedzwa mu "C", asi inokwanisa kurira octave yakaderera pane iyo yepombi yakajairika.

Mumazuva ano symphony orchestras, bass trumpet inenge isati yamboshandiswa; inotsiviwa netrombone.

Play technique

Muiti anobata chiridzwa neruoko rwake rworuboshwe, nerudyi rwake anobata pachirongwa chevhavha. Kuti udzidze kutamba, unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti kubviswa kweharmonics kunoitika nekuda kweiyo embouchure, ndiko kuti, shanduko munzvimbo yemiromo, rurimi, uye tsandanyama dzechiso. Miromo panguva yekubudisa inzwi inowana imwe kuoma, kuva yakaoma. Mukuita kudaro, muimbi anodzikisa ruzha nemavharuvhu.

Pamusana pekuti kushandiswa kwekufema panguva yekushanda kwemimhanzi pahwamanda idiki, chiridzwa chinokubvumira kuita maitiro akasiyana-siyana, ndima, arpeggios. Yakajeka misiyano ye staccato inowanikwa murejista yepakati.

Nyanzvi dzinoshingaira dzinoshandisa midziyo inokosha inonzi mutes uye inopinzwa mubhero. Zvichienderana nechimiro chembeveve, hwamanda icharira yakanyarara kana kuti yakanyanya. Saka mu jazz, "fungus" inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo inoita kuti inzwi rive rakapfava, velvety.

Kushandisa pombi

Chiridzwa chikuru che orchestra chinoshandiswa mumhanzi kuti chipe chimiro chinoshamisira, kugadzira kukakavara. Inzwi racho rinonyatsoratidza, kunyange kana rikanyarara. Naizvozvo, hwamanda muzvinyorwa zvinomiririra mifananidzo yemagamba.

Mazuva ano, varidzi vehwamanda vanogona kuridza vari voga, kana kuti vanogona kugadzira orchestra yese. Muna 2006, musangano wevaridzi vehwamanda 1166 wakaimba muOruro, Bolivia. Anosanganisirwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi seakanyanya kuwanda.

Chiridzwa chinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi. Iye inhengo yechigarire yejazz, symphony uye brass bhendi, manzwi ake ane chokwadi chekuperekedza kufora kwemauto.

Vanoridza hwamanda

Vainyanya kuzivikanwa vaiva vaimbi vane unyanzvi hwounyanzvi. Pakati pevane virtuosos vakatsaurira hupenyu hwavo mukusimudzira chiridzwa ndiArturo Sandaval, uyo akaidzidza kubva pazera re12 uye akawana 10 Grammy mibayiro munguva yehupenyu hwake.

Muridzi wehwamanda wekuAmerica Clark Terry akasiya chiratidzo chake patsika dzejazz. Akaita pasi rese, akapa zvidzidzo zvemahara, aive nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye hunhu.

Muna 1955, hwamanda yeimwe ngano yejazz, Dizzy Gillepsy, yakatengeswa paauction yaChristie. Chiridzwa chine mukurumbira chakanzi "Martin Committee" uye chakatengeswa nemadhora makumi mashanu neshanu.

Munhu wose anoziva nyaya yemukomana kubva kumhuri yevarombo yeNew York, Louis Armstrong. Zvakanga zvakaoma, achiri kuyaruka akapara mhosva, akaba uye aigona kupedza hupenyu hwake hwose ari mujeri. Asi rimwe zuva ari panzvimbo yechirango akanzwa hwamanda uye akatanga kufarira kudzidza chiridzwa chacho. Makonzati ake ekutanga aive emitambo yemumugwagwa, asi munguva pfupi Armstrong akazova mumwe wevatambi vane mukurumbira, anosiyaniswa nehunyanzvi hwake hwekupenya. Louis Armstrong akapa nyika mimhanzi yakasarudzika nhaka yejazz.