Suite |

French suite, lit. – nhevedzano, kutevedzana

Imwe yemhando huru dzemultipart cyclic mafomu emimhanzi yezviridzwa. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakazvimiririra zvakati wandei, kazhinji zvinosiyanisa zvikamu, zvakabatanidzwa neyakajairwa hunyanzvi pfungwa. Zvikamu zvesyllable, sekutonga, zvakasiyana muunhu, rhythm, tempo, nezvimwewo; panguva imwecheteyo, vanogona kubatanidzwa nekubatana kwe tonal, chinangwa chehukama, uye nedzimwe nzira. Ch. S.'s shaping musimboti kugadzirwa kwechinhu chimwe chete. yakazara pahwaro hwekuchinjana kwezvikamu zvinosiyanisa - inosiyanisa S. kubva kune yakadaro cyclical. mafomu se sonata uye symphony nepfungwa yavo yekukura uye kuva. Kuenzaniswa ne sonata uye symphony, S. inoratidzirwa nekuzvimiririra kukuru kwezvikamu, kurongeka kushoma kwechimiro chekutenderera (nhamba yezvikamu, hunhu hwavo, kurongeka, kuwirirana kune imwe neimwe kunogona kuve kwakasiyana kwazvo mukati meiyo yakakura kwazvo. miganhu), tsika yekuchengetedza mune zvese kana akati wandei. zvikamu zvezwi rimwe chete, pamwe chete zvakananga. kubatana nemhando dzekutamba, rwiyo, nezvimwe.

Kusiyana pakati peS. uye sonata kwakanyatsoratidzwa nepakati. Muzana remakore rechi18, S. Zvisinei, kushorwa uku hakusi kwakakwana. Sonata naS. vakasimuka panguva imwe chete, uye nzira dzavo, kunyanya panguva yekutanga, dzimwe nguva dzakayambuka. Saka, S. aive nesimba rinoonekwa pane sonata, kunyanya munzvimbo yetematiama. Mhedzisiro yeiyi pesvedzero yaivewo kubatanidzwa kweiyo minuet muiyo sonata cycle uye kupinda kwekutamba. rhythms uye mifananidzo mune yekupedzisira rondo.

Midzi yeS. inodzokera kutsika yekare yekuenzanisa kufamba kunononoka kwekutamba (kunyange ukuru) uye kutamba kunofadza, kusvetuka (kazhinji kusinganzwisisiki, 3-beat size), iyo yaizivikanwa muEast. nyika dzekare. Iwo akazotevera prototypes eS. ndiwo maMiddle Ages. Arabic nauba (fomu hombe remimhanzi rinosanganisira akati wandei ane hukama mativi akasiyana-siyana), pamwe neakawanda-zvikamu mafomu akapararira pakati pevanhu vekuMiddle East neMiddle East. Asia. muFrance muzana remakore rechi16. tsika yokubatana mukutamba yakamuka. S. dec. kubereka branley - kuyerwa, mhemberero. midungwe yekutamba uye inokurumidza. Zvisinei, kuberekwa kwechokwadi kwaS. muWestern Europe. mimhanzi inobatanidzwa nechitarisiko chepakati. 16th century mapeya ekutamba - pavanes (kutamba kukuru, kunoyerera mu2/4) uye galliards (kutamba kwenhare nekusvetuka mu3/4). Vaviri ava mafomu, sekureva kwaBV Asafiev, "inenge yekutanga hukama hwakasimba munhoroondo yesuite." Zvinyorwa zvakadhindwa muzana remakore rechi16, zvakadai setabhura raPetrucci (1507-08), “Intobalatura de lento” rakanyorwa naM. Castillones (1536), tablature yaP. Borrono naG. Gortzianis muItaly, miunganidzwa yelute yaP. Attenyan (1530-47) muFrance, ivo vane kwete chete pavanes uye galliards, asiwo mamwe ane hukama maumbirwo epairi (bass dance - tourdion, branle - saltarella, passamezzo - saltarella, nezvimwewo).

Madhanzi ega ega dzimwe nguva aibatanidzwa nekutamba kwechitatu, zvakare mumabhiti matatu, asi zvakatonyanya kufarisa - volta kana piva.

Iko kare muenzaniso wekutanga unozivikanwa wekuenzanisa kwakasiyana kwepavane uye galliard, kubva muna 1530, inopa muenzaniso wekuvakwa kwemitambo iyi pane yakafanana, asi mamita-rhythmically yakashandurwa melodic. zvinhu. Nenguva isipi musimboti uyu unova kutsanangudza kumitambo yese. series. Dzimwe nguva, kurerutsa kurekodha, dhanzi rekupedzisira, rinobva paari harina kunyorwa kunze: mutambi akapihwa mukana, achichengeta rwiyo. muenzaniso uye kuwirirana kwekutamba kwekutanga, kushandura nguva-mbiri-chikamu muchikamu chetatu iwe pachako.

Kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 mubasa raI. Gro (30 pavanes uye galliards, rakabudiswa muna 1604 muDresden), eng. Vasikana vemhandara W. Bird, J. Bull, O. Gibbons (akagara. "Parthenia", 1611) vanowanzoenda kure nekududzirwa kwakashandiswa kwekutamba. Nzira yekuzvarwa patsva yekutamba kwezuva nezuva mu "kutamba kwekuteerera" inozopedzwa ne ser. 17th century

Classic mhando yekutamba yekare S. yakabvumira Austrian. comp. I. Ya. Froberger, uyo akatanga kutevedzana kwakasimba kwekutamba muzviridzwa zvake zve harpsichord. zvikamu: allemande ane mwero anononoka (4/4) akateverwa nekutsanya kana zvine mwero chimes (3/4) uye inononoka sarabande (3/4). Gare gare, Froberger akatanga kutamba kwechina - jig inomhanya, iyo yakakurumidza kugadziriswa semhedziso inosungirwa. chikamu.

Vazhinji S. con. 17 - kupemha. Zana remakore rechi18 ye harpsichord, orchestra kana lute, yakavakirwa pahwaro hwezvikamu zvina izvi, inosanganisirawo minuet, gavotte, bourre, paspier, polonaise, iyo, semutemo, yakaiswa pakati pe sarabande negigue, pamwe ne " zvakapetwa kaviri" ("kaviri" - mutsauko wekushongedza pane chimwe chezvikamu zveS.). Allemande yaiwanzotangirwa ne sonata, symphony, toccata, prelude, overture; aria, rondo, capriccio, nezvimwewo zvakawanikwawo kubva kune zvisiri zvekutamba. Zvose zvikamu zvakanyorwa, sekutonga, mukiyi imwechete. Sezvisizvo, mukutanga da kamera sonatas naA. Corelli, ayo ari maS., kune matambiro anononoka akanyorwa mukiyi inosiyana neiyo huru. Mukiyi huru kana diki yedhigirii yepedyo yehukama, otd. zvikamu mumasutu eGF Handel, the 4nd minuet kubva ku2th English S. uye 4nd gavotte kubva kuS. pasi pemusoro. "French Overture" (BWV 2) JS Bach; mune akati wandei masutu naBach (English suites No 831, 1, 2, etc.) pane zvikamu mukiyi huru kana diki.

Izwi rokuti "S." yakatanga kuonekwa muFrance muzana remakore rechi16. maererano nekuenzaniswa kwematavi akasiyana, mumazana emakore 17-18. yakapindawo muEngland neGermany, asi kwenguva yakareba yakashandiswa mukuora. values. Saka, dzimwe nguva S. akadana zvikamu zvakasiyana zvesuite cycle. Pamwe chete neizvi, muEngland boka rekutamba rainzi zvidzidzo (G. Purcell), muItaly - balletto kana (gare gare) sonata da kamera (A. Corelli, A. Steffani), muGermany - Partie (I. Kunau) kana partita (D. Buxtehude, JS Bach), muFrance - ordre (P. Couperin), etc. Kazhinji S. akanga asina zita rinokosha zvachose, asi akasarudzwa se "Zvimedu zve harpsichord", "Mumhanzi weTable", nezvimwewo.

Mazita akasiyana-siyana anoreva rudzi rumwe chete akatemwa nemanatsi. zvinhu zveS.'s development in con. 17 - ser. 18th century Hongu, French. S. akasiyaniswa nerusununguko rwakakura rwekuvaka (kubva ku5 kutamba naJB Lully mu orc. C. e-moll kusvika 23 mune imwe ye harpsichord suites yaF. Couperin), pamwe nekubatanidzwa mukutamba. mutsara wepfungwa, genre uye landscape sketches (27 harpsichord suites naF. Couperin inosanganisira 230 zvidimbu zvakasiyana). Franz. vanyori J. Ch. Chambonnière, L. Couperin, NA Lebesgue, J. d'Anglebert, L. Marchand, F. Couperin, naJ.-F. Rameau akaunza marudzi ekutamba matsva kuS.: the musette and rigaudon , chaconne, passacaglia, lur, etc. Zvisiri zvekutamba zvakaiswawo muS., kunyanya decomp. Aryan genera. Lully akatanga kusuma S. sesumo. zvikamu zvekupfuura. Ichi chitsva chakazogamuchirwa naye. vanyori JKF Fischer, IZ Kusser, GF Telemann naJS Bach. G. Purcell aiwanzovhura S. yake nenhanganyaya; tsika iyi yakatorwa naBach muchirungu chake. S. (muFrench yake. S. hapana mavambo). Mukuwedzera kune zviridzwa zve<em>orchestra ne<em>harpsichord, zviridzwa zve<em>lute zvakanga zvakapararira muFrance. Kubva kuItaly. D. Frescobaldi, uyo akagadzira rhythm yakasiyana-siyana, akaita mupiro unokosha pakuvandudzwa kwevanyori vane rhythmic.

Vaimbi vechiGerman vakasanganisa maFrench. uye ital. pesvedzero. “Nhau dzeBhaibheri” dzaKunau dze harpsichord uye orchestra yaHandel “Music on the Water” dzakafanana mukuronga kwavo kweFrench. C. Kupesvedzerwa neItaly. vari. tekinoroji, iyo Buxtehude suite padingindira rekwaya "Auf meinen lieben Gott" yakacherechedzwa, apo iyo allemande ine mbiri, sarabande, chimes uye gigue misiyano pane imwe dingindira, melodic. muenzaniso uye kuwirirana kwekucheka kunochengetedzwa muzvikamu zvose. GF Handel yakaunza fugue muS., iyo inoratidza tsika yekusunungura nheyo dzekare S. uye kuiswededza pedyo nechechi. sonata (yeHandel's 8 suites ye harpsichord, yakabudiswa muLondon muna 1720, 5 ine fugue).

Inosanganisira Italian, French. uye chiGerman. S. akabatanidzwa naJS Bach, akasimudza rudzi rweS. kusvika padanho repamusoro rebudiriro. MumaBach's suites (6 Chirungu ne6 French, 6 partitas, "French Overture" ye clavier, 4 orchestral S., inonzi overtures, partitas for solo violin, S. ye solo cello), maitiro ekusunungurwa kwekutamba anopedzwa. tamba kubva pakubatana kwayo neyemazuva ese yekutanga sosi. Munzvimbo dzekutamba dzemasutu ake, Bach anongochengeta mafomu ekufamba akajairwa nekutamba uku uye mamwe maitiro ane mutinhimira. drawing; nechikonzero ichi, anogadzira mitambo ine zvakadzama lyric-dhirama. content. Mumhando yega yega yeS., Bach ane yake chirongwa chekugadzira kutenderera; hongu, chirungu S. uye S. yecello nguva dzose inotanga nenhanganyaya, pakati pesarabande negigue vanogara vaine matambiro maviri akafanana, zvichingodaro. Makwikwi aBach anogara achisanganisira fugue.

Mu 2nd floor. Muzana remakore rechi18, munguva yeViennese classicism, S. inorasikirwa nezvaichimbova kukosha. Leading mises. iyo sonata uye symphony inova mhando, nepo symphony inoramba iripo muchimiro che cassations, serenades, uye divertissements. Prod. J. Haydn naWA Mozart, vane mazita aya, vazhinji vavo ndiS., chete “Little Night Serenade” yakakurumbira yaMozart yakanyorwa muchimiro chenzwimbo. Kubva Op. L. Beethoven vari pedyo neS. 2 "serenades", imwe yetambo. vatatu (p. 8, 1797), imwe yenyere, violin uye viola (op. 25, 1802). Pakati pese, zvinyorwa zveViennese classics zviri kusvika kune sonata uye symphony, genre-dance. mavambo anooneka mavari asina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, "Haffner" orc. Serenade yaMozart, yakanyorwa muna 1782, ine zvikamu zvisere, izvo zviri mukutamba. maminetsi matatu chete anochengetwa ari muchimiro.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeS. kuvaka muzana remakore rechi19. yakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwechirongwa chesymphonism. Nzira dzekuenda kurudzi rweprogrammatic S. aive matenderedzwa eFP. R. Schumann's miniatures zvinosanganisira Carnival (1835), Fantastic Pieces (1837), Vana Scenes (1838), nezvimwe. Rimsky-Korsakov's Antar uye Scheherazade mienzaniso yakatanhamara yekuimba orchestral. Zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa hunhu hweFP. kutenderera "Mifananidzo paChiratidziro" naMussorgsky, "Little Suite" yepiyano. Borodin, "Little Suite" yepiyano. uye S. “Mitambo Yevana” yeorchestra naJ. Bizet. 3 orchestral suites naPI Tchaikovsky anonyanya kusanganisira maitiro. mitambo isinganei nekutamba. marudzi; vanosanganisira kutamba kutsva. Fomu - waltz (2nd uye 3rd C.). Pakati pavo pane "Serenade" yake yetambo. orchestra, iyo "inomira pakati pechikamu uye symphony, asi padyo ne suite" (BV Asafiev). Zvikamu zveS. zvenguva ino zvakanyorwa mukuora. makiyi, asi chikamu chekupedzisira, sekutonga, chinodzosera kiyi yekutanga.

Yese R. 19th century inooneka S., inoumbwa nemimhanzi yetiyeta. zvigadzirwa, ballets, operas: E. Grieg kubva kumumhanzi wedhirama naG. Ibsen "Peer Gynt", J. Bizet kubva mumhanzi wedhirama "The Arlesian" naA. Daudet, PI Tchaikovsky kubva kumabhallet "The Nutcracker ” uye “Runako Rwakarara”, NA Rimsky-Korsakov kubva mu opera "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".

Muzana remakore rechi19 zvakasiyana-siyana zveS., zvakabatanidzwa nemitambo yevanhu, zvinoramba zviripo. tsika. Inomiririrwa neSaint-Saens 'Algiers Suite, Dvorak's Bohemian Suite. Mhando yekugadzira. refraction yekutamba kwekare. mhando dzinopihwa muDebussy's Bergamas Suite (minuet uye paspier), muRavel's Tomb yeCouperin (forlana, rigaudon uye minuet).

Muzana remakore rechi20 masutu ebhellet akagadzirwa naIF Stravinsky (The Firebird, 1910; Petrushka, 1911), SS Prokofiev (The Jester, 1922; The Prodigal Son, 1929; On the Dnieper, 1933; "Romeo naJuliet", 1936 46; "Cinderella", 1946), AI Khachaturian (S. kubva ku ballet "Gayane"), "Provencal Suite" yeorchestra D. Milhaud, "Little Suite" yepiyano. J. Aurik, S. vanyori vechikoro chitsva cheViennese - A. Schoenberg (S. yepiyano, op. 25) uye A. Berg (Lyric Suite for strings. quartet), - inoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwedodecaphonic technique. Kubva pazvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, "Dance Suite" uye 2 S. yeorchestra naB. Bartok, "Little Suite" yeorchestra naLutoslawski. Yese R. 20th yezana rudzi rutsva rweS. runooneka, rwakaumbwa nemimhanzi yemafirimu ("Lieutenant Kizhe" naProkofiev, "Hamlet" naShostakovich). Vamwe wok. kutenderera dzimwe nguva kunonzi vocal S. (vok. S. "Nhetembo nhanhatu naM. Tsvetaeva" naShostakovich), kunewo choral S.

Izwi rokuti "S." zvinorevawo mimhanzi-choreographic. kuumbwa kunosanganisira kutamba kwakati wandei. Vakadaro S. vanowanzobatanidzwa mumitambo ye ballet; semuenzaniso, mufananidzo we3 weTchaikovsky "Swan Lake" inoumbwa nekutevera tsika. nat. kutamba. Dzimwe nguva yakadaro yakaiswa S. inonzi divertissement (mufananidzo wekupedzisira weThe Sleeping Beauty uye yakawanda ye2nd chiito cheTchaikovsky's The Nutcracker).

References: Igor Glebov (Asafiev BV), Tchaikovsky's instrumental art, P., 1922; yake, Musical Form as a Process, Vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Yavorsky B., Bach suites for clavier, M.-L., 1947; Druskin M., Clavier mimhanzi, L., 1960; Efimenkova V., Madhanzi emhando ..., M., 1962; Popova T., Suite, M., 1963.

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