Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus |

Stanislav Neuhaus

Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus, mwanakomana wemuimbi weSoviet akatanhamara, aidiwa zvikuru uye nokuzvipira nevoruzhinji. Aigara achitorwa moyo netsika yepamusoro yekufunga uye manzwiro - zvisinei zvaakaita, zvisinei kuti aive nemafungiro akaita sei. Kune vashoma vanoridza piyano vanogona kuridza nekukurumidza, zvakanyanya, zvinoshamisa kupfuura zvakaitwa naStanislav Neuhaus, asi mu maererano nehupfumi hwepfungwa nuance, kunatsiridzwa kwechiitiko chemimhanzi, akawana vashoma vakaenzana naye; zvakambotaurwa zvinobudirira nezvake kuti kutamba kwake muenzaniso we "emotional virtuosity."

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Neuhaus aive nerombo rakanaka: kubva achiri mudiki aive akakomberedzwa nemhoteredzo yehungwaru, akafema mweya wezvinofadza uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvehunyanzvi. Vanhu vanofarira vaigara vari pedyo naye - vanyori, vaimbi, vanyori. Tarenda rake raive munhu wekuona, kutsigira, kutungamira munzira kwayo.

Pane imwe nguva, paakanga ava nemakore anenge mashanu, akatora imwe rwiyo kubva kuProkofiev papiyano - akainzwa kubva kuna baba vake. Vakatanga kushanda naye. Pakutanga, ambuya, Olga Mikhailovna Neigauz, mudzidzisi wepiyano ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamakore akawanda, akashanda somudzidzisi; akazotsiviwa nemudzidzisi weGnessin Music School Valeria Vladimirovna Listova. Pamusoro paListova, mukirasi yake Neuhaus akapedza makore akati wandei, akazoyeuka neruremekedzo nekutenda: "Aive mudzidzisi ane hanya ... Semuyenzaniso, kubva paudiki hwangu ndakanga ndisingafarire munwe simulator - zviyero, etudes, maekisesaizi " pa tekiniki". Valeria Vladimirovna akaona izvi uye haana kuedza kundichinja. Iye neni taiziva mimhanzi chete - uye zvaishamisa ... "

Neuhaus ave achidzidza paMoscow Conservatory kubvira 1945. Zvisinei, akapinda mukirasi yababa vake - Mecca yechidiki chepiano chenguva idzodzo - gare gare, paakanga atova mugore rake rechitatu. Asati ashanda naye Vladimir Sergeevich Belov.

“Pakutanga, baba vangu vakanga vasinganyatsotendi mune ramangwana rangu rokudhirowa. Asi, akanditarisa kamwechete pane imwe yevadzidzi manheru, iye sezviri pachena akashandura pfungwa dzake - chero zvakadaro, akandiendesa kukirasi yake. Aive nevadzidzi vakawanda, aigara akaremerwa nebasa rekudzidzisa. Ndinoyeuka kuti ndaifanira kuteerera kune vamwe kakawanda pane kuzvitamba ini - mutsara hauna kusvika. Asi nenzira, zvainakidzawo kuteerera: zvose mimhanzi mitsva uye maonero ababa pamusoro pekududzirwa kwayo zvakazivikanwa. Tsinhiro dzake netsinhiro, kuna ani naani zvadzakanga dzakanangidzirwa, zvakabetsera kirasi yose.

Mumwe aigona kazhinji kuona Svyatoslav Richter muimba Neuhaus. Aigara pasi papiyano achidzidzira asingasiyi keyboard kwemaawa. Stanislav Neuhaus, chapupu chakaona uye chapupu kuiri basa, akapfuura norudzi rwechikoro chepiyano: zvakanga zvakaoma kushuva chimwe chiri nani. Makirasi aRichter akayeukwa naye nokusingaperi: "Svyatoslav Teofilovich akashamiswa nekutsungirira kukuru mubasa. Ndingati, kuda kusina munhu. Kana nzvimbo isina kumuitira, akawira pamusoro payo nesimba rake rose uye chido kusvikira, pakupedzisira, akakurira dambudziko racho. Kune avo vaimutarisa kubva padivi, izvi zvaigara zvichisimbisa ... "

Mumakore ekuma1950, baba vaNeuhaus nemwanakomana vaiwanzotamba pamwe chete sepiyano duet. Mukuita kwavo munhu ainzwa sonata yaMozart muD mukuru, Schumann's Andante ine zvakasiyana-siyana, Debussy's “White and Black”, masutu aRachmaninov… baba. Kubva paakapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory (1953), uye gare gare zvidzidzo zvepashure (XNUMX), Stanislav Neuhaus akazvisimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo ine mukurumbira pakati peSoviet pianost. Naye vakasangana mushure memusha uye vateereri vekunze.

Sezvatotaurwa, Neuhaus akanga ari pedyo nemadenderedzwa evanyanzvi vakangwara kubva paudiki; akapedza makore akawanda mumhuri akakurumbira mudetembi Boris Pasternak. Nhetembo dzakaita maungira paari. Pasternak pachake aifarira kuaverenga, uye vaenzi vake, Anna Akhmatova nevamwe, vakaverengawo. Zvichida mhepo yaigara Stanislav Neuhaus, kana zvimwe zvekuzvarwa, "immanent" zvimiro zvehunhu hwake, zvakave nemhedzisiro - chero zvakadaro, paakapinda munhandare yekonti, veruzhinji vakabva vamuziva. Nezve izvi, uye kwete munyori weprose, iyo yaigara yakawanda pakati pevamwe vake. ("Ndakateerera nhetembo kubva pauduku. Zvichida, semuimbi, zvakandipa zvakawanda ..., "akayeuka.) Mamiriro eimba yake yekuchengetera zvinhu - zvisinganzwisisiki, zvinotyisa, zvemweya - kazhinji pedyo nemimhanzi yeChopin, Scriabin. Neuhaus aive mumwe weakanakisa Chopinists munyika yedu. Uye sezvazvaifungidzirwa zvakakodzera, mumwe wevakaturikira vakazvarwa veScriabin.

Aiwanzopihwa mubairo nekuombera kudziya kwekutamba Barcarolle, Fantasia, waltzes, nocturnes, mazurkas, Chopin ballads. Sonatas yaScriabin uye madiki enziyo - "Fragility", "Chido", "Chirahwe", "Weasel muDhanzi", anotangira kubva kune akasiyana siyana, akanakidzwa nekubudirira kukuru manheru ake. "Nekuti inhetembo yechokwadi" (Andronikov I. Kuimba. - M., 1975. P. 258.), - sezvakataurwa naIrakli Andronikov mumutsara "Neigauz Zvakare". Neuhaus mutambi wekonzati aive nehumwe hunhu hwakamuita muturikiri akanakisa weiyo repertoire yaive ichangobva kupihwa zita. Hunhu, musimboti wayo unowana kutaura chaiko kuri mutemu kugadzira mimhanzi.

Paairidza, Neuhaus aiita kunge ari kuvandudza: mutereri akanzwa kuyerera kwemumhanzi wemutambi wepfungwa, asingamanikidzwe neclichés - kusiyanisa kwayo, kusatarisira kunonakidza kwemakona uye kutendeuka. Muridzi wepiyano, semuenzaniso, aiwanzoenda kunhandare neScriabin's Fifth Sonata, aine etudes (Op. 8 ne42) nemunyori mumwechete, aine mabharadhi aChopin - pese apo mabasa aya aitaridzika neimwe nzira, neimwe nzira ... Aiziva maitiro. kutamba zvisina kuenzana, kudarika stencils, kuridza mimhanzi a la impromptu - chii chingave chinonyanya kufadza mukonti? Zvakataurwa pamusoro apa kuti nenzira imwecheteyo, zvakasununguka uye zvisina kunaka, VV Sofronitsky, uyo airemekedzwa zvikuru naye, akaridza mimhanzi pachikuva; baba vake chaivo vakatamba mutsinga imwe chete. Zvichida zvingave zvakaoma kutumidza mutambi wepiyano pedyo nevatenzi ava maererano nekuita kupfuura Neuhaus Jr.

Zvakataurwa pamapeji apfuura kuti maitiro ekuvandudza, kune ese mazango ayo, akazara nehumwe njodzi. Pamwe chete nekubudirira kwekugadzira, kukanganisa kunogonekawo pano: izvo zvakabuda nezuro zvinogona kusashanda nhasi. Neuhaus - chii chekuvanza? - akange aine chokwadi (kanopfuura kamwe) yekusagadzikana kwehunyanzvi hupfumi, aiziva nekuvava kwekutadza kwedariro. Mahoro ekonzati anorangarira zvakaoma, anenge mamiriro ekukurumidzira pakuita kwake - nguva apo mutemo wekutanga wekuita, wakagadzirwa naBach, wakatanga kutyorwa: kuti utambe zvakanaka, unofanirwa kudzvanya kiyi chaiyo nechigunwe chekurudyi. nguva chaiyo ... Izvi zvakaitika naNeuhaus uye muChopin's Twenty-fourth Etude, uye muScriabin's C-sharp minor (Op. 42) etude, uye Rachmaninov's G-minor (Op. 23) prelude. Haana kuverengerwa semutambi akasimba, akatsiga, asi-hazvisi mutsauko here?—kusagadzikana kwehunyanzvi hwaNeuhaus semuimbi wekonzati, "kusagadzikana" kwake kudiki kwaive nerunako rwayo, runako rwayo: vapenyu chete ndivo vari panjodzi. Kune varidzi vepiyano vanomisa matombo asingaparadzike emumhanzi kunyange mumazurka eChopin; isina kusimba sonic nguva dzeScriabin kana Debussy - uye vanoomesa pasi peminwe yavo sekongiri yakasimbiswa. Mutambo waNeuhaus waiva muenzaniso wezvakapesana chaizvo. Zvichida, neimwe nzira akarasikirwa (akatambura "kurasikirwa kwehunyanzvi", mumutauro wevanoongorora), asi akakunda, uye mune yakakosha. (Ndinoyeuka kuti muhurukuro pakati pevaimbi veMoscow, mumwe wavo akati, "Unofanira kubvuma, Neuhaus anoziva kuridza zvishoma ..." Zvishoma? shoma kuziva kuzviita papiyano. zvaanogona kuita. Uye ndicho chinhu chikuru. ”….

Neuhaus yaizivikanwa kwete chete kune clavirabends. Semudzidzisi, akambobatsira baba vake, kubva pakutanga kwemakumi matanhatu akazova mukuru wekirasi yake pachedu. (Pakati pevadzidzi vake ndiV. Krainev, V. Kastelsky, B. Angerer.) Panhambo nenhambo aienda kunze kwenyika nokuda kwebasa rokudzidzisa, akaita inonzi misangano yamarudzi ose muItaly neAustria. “Kazhinji nzendo idzi dzinoitwa mumwedzi yechirimo,” akadaro. “Kune imwe nzvimbo, mune rimwe remaguta eEurope, vaduku vanoridza piyano vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana vanoungana. Ndinosarudza boka duku, vanenge vanhu vasere kana kuti gumi, kubva kune avo vanoratidzika kwandiri vakafanirwa nengwariro, ndovamba kufunda navo. Vamwe vose vanongovapo, vachiona kosi yechidzidzo vaine manotsi mumaoko avo, vachipfuura, sezvatingataura, muitiro wokungoita.

Pane imwe nguva mumwe wevatsoropodzi akamubvunza nezve maitiro ake kune pedagogy. “Ndinoda kudzidzisa,” Neuhaus akapindura kudaro. “Ndinofarira kuva pakati pevechiduku. Kunyangwe ... Unofanirwa kupa simba rakawanda, tsinga, simba imwe nguva. Munoona, handikwanise kuteerera “zvisiri zvemimhanzi” mukirasi. Ndiri kuedza kuwana chimwe chinhu, kuwana… Dzimwe nguva hazvigoneke nemudzidzi uyu. Kazhinji, pedagogy rudo rwakaoma. Kunyange zvakadaro, ndinoda kunzwa kutanga kuva mutambi wemakonzati.”

Erudition yakapfuma yeNeuhaus, nzira yake yakasarudzika yekududzira mabasa emimhanzi, makore mazhinji echiitiko chedariro - zvese izvi zvaive zvakakosha, uye zvakakosha, kune vechidiki vekugadzira vakamupoteredza. Aiva nezvakawanda zvokudzidza, zvakawanda zvokudzidza. Zvichida, kutanga kune zvose, mune unyanzvi hwepiyano sounding. Inyanzvi umo aiziva vashoma vakaenzana.

Iye pachake, paakanga ari pachikuva, aiva neruzha runoshamisa rwepiyano: iri rakanga riri rutivi rwakasimba zvikurusa rwekuita kwake; hapana kwakambobuda hutongi hweunyanzvi hwake hwakabuda pachena neruzha rwakadaro. Uye kwete chete mu "goridhe" chikamu che repertoire yake - Chopin uye Scriabin, apo munhu haakwanisi kuita pasina kukwanisa kusarudza yakanakisa chipfeko chinonzwika - asiwo mune chero mimhanzi yaanodudzira. Ngatiyeukei, semuenzaniso, dudziro dzake dzeRachmaninoff's E-flat major (Op. 23) kana F-minor (Op. 32) preludes, Debussy's piano watercolors, inotamba naSchubert nevamwe vanyori. Kwose kwose kunoridza piyano kunokwezva neruzha runoyevedza uye rwakanaka rwechiridzwa, kanyoro, kanenge kasina kusimba kwekuita, uye kupenya kwemavara. Kwese kwawaigona kuona rudo (iwe haugone kutaura neimwe nzira) maitiro kune keyboard: chete avo vanonyatsoda piyano, izwi rayo rekutanga uye rakasiyana, ridza mimhanzi nenzira iyi. Kune vatambi vepiyano vakati wandei vanoratidza tsika yakanaka yekurira mumitambo yavo; kune vashoma zvikuru veavo vanoteerera chiridzwa choga. Uye hakuna maartist mazhinji ane munhu mumwe chete timbre coloring yeruzha rwavakazvarwa navo chete. (Pashure pezvose, Piano Masters - uye ivo chete! - vane ruzha rwakasiyana-siyana, sezvakangoita chiedza chakasiyana, ruvara uye ruvara rwevanyori vakuru.) Neuhaus aiva nepiyano yake, inokosha, yaisagona kuvhiringidzwa nedzimwe.

… Mufananidzo unokatyamadza unomboonekwa muhoro yekonzati: mutambi akawana mibairo yakawanda pamakwikwi epasi rose munguva yake, anowana vateereri vanofarira zvakaoma; pamitambo yemumwe, uyo ane regalia shoma, misiyano nemazita, horo inogara yakazara. (Vanoti ichokwadi: makwikwi ane mitemo yavo, vateereri vemakonti vane yavo.) Neuhaus haana kuwana mukana wekukunda makwikwi nevamwe vake. Zvakadaro, nzvimbo yaaigara muhupenyu hwephilharmonic yakamupa mukana unooneka pamusoro pevazhinji vane ruzivo varwi vemakwikwi. Aive akakurumbira, matikiti eclavirabends yake dzimwe nguva aibvunzwa kunyangwe munzira dziri kure dzekumahoro kwaaiita. Aive nezvinorotwa nemutambi wese wekushanyira: vateereri vayo. Zvinoita sekuti mukuwedzera kune hunhu hwakatodudzwa - rwiyo rwakasiyana, runako, njere dzaNeuhaus semuimbi - chimwe chinhu chakaita kuti anzwe chakamutsa tsitsi dzevanhu kwaari. Iye, sezvazvinogona kutonga kubva kunze, akange asina hanya zvakanyanya nekutsvaga kwekubudirira ...

Mutereri ane hanya anobva aziva izvi (kunaka kwemuimbi, danho rekuzvipira) - sezvavanoziva, uye nekukasira, chero kuratidzwa kwezvisina maturo, chimiro, dariro yekuzviratidzira. Neuhaus haana kuedza nepaanogona napo kufadza veruzhinji. (I. Andronikov anonyora zvakanaka kuti: "Muimba huru, Stanislav Neuhaus anoramba achiita seari oga ane chiridzwa uye nenziyo. Sokunge pasina munhu muhoro. Uye anotamba Chopin sokunge kuti iye pachake. Sezvake zvake. zvakadzama zvemunhu ”… (Andronikov I. Kumumhanzi. S. 258)) Iyi yakanga isiri coquetry yakanatswa kana kugamuchirwa kwehunyanzvi - iyi yaive pfuma yehunhu hwake, hunhu. Zvichida ichi ndicho chaiva chikonzero chikuru chekuzivikanwa kwake nevateereri. "... Kana munhu akaiswa zvishoma kune vamwe vanhu, uye vamwe vanofarira munhu," nyanzvi huru yepfungwa Stanislavsky akavimbisa, achitora kubva pane izvi kuti "kana mutambi paanongorega kuverenga neboka revanhu muhoro, iye. pachake anotanga kuswedera kwaari (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch. T. 5. S. 496. T. 1. S. 301-302.). Achifadzwa nemimhanzi, uye chete nazvo, Neuhaus akanga asina nguva yekunetseka pamusoro pekubudirira. Kunyanya chokwadi akauya kwaari.

G. Tsypin