Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus |

Heinrich Neuhaus

Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus akaberekwa musi waApril 12, 1888 muUkraine, muguta reElisavetgrad. Vabereki vake vaiva vaimbi-vadzidzisi vanozivikanwa muguta, avo vakatanga chikoro chemimhanzi ipapo. Sekuru vamai vaHenry vaive muimbi wepiyano wekuRussia anoshamisa, kondakita uye muimbi FM Blumenfeld, uye muzukuru wake - Karol Szymanowski, akazova muimbi wePolish ane mukurumbira.

Tarenda yemukomana yakazviratidza kare kare, asi, zvisingaiti, muhuduku haana kugamuchira dzidzo yemimhanzi yakarongeka. Kukura kwake kwepiyano kwakapfuurira zvikuru zvakangoerekana zvaitika, achiteerera simba guru remimhanzi yainzwika maari. “Pandaiva nemakore anenge masere kana mapfumbamwe,” Neuhaus anoyeuka kudaro, “ndakatanga kuvandudza piyano zvishomanana, uye ndowedzera uye ndikawedzera, ndipo pandaiwedzera kuridza piyano nechido. Dzimwe nguva (izvi zvaive zvishoma gare gare) ndakasvika padanho rekunyanyisa: Ndakanga ndisina nguva yekumuka, sezvandakanga ndanzwa mimhanzi mukati mangu, mimhanzi yangu, uye saka rinenge zuva rose.

Pazera ramakore gumi namaviri, Henry akatanga kuoneka paruzhinji mutaundi rokumusha kwake. Muna 1906, vabereki vakatumira Heinrich nehanzvadzi yake huru Natalia, uyewo mutambi wepiyano akanaka kwazvo, kuti anodzidza kunze kwenyika muBerlin. Pakuraira kweFM Blumenfeld uye chipangamazano waAK Glazunov aive muimbi ane mukurumbira Leopold Godovsky.

Zvisinei, Heinrich akatora zvidzidzo gumi chete zvepachivande kubva kuGodowsky uye akanyangarika kubva mumunda wake wekuona kwemakore anenge matanhatu. “Makore okudzungaira” akatanga. Neuhaus akagamuchira nechido zvose zvaaigona kupiwa netsika dzeEurope. Wechidiki pianist anopa makonti mumaguta eGermany, Austria, Italy, Poland. Neuhaus inogamuchirwa neushamwari neveruzhinji uye inodhinda. Ongororo inocherekedza chiyero chetarenda rake uye inoratidza tariro yekuti mutambi wepiyano anozopedzisira atora nzvimbo yakakurumbira munyika yemimhanzi.

“Pazera ramakore gumi namatanhatu kana kuti gumi namanomwe, ndakatanga “kurangarira”; kukwanisa kunzwisisa, kuongorora kumuka, ndakaisa mubvunzo wangu wepiyano yose, upfumi hwangu hwose hwokuridza piyano,” anoyeuka kudaro Neuhaus. “Ndakasarudza kuti ndakanga ndisingazivi chiridzwa chacho kana kuti muviri wangu, uye ndaifanira kutanga patsva. Kwemwedzi yakawanda (!) Ndakatanga kutamba maitiro akareruka uye etudes, kutanga neminwe mishanu, nechinangwa chimwe chete: kugadzirisa ruoko rwangu neminwe zvachose kumitemo yekhibhodi, kushandisa nheyo yehupfumi kusvika kumagumo, kusvika ridza "rationally", sezvo piyano inorongwa zvine musoro; hongu, kutarisisa kwangu mukunaka kwekunzwika kwakaunzwa kusvika pakakwirira (ndaigara ndiine nzeve yakanaka uye yakatetepa) uye ichi chingangove chinhu chakakosha panguva yese apo ini, nekupenga kwemanic, ndakaedza chete kubvisa iyo. "Mitsindo yakanakisa" kubva papiyano, uye mimhanzi, hunyanzvi hwekugara, yakaikiya pazasi pechipfuva uye haina kuiburitsa kwenguva yakareba, yakareba (mimhanzi yakaenderera mberi nehupenyu hwayo kunze kwepiyano).

Kubva muna 1912, Neuhaus akatangazve kudzidza naGodowsky paChikoro cheMasters paVienna Academy of Music and Performing Arts, iyo yaakapedza neuchenjeri muna 1914. Muupenyu hwake hwose, Neuhaus akayeuka mudzidzisi wake nekudziya kukuru, achimurondedzera semumwe we "Varidzi vepiyano vakuru venguva yepashure peRubinstein." Kutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yokutanga kwakafadza muimbi: “Muchiitiko chekuunganidza, ndaifanira kuenda ndiri ndoga. Kubatanidza zita rangu rekupedzisira nediploma kubva kuVienna Academy hakuna kumira zvakanaka. Ipapo takasarudza padare remhuri kuti ndaifanira kuwana dhipuroma kuRussia Conservatory. Mushure mematambudziko akasiyana-siyana (kunyange zvakadaro ndainzwa kunhuwa kwebasa rechiuto, asi nokukurumidza ndakasunungurwa ne "tiketi chena"), ndakaenda kuPetrograd, muchirimo cha1915 ndakapasa bvunzo dzese paimba yekuchengetera vanhu uye ndakagamuchira dhipuroma uye zita rekuti " free artist”. Mamwe mangwanani akanaka paFM Blumenfeld, runhare rwakarira: mutungamiriri webazi reTiflis reIRMO Sh.D. Nikolaev nechikumbiro chandinobva muvhuvhu regore rino kuzodzidzisa muTiflis. Pasina kufunga kaviri, ndakabvuma. Nokudaro, kubvira muna October 1916, kwenguva yokutanga, “zviri pamutemo” chose chose (kubva pandakatanga kushanda muchikoro chehurumende) ndakatora nzira yomudzidzisi wenziyo wokuRussia nomuimbi wepiyano.

Pashure pechirimo chakapedza chikamu muTimoshovka nevaShimanovsky, pamwe muElisavetgrad, ndakasvika muTiflis muna October, kwandakabva ndatanga kushanda panzvimbo yeramangwana, yainzi panguva iyoyo Musical School yeBazi reTiflis uye Imperial Russian Musical Society.

Vadzidzi vaive vasina kusimba, vazhinji vavo munguva yedu vaisagona kugamuchirwa muchikoro chemimhanzi chedunhu. Kunze kwezvishomanene zvikuru, basa rangu rakanga riri “basa rakaoma” rimwe chetero randakanga ndaravira shure muElisavetgrad. Asi guta rakanaka, kumaodzanyemba, vazivikanwi vanofadza, nezvimwewo zvakandipa mubayiro zvishoma nokuda kwekutambura kwangu kwebasa. Nenguva isipi ndakatanga kuita konzati ndiri ndoga, mumakonzati e symphony uye ensembles pamwe nemumwe wangu mutambi weviolinist Evgeny Mikhailovich Guzikov.

Kubva muna October 1919 kusvika muna October 1922 ndaiva purofesa paKiv Conservatory. Pasinei nemutoro unorema wekudzidzisa, mumakore apfuura ndakapa makonti akawanda ane mapurogiramu akasiyana-siyana (kubva kuBach kusvika kuProkofiev uye Shimanovsky). BL Yavorsky uye FM Blumenfeld vakabva vadzidzisawo kuKyiv Conservatory. Muna Gumiguru, FM Blumenfeld neni, pakukumbira kwaPeople's Commissar AV Lunacharsky, takachinjirwa kuMoscow Conservatory. Yavorsky akanga atamira kuMoscow mwedzi mishomanana tisati tasvika. Ndokutanga "nguva yeMoscow yebasa rangu remimhanzi."

Saka, mukupera kwa1922, Neuhaus akagara muMoscow. Anotamba mumakonsati ega uye esymphony, anoita neBeethoven Quartet. Kutanga naN. Blinder, ipapo naM. Polyakin, muimbi anopa mavhiri esonata manheru. Zvirongwa zvemakonzati ake, uye zvakambosiyana zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira mabasa nevanyori vakasiyana siyana, marudzi uye masitayera.

"Ndiani mumakore makumi maviri nemakumi matatu akateerera kutaura uku kwaNeuhaus," anonyora Ya.I. Milstein, - akawana chimwe chinhu chehupenyu chisingagoni kuratidzwa nemashoko. Neuhaus aigona kuridza zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvinobudirira (anga asati amboita piyano - muchidimbu nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekunakidzwa kwekutya, shanduko yakapinza yemafungiro, pamwe nekuda kwehukuru hweiyo improvisational musimboti, simba renguva yacho). Asi aigara achikwezva, achikurudzira uye nekukurudzira nemutambo wake. Aigara akasiyana uye panguva imwe chete muumbi-musiki: zvaiita sokuti haana kuita mimhanzi, asi pano, pachikuva, akaigadzira. Pakanga pasina chinhu chekugadzira, formulaic, yakakopwa mumutambo wake. Aive nekusvinura kunoshamisa uye kujeka kwemweya, fungidziro isingaperi, rusununguko rwekutaura, aiziva kunzwa uye kuburitsa zvese zvakavanzika, zvakavanzika (ngatirangarirei, semuenzaniso, rudo rwake rwechinyorwa chekuita: "Iwe unofanirwa kunyura mukati memweya. - mushure mezvose, zviri mune izvi, zvisinganzwisisike uye zvinogoneka kune mimhanzi notation, iyo yese pfungwa yepfungwa, mufananidzo wese ... "). Aiva nemavara akapfava eruzha kuti abudise hunyambiri hwemanzwire, zviya zvisinganzwisisike zvinyamusi zvinoramba zvisingasvikike kuvatambi vakawanda. Akateerera zvaakaita uye akazvisika patsva. Akazvipa zvachose kumanzwiro ayo dzimwe nguva aiita seasina muganhu maari. Uye panguva imwe cheteyo, akanga akanyatsozviomesera, achitsoropodza zvose zvekushanda. Iye pachake akambobvuma kuti "muiti munhu akaoma uye anopesana", kuti "anoda zvaanoita, uye anomutsoropodza, uye anomuteerera zvakakwana, uye anomugadzirisa nenzira yake pachake", kuti "pane dzimwe nguva, uye Hakusi masanga kuti mutsoropodzi ane utsinye ane chido chokumuchuchisa atonge mumweya wake, “asi kuti” panguva yakanakisisa yaanonzwa kuti basa riri kuitwa nderake, uye anodonhedza misodzi yekufara, kufara uye kuda. iye.

Kukura kwekusika kwemupiyano kwakakurumidza kufambiswa nekushamwaridzana kwake nevaimbi vakuru veMoscow - K. Igumnov, B. Yavorsky, N. Myaskovsky, S. Feinberg nevamwe. Chaikosha zvikuru kuna Neuhaus yaiwanzoita misangano nevadetembi veMoscow, maartist, uye vanyori. Pakati pavo paiva naB. Pasternak, R. Falk, A. Gabrichevsky, V. Asmus, N. Wilmont, I. Andronikov.

Muchinyorwa "Heinrich Neuhaus", chakabudiswa muna 1937, V. Delson anonyora kuti: "Kune vanhu vane basa ravo risingaparadzanisi zvachose kubva muupenyu hwavo. Ava vanofarira basa ravo, vanhu vane simba rekugadzira basa, uye nzira yehupenyu hwavo ndeyekuenderera mberi kwekusika kupisa. Ndizvo Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus.

Hongu, uye kutamba kwaNeuhaus kwakafanana nezvaari - dutu, kushingaira, uye panguva imwechete yakarongeka uye yakafunga kune ruzha rwekupedzisira. Uye papiyano, manzwiro anomuka muNeuhaus anoita se "anopfuura" mafambiro ekuita kwake, uye asingadi kushivirira, matauriro asinganzwisisiki anoputika mukutamba kwake, uye zvose (chaizvoizvo zvose, uye kwete tempos chete!) anomhanya asingadzoreki, akazadzwa ne“kurudziro” yokudada uye noushingi, sezvakaita I. Andronikov nenzira yakakodzera akambotaura.

Muna 1922, chiitiko chakaitika chakasarudza ramangwana rekusika reNeuhaus: akava purofesa paMoscow Conservatory. Kwemakore makumi mana nemaviri, basa rake rekudzidzisa rakaenderera mberi payunivhesiti iyi yakakurumbira, iyo yakapa migumisiro inoshamisa uye nenzira dzakawanda yakabatsira mukuzivikanwa kwakakura kwechikoro chepiyano cheSoviet munyika yose. Muna 1935-1937, Neuhaus akanga ari mutungamiriri weMoscow Conservatory. Muna 1936-1941 uye kubva 1944 kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1964, aive mukuru weDhipatimendi reSpecial Piano.

Chete mumakore anotyisa eGreat Patriotic War, akamanikidzwa kumisa mabasa ake ekudzidzisa. “Muna July 1942, ndakatumirwa kuSverdlovsk kunoshanda munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzeUral neKyiv (dzakaendeswa kuSverdlovsk),” anonyora kudaro Genrikh Gustavovich mubhuku rake roupenyu. - Ndakagara ikoko kusvikira October 1944, apo ndakadzorerwa kuMoscow, kunzvimbo yekuchengetedza. Mukati mokugara kwangu muUrals (kunze kwebasa rokudzidzisa rine simba), ndakapa makonzati akawanda muSverdlovsk imene nomumamwe maguta: Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Kirov, Sarapul, Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Perm.

Matangiro erudo ehunyanzvi hwemuimbi akaonekwawo muhurongwa hwake hwekudzidzisa. Pazvidzidzo zvake, nyika yekufungidzira ine mapapiro yakatonga, ichisunungura masimba ekugadzira evadiki vanoridza piyano.

Kutanga muna 1932, vadzidzi vakawanda veNeuhaus vakahwina mibairo pamakwikwi epiyano ainyanya kumiririra eUnion nepasi rose - muWarsaw neVienna, Brussels neParis, Leipzig neMoscow.

Chikoro cheNeuhaus ibazi rine simba rekugadzira piyano yemazuva ano. Ndeapi akasiyana maartist akabuda pasi pemapapiro ake - Svyatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak, Evgeny Malinin, Stanislav Neigauz, Vladimir Krainev, Alexei Lyubimov. Kubva 1935, Neuhaus aigara achibuda mumapepanhau aine zvinyorwa pamusoro penyaya dzemusoro mukuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, uye akaongorora makonti nevaimbi veSoviet uye vekunze. Muna 1958, bhuku rake "On the Art of Piano Playing" rakabudiswa muMuzgiz. Zvinyorwa zvemudzidzisi ”, izvo zvakadzokororwa zvakare kudhindwa mumakumi emakore akatevera.

“Munhoroondo yetsika yokuridza piyano yokuRussia, Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus chinhu chisingawanzoitiki,” anonyora kudaro Ya.I. Milstein. -Zita rake rinosanganiswa nepfungwa yekushinga kwekufunga, kukwira kwemoto kwekunzwa, kushamisa kunoshamisa uye panguva imwechete kuvimbika kwechisikigo. Chero ani zvake akawana simba retarenda rake, zvakaoma kukanganwa mutambo wake wakafuridzirwa zvechokwadi, uyo wakapa vanhu mufaro wakawanda, mufaro uye chiedza. Zvese zvekunze zvakadzokera kumashure pamberi pekunaka uye kukosha kwechiitiko chemukati. Pakanga pasina nzvimbo dzisina chinhu, matemplate uye zvitambi mumutambo uyu. Aive azere nehupenyu, akasununguka, akabatwa kwete chete nekujeka kwekufunga uye kutendiswa, asiwo nemanzwiro echokwadi, zvinoshamisa plastiki uye kusunungurwa kwemifananidzo yemimhanzi. Neuhaus akatamba zvakaperera, zvaari, zvakapfava, uye panguva imwe chete neshungu zvakanyanya, neshungu, nekuzvipira. Kusundirwa pamweya, kukwidziridzwa kwekusika, kutsva kwemanzwiro zvaive zvakakosha zvehunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi. Makore akapfuura, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakura, zvikapera, zvikapera simba, asi hunyanzvi hwake, hunyanzvi hwemuimbi-detembi, hwakaramba hudiki, hukasha uye hwakafuridzirwa.