Sonata |

ital. sonata, kubva ku sonare - kusvika kunzwi

Imwe yemhando huru dze solo kana chamber-ensemble instr. music. Classic S., sekutonga, akawanda-chikamu kugadzirwa. nekutsanya kwakanyanyisa zvikamu (yekutanga - mune iyo inonzi sonata fomu) uye inononoka pakati; dzimwe nguva minuet kana scherzo inosanganisirwawo mukutenderera. Kunze kwemhando dzekare (trio sonata), S., mukusiyana nemamwe marudzi emakamuri (trio, quartet, quintet, nezvimwewo), haisanganisi vanopfuura 2 vanoita. Aya maitiro akaumbwa munguva ye classicism (ona Vienna Classical School).

Kuvapo kwezwi rokuti "S". inodzokera kunguva yekuumbwa kwekuzvimiririra. instr. marudzi. Pakutanga, S. vainzi wok. zvimedu zvine zviridzwa kana pazvazvo. instr. mabasa, ayo, zvisinei, akange achiri akabatana newok. nzira yekunyora uye yaive preim. nyore wok zvinyorwa. mitambo. Semudzidzi. inoridza izwi rekuti "S." yakawanikwa kare muzana remakore rechi13. Yakanyanya kunzi "sonata" kana "sonado" inotanga kushandiswa chete munguva yeLate Renaissance (zana ramakore rechi 16) muSpain mukuora. tablature (somuenzaniso, muEl Maestro naL. Milan, 1535; muSila de Sirenas naE. Valderrabano, 1547), ipapo muItaly. Kazhinji kune mazita maviri. – canzona da sonar or canzona per sonare (somuenzaniso, y H. Vicentino, A. Bankieri nevamwe).

To con. Zana remakore rechi16 muItaly (mukuru arr. mubasa raF. Maskera), kunzwisiswa kweshoko rokuti “S.” sezita remudzidzi akazvimiririra. mitambo (kusiyana ne cantata as wok. plays). Panguva imwecheteyo, kunyanya mu con. 16 - kupemha. Muzana remakore rechi17, shoko rokuti “S.” inoshandiswa kune dzakasiyana-siyana mufomu uye basa instr. essays. Dzimwe nguva S. vainzi instr. zvikamu zvemasevhisi echechi (mazita ekuti "Alla devozione" - "Mumunhu anonamata" kana "Graduale" muBanchieri's sonatas akakosha, zita reimwe yemabasa murudzi urwu naK. Monteverdi "Sonata sopra Sancta Maria" – “Sonata-liturgy of the Virgin Mary”), uyewo opera overtures (somuenzaniso, sumo ye MA Honor's opera The Golden Apple, yakadanwa naS. – Il porno d'oro, 1667). Kwenguva yakareba pakanga pasina mutsauko wakajeka pakati pezita rokuti "S.", "symphony" uye "konzati". Kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 (Baroque Yokutanga), 2 marudzi eS. akaumbwa: sonata da chiesa (chechi. S.) uye sonata da kamera (chamber, front. S.). Kekutanga mazita aya anowanikwa mu "Canzoni, overo sonate concertate per chiesa e camera" naT. Merula (1637). Sonata da chiesa aivimba zvakanyanya papolyphonic. fomu, sonata da kamera yakasiyaniswa nehukuru hwehomophonic warehouse uye kuvimba nekutamba.

Pakutanga. 17th century inonzi. vatatu sonata yevatambi vaviri kana vatatu vane basso continuo accompaniment. Yakanga iri fomu yekuchinja kubva ku polyphony yezana ramakore rechi 2. ku solo S. 3-16 mazana emakore. Mukuita. zvinyorwa zveS. panguva ino nzvimbo inotungamira inogarwa netambo. zviridzwa zvine mutinhimira wazvo mukuru. mikana.

Mu 2nd floor. 17th century kune tsika yekudimburwa kwaS kuita zvikamu (kazhinji 3-5). Vanoparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nemutsara kaviri kana mazita anokosha. Iyo 5-chikamu kutenderera inomiririrwa neakawanda sonatas naG. Legrenzi. Sezvimwewo, chikamu chimwe chete S. chinowanikwawo (muSat: Sonate da organo di varii autori, ed. Arresti). Inonyanya kufanana ndeye 4-part cycle ine nhevedzano yezvikamu: zvishoma - kukurumidza - zvishoma - kukurumidza (kana: kukurumidza - kunonoka - kukurumidza - kukurumidza). 1st inononoka chikamu - sumo; inowanzobva pakutevedzera (dzimwe nguva yehomophonic warehouse), ine improvisation. chimiro, kazhinji chinosanganisira rhythm dzine madoti; chikamu chechipiri chekutsanya chiri fugue, chikamu chechitatu chinononoka chinonzi homophonic, sekutonga, mumweya we sarabande; anopedzisa. chikamu chekutsanya zvakare fugue. Sonata da kamera yaive yemahara kudzidza yekutamba. makamuri, sesutu: allemande - courant - sarabande - gigue (kana gavotte). Ichi chirongwa chinogona kuwedzerwa nemamwe madhanzi. zvikamu.

Tsanangudzo yesonata da kamera yaiwanzotsiviwa nezita. - "suite", "partita", "French. overture”, “order”, etc. In con. 17th century muGermany kune zvigadzirwa. mhando yakavhenganiswa, kubatanidza zvinhu zvemarudzi maviri eS. (D. Becker, I. Rosenmüller, D. Buxtehude, nevamwe). Kuchechi. S. kupinda zvikamu zviri pedyo nemasikirwo kutamba (gigue, minuet, gavotte), kupinda mukamuri - vakasununguka preluded zvikamu kubva chechi. S. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kwemarudzi maviri (GF Teleman, A. Vivaldi).

Zvikamu zvinosanganiswa muS. nenzira yedingindira. kubatana (kunyanya pakati pezvikamu zvakanyanyisa, semuenzaniso, muC. op. 3 No 2 Corelli), nerubatsiro rwechirongwa che tonal chinopindirana (zvikamu zvakanyanyisa mukiyi huru, zvikamu zvepakati muchipiri), dzimwe nguva ne rubatsiro rwekugadzira chirongwa (S. "Bible Stories" Kunau).

Mu 2nd floor. 17th century pamwe chete ne trio sonatas, chinzvimbo chikuru chinogarwa naS. ye violin - chiridzwa chiri kusangana nekutanga uye chepamusoro maruva panguva ino. Genre skr. S. yakagadzirwa mubasa raG. Torelli, J. Vitali, A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, J. Tartini. Nhamba yevanyori vane 1st floor. 18th century (JS Bach, GF Teleman nevamwe) kune tsika yekuwedzera zvikamu uye kuderedza nhamba yavo kusvika ku2 kana 3 - kazhinji nekuda kwekurambwa kweimwe ye2 inononoka zvikamu zvechechi. S. (somuenzaniso, IA Sheibe). Zviratidzo zve tempo uye zvisikwa zvezvikamu zvinowedzera kutsanangurwa ("Andante", "Grazioso", "Affettuoso", "Allegro ma non troppo", nezvimwewo). S. yeviolin ine chikamu chakagadziridzwa che clavier chinotanga kuoneka muJS Bach. Zita "FROM." maererano nechidimbu che clavier yega, I. Kunau ndiye akatanga kuishandisa.

Mukutanga kwekirasi nguva (pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18) S. inoonekwa zvishoma nezvishoma semhando yakapfuma uye yakaoma kwazvo yemimhanzi yekamuri. Muna 1775, IA Schultz yakatsanangura S. sechimiro "chinosanganisa mavara ese nemataurirwo ese." DG Türk akati muna 1789: "Pakati pezvidimbu zvakanyorerwa clavier, sonata ndiyo inotora nzvimbo yekutanga." Sekureva kwaFW Marpurg, muS. “kune zvidimbu zvitatu kana zvina zvinotevedzana pa tempo inopiwa nemazita, semuenzaniso, Allegro, Adagio, Presto, nezvimwewo." Iyo piano yeclavier inofamba ichienda kumberi, sekunge ichangobva kuoneka sando-chiito piano. (imwe yemuenzaniso wekutanga - S. op. 8 Avison, 1764), uye ye harpsichord kana clavichord (yevamiririri vezvikoro zveNorth uye Middle German - WF Bach, KFE Bach, KG Nefe, J. Benda, EV Wolf uye vamwe - clavichord chaive chiridzwa chaidiwa). Tsika yekuperekedza C. basso continuo iri kupera. Imwe mhando yepakati yepiyano yepiyano iri kupararira, nekusarudzwa kutora chikamu kwechimwe chiridzwa chimwe kana zviviri, kazhinji maviolin kana zvimwe zviridzwa (sonatas naC Avison, I. Schobert, uye mamwe masonata ekutanga naWA Mozart), kunyanya muParis neLondon. S. zvakagadzirirwa zvekirasi. kuumbwa kaviri pamwe nekusungirwa kutora chikamu kweclavier uye c.-l. melodic chiridzwa (violin, nyere, cello, nezvimwewo). Pakati pekutanga sampuli - S. op. 3 Giardini (1751), S. op. 4 Pellegrini (1759).

Kubuda kwechimiro chitsva cheS. kwainyanya kutsanangurwa nekuchinja kubva papolyphonic. fugue warehouse kune homophonic. The classical sonata allegro inonyanya kuumbwa mune imwe-chikamu sonatas yaD. Scarlatti uye mune 3-chikamu sonatas yeCFE Bach, pamwe chete nevenguva yake - B. Pasquini, PD Paradisi nevamwe. Mabasa evanyori vakawanda veiyi galaxy akakanganwa, sonatas chete naD. Scarlatti uye CFE Bach inoramba ichiitwa. D. Scarlatti akanyora zvinopfuura 500 S. (inowanzonzi Essercizi kana zvidimbu zve harpsichord); ivo vanosiyaniswa nekunyatsonaka, filigree kupera, akasiyana maumbirwo uye marudzi. KFE Bach inogadza yekare. chimiro che 3-chikamu S. kutenderera (ona Sonata-cyclic fomu). Mune basa revatenzi veItaly, kunyanya GB Sammartini, kazhinji vakawana 2-chikamu kutenderera: Allegro - Menuetto.

Zvinorehwa neshoko rokuti “S.” mukutanga classical nguva yakanga isina kugadzikana zvachose. Dzimwe nguva raishandiswa sezita remudzidzi. mitambo (J. Carpani). MuEngland, S. inowanzozivikanwa ne "Chidzidzo" (S. Arnold, op. 7) uye solo sonata, kureva, S. ye melodic. chiridzwa (violin, cello) ine basso continuo (P. Giardini, op.16), muFrance - ine chidimbu che harpsichord (JJC Mondonville, op. 3), muVienna - ne divertissement (GK Wagenseil, J. Haydn), muMilan - ine nocturne (GB Sammartini, JK Bach). Dzimwe nguva izwi rekuti sonata da kamera (KD Dittersdorf) raishandiswa. Kwenguva yakati chechi S. yakachengetawo kukosha kwayo (17 ecclesiastical sonatas naMozart). Tsika dzeBaroque dzinoratidzwawo mukushongedza kwakawanda kwenziyo (Benda), uye mukusuma virtuoso ndima dzekufananidzira (M. Clementi), muzvikamu zvekutenderera, semuenzaniso. mu sonatas yaF. Durante, chikamu chekutanga chefugue chinowanzopikisa chechipiri, chakanyorwa muchimiro chegigue. Kubatana neyekare suite kunoonekwawo mukushandiswa kweminuet yepakati kana yekupedzisira zvikamu zveS. (Wagenseil).

Early classical themes. S. kazhinji anochengetedza maitiro ekutevedzera polyphony. warehouse, mukupesana, semuenzaniso, kune symphony ine hunhu hwayo homophonic thematicism panguva ino, nekuda kwezvimwe zvinofurira pakuvandudzwa kweiyo genre (kunyanya pesvedzero yemimhanzi yeopera). Norms classic. S. pakupedzisira anotora chimiro mumabasa aJ. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, M. Clementi. A 3-part cycle ine yakanyanyisa kukurumidza kufamba uye inononoka yepakati chikamu inova yakajairika kune S. (mukupesana nesymphony neinojairika 4-chikamu kutenderera). Ichi chimiro chekutenderera chinodzokera kune yekare C. da chiesa uye solo instr. baroque konzati. Nzvimbo inotungamira mukutenderera inogarwa nechikamu chekutanga. Inenge nguva dzose yakanyorwa mu sonata fomu, iyo yakagadziridzwa yeese classical instr. mafomu. Kune zvakare kunze: semuenzaniso, mufp. Sonata yaMozart A-dur (K.-V. 1) chikamu chokutanga chakanyorwa muchimiro chemisiyano, mumutauro wake C. Es-dur (K.-V. 331) chikamu chokutanga ndiadagio. Chikamu chechipiri chinopesana zvakanyanya nechekutanga nekuda kwekunonoka, lyrical uye kufungisisa hunhu. Ichi chikamu chinobvumira rusununguko rukuru mukusarudza kwechimiro: inogona kushandisa yakaoma 282-chikamu fomu, sonata fomu uye kuchinja kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana (pasina kukura, nechiitiko), nezvimwewo. Kazhinji minuet inotangwa sechikamu chechipiri (kune muenzaniso, C. Es- dur, K.-V. 3, A-dur, K.-V. 282, Mozart, C-dur yaHaydn). Kufamba kwechitatu, kazhinji kunonyanya kukurumidza mukutenderera (Presto, allegro vivace uye tempos yepedyo), inosvika pakufamba kwekutanga nemaitiro ayo anoshanda. Mamiriro ekupedzisira ekupedzisira ndeye rondo uye rondo sonata, zvishoma kazhinji kusiyana (C. Es-dur yeviolin nepiyano, K.-V. 331 naMozart; C. A-dur yepiyano naHaydn). Kune, zvisinei, zvakare kutsauka kubva kune yakadaro chimiro cheiyo kutenderera: kubva ku481 fp. Haydn's sonatas 52 (yekutanga) ine-chikamu uye 3 ari maviri-zvikamu. Kutenderera kwakafanana kunewo maitiro eimwe skr. sonatas naMozart.

Muchikamu chekare pakati pekutarisisa ndeye S. yepiyano, iyo kwese kwese inobvisa mhando dzetambo dzekare. keyboard zviridzwa. S. inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya kune decomp. zviridzwa zvine fp., kunyanya Skr. S. (somuenzaniso, Mozart ane 47 skr. C).

Rudzi rweS. rwakasvika pakakwirira zvikuru naBeethoven, akagadzira 32 fp., 10 scr. uye 5 cello S. Mubasa raBeethoven, zvinyorwa zvekufananidzira zvinopfumiswa, mitambo inobatanidzwa. kubonderana, kukonana kunotanga kunorodzwa. Vazhinji veS. Pamwe chete nekunatsiridzwa kwechimiro uye kusungirirwa kwekutaura, hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwechinyakare, Beethoven's sonatas inoratidzawo maficha akazogamuchirwa uye akagadziridzwa nevanyori verudo. Beethoven kazhinji anonyora S. muchimiro che 4-part cycle, kubereka kutevedzana kwezvikamu zve symphony uye quartet: sonata allegro inononoka lyric. kufamba - minuet (kana scherzo) - yekupedzisira (eg S. yepiyano op. 2 No 1, 2, 3, op. 7, op. 28). Zvikamu zvepakati dzimwe nguva zvakarongwa munhevedzano, dzimwe nguva lyric inononoka. chikamu chinotsiviwa nechikamu pane imwe nharembozha tempo (allegretto). Kutenderera kwakadaro kwaizodzika midzi muS. yevanyori vakawanda verudo. Beethoven anewo 2-chikamu S. (S. for pianoforte op. 54, op. 90, op. 111), uyewo soloist ane kusununguka kutevedzana kwezvikamu (variation movement - scherzo - funeral march - finale in piano. C op. 26; op. C. quasi una fantasia op. 27 No 1 na 2; C. op. 31 No 3 ine scherzo munzvimbo yechipiri uye minuet mune 2rd). Mubhuku raBeethoven rekupedzisira S., tsika yekuswedera pedyo nekubatana kwekutenderera uye kusununguka kukuru kwekududzira kwayo kunowedzerwa. Kubatana kunotangwa pakati pezvikamu, kushanduka kunopfuurira kunoitwa kubva kune imwe chikamu kuenda kune imwe, zvikamu zvefugue zvinosanganisirwa mumhepo (yekupedzisira yeS. op. 3, 101, 106, fugato muchikamu chekutanga cheS. op. 110). Chikamu chekutanga dzimwe nguva chinorasikirwa nechinzvimbo chayo chekutungamira mukutenderera, iyo yekupedzisira inowanzova pakati pesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Pane ndangariro dzenyaya dzakambonzwika mu decomp. zvikamu zvekutenderera (S. op. 1, 111 No 101). Means. MuBeethoven's sonatas, sumo inononoka kune yekutanga mafambiro anotangawo kuita basa (op. 102, 1, 13). Dzimwe nziyo dzaBeethoven dzinoratidzwa nezvikamu zvesoftware, iyo yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya mumhanzi wevanyori verudo. Semuenzaniso, 78 zvikamu zveS. zvepiyano. op. 111a vanodanwa. "Farewell", "Parting" uye "Return".

Nzvimbo yepakati pakati pe classicism uye romanticism inogarwa ne sonatas yaF. Schubert naKM Weber. Kubva paBeethoven's 4-part (kashoma 3-chikamu) sonata cycles, vanyori ava vanoshandisa dzimwe nzira itsva dzekutaura muzvinyorwa zvavo. Mitambo yemelodic yakakosha zvikuru. kutanga, vanhu-nziyo zvinhu (kunyanya muzvikamu zvinononoka zvekutenderera). Lyric. hunhu hunoonekwa zvakanyanya mufp. sonatas by Schubert.

Mune basa revanyori verudo, kuenderera mberi nekushandurwa kwemimhanzi yekirasi kunoitika. (kunyanya Beethoven's) mhando S., ichizadza nemifananidzo mitsva. Hunhu ndiko kukura kwakakura kwekududzirwa kwerudzi, kududzirwa kwaro mumweya werudo. nhetembo. S. panguva ino inochengetedza nzvimbo yeimwe yemhando dzinotungamira dze instr. mimhanzi, kunyangwe ichisundirwa parutivi nemhando diki (semuenzaniso, rwiyo rusina mazwi, nocturne, prelude, etude, hunhu zvidimbu). F. Mendelssohn, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, uye vamwe vakaita betsero huru mukukudziridzika kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Mamiriro avo ekudengenyeka anoratidza mikana mitsva yerudzi mukuratidza zviitiko zvehupenyu nekukonana. Kusiyana kwemifananidzo yaS. Chishuwo chevanyori vemamwe madingindira chinokanganiswawo. kubatana kwekutenderera, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji romantics vanoomerera kune yekare. 3-chikamu (somuenzaniso, S. ye pianoforte op. 6 uye 105 naMendelssohn, S. yeviolin uye pianoforte op. 78 uye 100 neBrahms) uye 4-chikamu (somuenzaniso, S. ye pianoforte op. 4, 35 uye 58 Chopin, S. yeSchumann) mitsetse. Zvimwe zvekutevedzana kweFP zvinosiyaniswa nekutanga kukuru mukududzirwa kwezvikamu zvekutenderera. Brahms (S. op. 2, shanu-chikamu S. op. 5). Pesvedzero yerudo. nhetembo inotungamirira pakubuda kwechikamu chimwe S. (yekutanga samples - 2 S. yepianoforte yeLiszt). Mukutaura kwechiyero uye kuzvimiririra, zvikamu zve sonata fomu mukati mavo zvinosvika kune zvikamu zvekutenderera, zvichiita izvo zvinonzi. kutenderera kwechikamu chimwe kutenderera kunoenderera mberi, kune mitsetse isina kujeka pakati pezvikamu.

Mufp. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinobatanidza muLiszt's sonatas is programmaticity: ine mifananidzo yeDante's Divine Comedy, yake S. "Mushure mekuverenga Dante" (kusununguka kwechimiro chayo kunosimbiswa nezita rekuti Fantasia quasi Sonata), ine mifananidzo yeGoethe's Faust - S. h-moll (1852 -53).

Mubasa reBrahms naGrieg, nzvimbo yakakurumbira inobatwa neviolin S. Kune mienzaniso yakanakisisa yeS. genre murudo. mimhanzi ndeye sonata A-dur yeviolin uye piano. S. Frank, pamwe ne2 S. ye cello nepiyano. Brahms. Zviridzwa zviri kugadzirwa zvezvimwe zviridzwa.

In con. 19 - kupemha. 20th century S. munyika dzekuMadokero. Europe iri kupinda mudambudziko rinozivikanwa. Sonatas yaV. d'Andy, E. McDowell, K. Shimanovsky inonakidza, yakasununguka mukufunga uye mutauro.

Nhamba huru yeS. ye decomp. zviridzwa zvakanyorwa naM. Reger. Chinonyanya kufarirwa ndezvake 2 S. yenhengo, umo maonerwo emunyori akananga kukirasi akaratidzirwa. tsika. Reger anewo 4 S. ye cello uye pianoforte, 11 S. ye pianoforte. Iko kurerekera kune chirongwa hunhu hweMcDowell's sonata basa. Yese 4 yake S. yefp. ndiwo manyoro echirongwa ("Tsika", 1893; "Heroic", 1895; "Norwegian", 1900; "Celtic", 1901). Zvisinganyanyi kukosha ndeye sonatas yeK. Saint-Saens, JG Reinberger, K. Sinding nevamwe. Kuedza kumutsidzira zvekare mavari. misimboti haina kupa mhedzisiro inogutsa.

Iyo S. genre inowana maitiro akasiyana pakutanga. 20th yezana mumhanzi wechiFrench. Kubva kuFrench G. Fauré, P. Duke, C. Debussy (S. yeviolin nepiyano, S. yecello nepiyano, S. yenyere, viola, nembira) uye M. Ravel (S. yeviolin uye pianoforte , S. yeviolin uye cello, sonata ye pianoforte). Vanyori ava vanozadza S. nezvitsva, zvinosanganisira impressionistic. kufananidzira, nzira dzekutanga dzekutaura (kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekunze, hupfumi hwe modal-inowirirana nzira).

Mune basa revanyori veRussia vezana remakore rechi18 ne19 S. haana kutora nzvimbo yakakurumbira. Mhando yeS. panguva ino inomiririrwa nekuedza kwega. Izvi ndizvo zviridzwa zve DS Bortnyansky's cembalo, uye IE Khandoshkin's mimhanzi ye solo violin uye bass, izvo muchimiro chavo chechimiro chiri pedyo nekutanga classical Western European zviridzwa zviridzwa. uye viola (kana violin) MI Glinka (1828), yakatsigirwa mukirasi. nomweya, asi nokutaura. mapato akabatana zvakanyanya neRussia. folk-song element. Mamiriro enyika anoonekwa muS. yevakakurumbira panguva yeGlinka, kunyanya AA Alyabyeva (S. yeviolin nepiyano, 1834). Def. AG Rubinshtein, munyori we 4 S. yepiyano, akaremekedza rudzi rweS. (1859-71) uye 3 S. rweviolin nepiyano. (1851-76), S. yeviola nepiyano. (1855) uye 2 p. ye cello nepiyano. (1852-57). Kunyanya kukosha kwekuzotevera kweiyo genre muRussia. mimhanzi yakanga ine S. yepiyano. op. 37 PI Tchaikovsky, uyewo 2 S. yepiyano. AK Glazunov, achikwevera kune tsika ye "hombe" yerudo S.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 ne20. kufarira mumhando yeS.y rus. vanyori vakawedzera zvakanyanya. Peji rakajeka mukuvandudzwa kweiyo genre yaive FP. sonatas na AN Scriabin. Nenzira dzakawanda, kuenderera mberi nerudo. tsika (gravitation towards programmability, kubatana kwedenderedzwa), Scriabin anovapa yakazvimirira, zvakadzama yepakutanga kutaura. Hutsva uye mavambo eScriabin's sonata kusika zvinoratidzwa zvese muchimiro chekufananidzira uye mumhanzi. mutauro, uye mukududzira kwerudzi. Mamiriro ehurongwa hweScriabin's sonatas ndeyehuzivi uye inomiririra. hunhu. Chimiro chavo chinoshanduka kubva pane yechinyakare yakawanda-chikamu kutenderera (1st - 3rd S.) kuenda kuchikamu chimwe chete (5th - 10th S.). Nechekare Scriabin's 4th sonata, ese ari maviri mativi ayo ane hukama kune mumwe nemumwe, anosvika kurudzi rwepiyano-yekufamba pianoforte. nhetembo. Kusiyana naLiszt's one-movement sonatas, Scriabin's sonatas haina zvimiro zveimwe-movement cyclic fomu.

S. inovandudzwa zvakanyanya mubasa reNK Medtner, to-rum ndeye 14 fp. S. uye 3 S. yeviolin nepiyano. Medtner anowedzera miganhu yerudzi, achikwevera pane zvemamwe marudzi, zvakanyanya programmatic kana lyric-characteristic ("Sonata-elegy" op. 11, "Sonata-remembrance" op. 38, "Sonata-fairy tale" op. 25 , "Sonata-ballad" op. 27). Nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa neake "Sonata-vocalise" op. 41.

SV Rachmaninov mune 2 fp. S. anonyanya kukudziridza tsika dzerudo rukuru. C. Chiitiko chinokosha muRussia. hupenyu hwemimhanzi hunotanga. 20th century simbi 2 yekutanga S. yefp. N. Ya. Myaskovsky, kunyanya imwe-chikamu 2nd S., akapa Glinkin Prize.

Mumakumi emakore anotevera ezana ramakore rechi20 kushandiswa kwenzira itsva dzekutaura kunoshandura kutaridzika kwerudzi. Pano, 6 C. inotaridza decomp. zviridzwa zveB. Bartok, zvepakutanga mune rhythm uye modal features, zvichiratidza tsika yekuvandudza vatambi. nziyo (S. ye2 fp. uye percussion). Iyi yazvino maitiro inoteverwawo nevamwe vanyori (S. yehwamanda, nyanga, uye trombone, F. Poulenc nevamwe). Kuedza kuri kuitwa kumutsiridza mamwe marudzi e-pre-classic. S. (6 organ sonatas naP. Hindemith, solo S. yeviola uye yeviolin naE. Krenek nemamwe mabasa). Mumwe wemienzaniso yekutanga yekududzira neoclassical yerudzi - 2nd S. yepiyano. KANA Stravinsky (1924). Means. nzvimbo muMimhanzi yemazuva ano inogarwa ne sonatas yaA. Honegger (6 C. yezviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana), Hindemith (c. 30 C. yezvinenge zviridzwa zvese).

Mienzaniso yakasarudzika yekududzirwa kwemazuva ano kweiyo genre yakagadzirwa nemazizi. vanyori, kunyanya SS Prokofiev (9 yepiyano, 2 yeviolin, cello). Basa rakanyanya kukosha mukuvandudzwa kweS yemazuva ano rakatambidzwa neFP. sonatas naProkofiev. Zvose zvinogadzira zvinonyatsoratidzwa mavari. nzira yemunyori - kubva pakubatana nerudo. sampuli (1st, 3rd C.) kusvika pakukura kwakachenjera (8th C). Prokofiev anovimba nekirasi. maitiro eiyo 3- uye 4-chikamu kutenderera (kunze kweiyo-chikamu 1st uye 3rd C). Classical orientation. uye preclassic. misimboti yokufunga inooneka mukushandiswa kwemitambo yekare. mhando dzezana remakore rechi17-18. (gavotte, minuet), toccata mafomu, uyewo mukutsanangurwa kwakajeka kwezvikamu. Nekudaro, iwo ekutanga maficha anotonga, ayo anosanganisira theatre konkriti yedramaturgy, hutsva hwemimhanzi uye kuwirirana, uye yakasarudzika hunhu hwepiyano. virtuosity. Chimwe chepamusoro-soro chebasa remunyori "sonata triad" yemakore ehondo (6th - 8th pp., 1939-44), iyo inobatanidza mutambo. kupesana kwemifananidzo ne classical. kunatswa kwefomu.

Mupiro unoshamisa mukusimudzira mimhanzi yepiyano wakaitwa naDD Shostakovich (2 yepiyano, violin, viola, uye cello) uye AN Aleksandrov (piyano gumi nemana yepiyano). FP yakakurumbira zvakare. sonatas and sonatas by DB Kabalevsky, sonata by AI Khachaturian.

Mune 50s - 60s. Hunhu hutsva hunoitika hunoonekwa mumunda wekugadzira sonata. S. inooneka, isina chikamu chimwe chete mukutenderera muchimiro che sonata uye kungoshandisa mamwe mamisimboti e sonata. Ndizvo zvakaita S. yeFP. P. Boulez, "Sonata uye Interlude" yepiyano "yakagadzirirwa". J. Cage. Vanyori vemabhuku aya vanodudzira S. kunyanya se instr. play. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiC. we cello uye orchestra naK. Penderecki. Miitiro yakafanana yakaratidzirwa mubasa renhamba dzinoverengeka. vanyori (piano sonatas naBI Tishchenko, TE Mansuryan, nezvimwewo).

References: Gunet E., Ten sonatas naScriabin, "RMG", 1914, No 47; Kotler N., Liszt's sonata h-moll muchiedza cheaesthetics yake, "SM", 1939, No 3; Kremlev Yu. A., Beethoven's piano sonatas, M., 1953; Druskin M., Clavier mimhanzi yeSpain, England, Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany yezana remakore rechi1960-1961, L., 1962; Kholopova V., Kholopov Yu., Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas, M., 1962; Ordzhonikidze G., Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas, M., 1; Popova T., Sonata, M., 1966; Lavrentieva I., Beethoven's late sonatas, muna Sat. Mu: Mibvunzo yeMumhanzi Form, vol. 1970, M., 2; Rabey V., Sonatas uye partitas naJS Bach yeviolin solo, M., 1972; Pavchinsky, S., Mufananidzo Wemukati uye Tempo Kududzirwa kwemamwe eBeethoven's Sonatas, mu: Beethoven, vol. 1972, M., 1973; Schnittke A., Pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvitsva muProkofiev's piano sonata cycles, mu: S. Prokofiev. Sonatas uye tsvakurudzo, M., 13; Meskhishvili E., Pamutambo weScriabin's sonatas, muunganidzwa: AN Skryabin, M., 1974; Petrash A., Solo bow sonata uye suite pamberi paBach uye mumabasa evenguva yake, mu: Mibvunzo yeTheory uye Aesthetics yeMumhanzi, vol. 36, L., 1978; Sakharova G., Pamavambo e sonata, mu: Zvimiro zve sonata kuumbwa, "Maitiro eGMPI im. Gnesins”, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

Onawo lit. kune zvinyorwa Sonata fomu, Sonata-cyclic fomu, Musical fomu.

VB Valkova