Sonata form |

sonata form - iyo yakanyanya kusimukira isiri-cyclic. instr. music. Yakajairika yezvikamu zvekutanga zve sonata-symphony. cycles (saka zita rinowanzoshandiswa sonata allegro). Kazhinji zvinosanganisira exposition, budiriro, reprise uye coda. Kwakatangira uye kukura S. t. dzaive dzakabatana nemvumo yemisimboti yekuwirirana-mabasa. kufunga sezvinhu zvinotungamira zvekuumba. Zvishoma nezvishoma nhoroondo. S. chimiro f. yakatungamirira muchikamu chechitatu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi18. kupedza. crystallization yezvinyorwa zvayo zvakasimba. tsika mumabasa eViennese classics - J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart naL. Beethoven. Izvo zvakajairwa zveS.f., zvakagadziridzwa munguva ino, zvakagadzirirwa mumhanzi waDec. masitayera, uye munguva yemashure-Beethoven yakagamuchira kumwe kusimudzira kwakasiyana. Nhoroondo yese yeS.t. inogona kutorwa seshanduko inotevedzana yeayo matatu enhoroondo uye manyorerwo. zvisarudzo. Mazita avo ane mamiriro: ekare, classical uye post-Beethoven S. f. mature classic S. f. Inoratidzwa nekubatana kwemitemo mitatu inokosha. Nhoroondo, yekutanga yadzo ndeyekuwedzera kune chimiro che tonal mabasa akakura maererano nenguva. hukama T - D; D - T. Maererano neizvi, rudzi rwe "rhyme" yemagumo inomuka, sezvo zvinhu zvakaratidzwa kekutanga mukiyi huru kana yakafanana inonzwika kechipiri mune imwe huru (D - T; R - T). Chechipiri musimboti mimhanzi inoenderera. budiriro (“dynamic conjugation,” maererano naYu. N. Tyulin; kunyange zvazvo akati tsananguro iyi ndeyekuratidzwa kweS. f., inogona kuwedzerwa kuS. f. yose); izvi zvinoreva kuti nguva imwe neimwe inotevera yemamuses. budiriro inogadzirwa neantecedent, sezvinotevera mhedzisiro kubva kune chikonzero. Nheyo yechitatu kuenzanisa kweanenge maviri ane musoro wokufananidzira. mativi, chiyero chinogona kubva pamutsauko mudiki kuenda kuanopikisa. musiyano. Kubuda kweyechipiri thematic spheres kunofanirwa kusanganiswa nekuiswa kweiyo tonality itsva uye inoitwa nerubatsiro rwekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokudaro, nheyo yechitatu inowirirana zvikuru kune maviri apfuura.

Kare S. f. Munguva yezana ramakore rechi 17 uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvokutanga zvezana ramakore rechi 18. zvishoma nezvishoma crystallization of S. yakaitika f. Kuumbwa kwake. iyo nheyo dzakagadzirirwa mufugue uye yekare-zvikamu zviviri fomu. Kubva padzinde refugue zvinhu zvefugue sekuchinja kuenda kukiyi inotonga muchikamu chekuvhura, kutaridzika kwemamwe makiyi pakati, uye kudzoka kwekiyi huru kusvika kumagumo. zvikamu zvefomu. Mamiriro ekusimudzira emukati mefugue akagadzirira budiriro yeS.f. Kubva pachimiro chekare chezvikamu zviviri, yekare S. f. akagara nhaka chimiro chake. maviri-partness ane tonal plan T - (P) D, (P) D - T, pamwe chete nekuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira kunobva pamafungiro ekutanga - thematic. kernels. Hunhu hwechinyakare chezvikamu zviviri zvechimiro che cadence - pakunzwanana kukuru (mudiki - pane inotonga yeinoenderana huru) pakupera kwechikamu chekutanga uye pane tonic pakupera kwechipiri - yakashanda seyakaumbwa. tsigiro yekare S. f.

Musiyano wakajeka pakati pekare S. f. kubva kune yekare-chikamu chaive chekuti apo tonality yeanotonga muchikamu chekutanga cheS.f. dingindira idzva rakabuda. zvinhu panzvimbo yemaitiro akajairwa ekufamba - dec. mufambi anotendeuka. Zvose panguva yekristallization yedingindira uye nekusavapo kwayo, chikamu chekutanga chakatora chimiro sekutevedzana kwezvikamu zviviri. Wokutanga wavo ch. bato, kuburitsa dingindira rekutanga. zvinhu much. tonality, yechipiri - rutivi uye zvikamu zvekupedzisira, zvichigadzira dingindira idzva. zvinhu mune yechipiri inotonga kana (mumabasa madiki) parallel kiyi.

Chikamu chechipiri chekare S. f. yakagadzirwa mushanduro mbiri. Mukutanga zvese thematic. Nyaya yetsanangudzo yakadzokororwa, asi ine inverse tonal ratio - chikamu chikuru chakaratidzwa mukiyi huru, uye yechipiri uye yekupedzisira - mukiyi huru. Mumutsauko wechipiri, pakutanga kwechikamu chechipiri, budiriro yakamuka (nekuwedzera kana kushoma kusimba kwetoni), umo dingindira rakashandiswa. exposure material. Iko kusimukira kwakashanduka kuita reprise, iyo yakatanga zvakananga nechikamu chedivi, chakaiswa mukiyi huru.

Kare S. f. inowanikwa mumabasa mazhinji aJS Bach nevamwe vanyori venguva yake. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye zvakasiyana-siyana mu D. Scarlatti's sonatas ye clavier.

Mune akanyanya kugadziridzwa sonatas naScarlatti, madingindira echikamu chikuru, chechipiri uye chekupedzisira chinoyerera kubva kune chimwe, zvikamu zviri mukati mekuratidzwa zvinotsanangurwa zvakajeka. Mamwe eScarlatti's sonatas ari pamuganho chaiwo unoparadzanisa masampula ekare kubva kune akagadzirwa nevanyori veViennese classic. zvikoro. Main musiyano pakati pekupedzisira uye yekare S. f. inorara mukujekeswa kwemadingindira akasarudzika. Kukurudzira kukuru pakubuda kweiyi classical. thematicism yakapihwa neopera aria nemhando dzayo dzemhando.

Classical S. f. MuS.f. Viennese classics (classical) ine zvikamu zvitatu zvakajeka - exposition, development and reprise; iyo yekupedzisira iri pedyo nekodha. Tsanangudzo iyi ine zvikamu zvidiki zvina zvakabatanidzwa muzviviri. Iri ndiro guru uye rinobatanidza, rutivi uye mapato ekupedzisira.

Chikamu chikuru kuratidzwa kwedingindira rekutanga mukiyi huru, iyo inogadzira fungidziro yekutanga, zvinoreva. dhigirii rinotarisa chimiro uye gwara rekuwedzera budiriro; mafomu chaiwo inguva kana mutsara wawo wekutanga. Iyo yekubatanidza chikamu chikamu chekuchinja chinoshandura kuita chinotonga, chakafanana kana chimwe kiyi chinovatsiva. Mukuwedzera, muchikamu chekubatanidza, zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro yeizwi rechipiri inoitwa. Muchikamu chekubatanidza, dingindira repakati rakazvimiririra, asi risina kupera rinogona kubuda; chikamu chinowanzoguma nekutungamira kune chikamu chedivi. Sezvo chikamu chedivi chichibatanidza mabasa ebudiriro nekuratidzwa kwechinyorwa chitsva, semutemo, haina kugadzikana maererano nekuumbwa nemifananidzo. Nechokumagumo, shanduko inoitika mukukura kwayo, shanduko yekufananidzira, inowanzobatanidzwa nebudiriro mumanzwi echikamu chikuru kana chinobatanidza. Chikamu chedivi sechikamu chetsanangudzo chinogona kusanganisira kwete dingindira rimwe chete, asi maviri kana anopfuura. Fomu yavo ndeye preim. nguva (kazhinji yakawedzerwa). Kubva pakutendeuka kune kiyi nyowani uye itsva thematic. sphere inogadzira inozivikanwa disequilibrium, DOS. basa rechikamu chekupedzisira nderekutungamirira kusimudzira kune hukama. kuenzanisa, kunonoka uye kupedzisa nekumira kwenguva pfupi. Pedzisa. chikamu chinogona kusanganisira kuratidzwa kwedingindira idzva, asi zvakare rinogona kunge richibva pane zvakajairika kutendeuka kwekupedzisira. Izvo zvakanyorwa mukiyi yechikamu chedivi, icho chinogadzirisa. Chiyero chekufananidzira cheiyo huru. zvinhu zvekuratidzwa - iwo makuru uye emativi mapato anogona kuve akasiyana, asi anomanikidza art. inoguma mune imwe nzira yekusiyanisa pakati peaya maviri ekufumura "mapoinzi". Chiyero chinowanzozivikanwa chekushanda kwekushanda (main party) uye lyric. concentration (side party). Kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu izvi zvekufananidzira kwakava kwakajairika uye kwakawana kutaura kwayo kwakanyanya muzana ramakore rechi19, semuenzaniso. mune symph. basa raPI Tchaikovsky. Kuratidzwa mu classical S. f. pakutanga yakadzokororwa zvizere uye pasina shanduko, izvo zvairatidzwa nezviratidzo ||::||. Beethoven chete, kutanga neAppassionata sonata (op. 53, 1804), mune dzimwe nguva anoramba kudzokorora kuratidzwa nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira uye dramaturgy. kushushikana kwese.

Tsanangudzo inoteverwa nechikamu chikuru chechipiri cheS.f. - budiriro. Icho chiri kushingaira kuvandudza thematic. zvinhu zvinoratidzwa mukuratidzwa - chero yemisoro yayo, chero thematic. turnover. Budiriro inogonawo kusanganisira dingindira idzva, rinodaidzwa kuti chikamu mubudiriro. Mune zvimwe zviitiko (ch. arr. in the finale of sonata cycles), chiitiko chakadaro chakanyatsogadzirwa uye chinogona kutotsiva budiriro. Chimiro chese muzviitiko izvi chinodaidzwa kuti sonata ine chiitiko pachinzvimbo chebudiriro. Basa rinokosha mukusimudzirwa rinotambidzwa nekuvandudza tonal, inotungamirirwa kubva kune kiyi huru. Chiyero chebudiriro yebudiriro uye kureba kwayo kunogona kuve kwakasiyana kwazvo. Kana budiriro yaHaydn naMozart kazhinji isingapfuure kuratidzwa muhurefu, ipapo Beethoven muchikamu chekutanga cheHeroic Symphony (1803) akagadzira kukura kwakakura kudarika kuratidzwa, umo mutambo unotyisa unoitwa. budiriro inotungamira kunzvimbo ine simba. climax. Sonata budiriro ine zvikamu zvitatu zvehurefu husina kuenzana - pfupiso yekuvakisa, osn. chikamu (chaiyo budiriro) uye predicate - kuvaka, kugadzirira kudzoka kwekiyi huru mune recapitulation. Imwe yemaitiro makuru mupredicate - kuendeswa kwemamiriro ekutarisira kwakanyanya, kazhinji kunogadzirwa nenzira yekubatana, kunyanya, iyo inotonga nhengo pfungwa. Nekuda kweizvi, shanduko kubva mubudiriro kuenda kudzokororo inoitwa pasina kumira mukutumirwa kwefomu.

Reprise chikamu chikuru chechitatu cheS.f. - inoderedza mutsauko we tonal wekuratidzwa kune kubatana (ino nguva iyo rutivi uye zvikamu zvekupedzisira zvinoratidzwa mukiyi huru kana kusvika pairi). Sezvo chikamu chekubatanidza chinofanira kutungamira kune kiyi nyowani, inowanzoita imwe mhando yekugadzirisa.

Pakazara, ese matatu makuru zvikamu zveS. t. -kuratidzwa, kusimudzira uye kudzokorora - gadzira 3-chikamu kuumbwa kweiyo A1BA2 mhando.

Mukuwedzera kune zvikamu zvitatu zvinotsanangurwa, pane kazhinji kacho sumo uye coda. Sumo inogona kuvakwa pamusoro wayo pachayo dingindira, kugadzirira mimhanzi yechikamu chikuru, zvakananga kana zvakasiyana. In con. 18 - kupemha. 19th mazana emakore sumo yakadzama inova yakajairika chimiro chepurogiramu overtures (yeopera, njodzi kana yakazvimirira). Saizi dzenhanganyaya dzakasiyana - kubva kune dzakawanda dzakaiswa Zvivakwa kusvika kupfupi replicas, chirevo chekudaidzira kutarisisa. Iko code inoenderera mberi nekuita kwekudzivisa, iyo yakatanga mumagumo. reprise zvikamu. Kutanga naBeethoven, inowanzove yakakwira zvakanyanya, inosanganisira chikamu chebudiriro uye iyo coda chaiyo. Mumatare edhipatimendi (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chekutanga cheBeethoven's Appassionata) kodhi yakakura zvekuti S. f. haisisiri 3-, asi 4-chikamu.

S. f. yakagadzirwa sechimiro chechikamu chekutanga chesonata cycle, uye dzimwe nguva chikamu chekupedzisira chekutenderera, iyo inokurumidza tempo (allegro) inoratidzika. Inoshandiswawo mune dzakawanda opera overtures uye chirongwa overtures kumadhirama. mitambo (Egmont naBeethoven's Coriolanus).

Basa rakakosha rinoitwa neiyo isina kukwana S. f., iyo ine zvikamu zviviri - exposition uye reprise. Rudzi urwu rwesonata pasina budiriro nekumhanya kunonyanya kushandiswa muma opera overtures (semuenzaniso, mukupfuura kuMuchato waMozart weFigaro); asi iyo huru munda wekushandiswa kwayo ndiyo inononoka (kazhinji yechipiri) chikamu chesonata cycle, iyo, zvisinei, inogonawo kunyorwa zvizere S. f. (nebudiriro). Kunyanya kazhinji S. f. mushanduro dzose dziri mbiri, Mozart akarishandisa kune zvikamu zvishoma zve sonatas uye symphonies yake.

Kune zvakare mutsauko weS.f. negirazi reprise, umo maviri makuru. zvikamu zvekuratidzwa zvinotevera munhevedzano yakarongeka - kutanga chikamu chedivi, ipapo chikamu chikuru (Mozart, Sonata yepiyano muD-dur, K.-V. 311, chikamu 1).

Post-Beethovenskaya S. f. Muzana remakore rechi19 S. f. yakashanduka zvikuru. Zvichienderana nemhando yemaitiro, genre, worldview yemunyori, mhando dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzakamuka. kuumbwa sarudzo. Nheyo dzekuvaka S. f. kuita zvisikwa. shanduko. Tonal ratios inova yakasununguka. Matauriro ari kure anofananidzwa mukutsanangurwa, dzimwe nguva hapana kukwana kwetoni kubatana mukudzokororwa, pamwe kunyange kuwedzera kwetonal musiyano pakati pemapato maviri, iyo inokwenenzverwa kunze chete pakupera kwekudzokorora uye mucoda (AP Borodin). , Bogatyr Symphony, chikamu 1). Kuenderera mberi kwekupararira kwechimiro kunoderedza zvishoma (F. Schubert, E. Grieg) kana, pane zvinopesana, kunowedzera, kusanganiswa nekusimbiswa kwebasa rekukura kukuru kwekukura, kupinda muzvikamu zvose zvefomu. Musiyano wokufananidzira osn. izvo dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya kusimba, izvo zvinotungamira mukupikisa tempos nemhando. MuS.f. zvinhu zvepurogiramu, operatic dramaturgy inopinda, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekuzvimiririra kwekufananidzira kwezvikamu zvayo zvinoumba, zvichizviparadzanisa kuva zvimwe zvakavharwa zvivakwa (R. Schumann, F. Liszt). Dr. maitiro - kupinda kwevanhu-nziyo uye rudzi rwekutamba-dhanzi mu thematism - inonyanya kutaurwa mubasa revanyori veRussia - MI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Nekuda kwekupesvedzera pamwe kweasiri-software uye software instr. mimhanzi, kukanganisa kwe opera art-va pane stratification yeimwe classical. S. f. mune zvinoshamisa, epic, lyrical uye genre maitiro.

S. f. muzana remakore rechi19 rakaparadzaniswa nemafomu e-cyclic - mazhinji anosikwa akazvimirira. zvigadzirwa vachishandisa zvinyorwa zvayo. tsika.

Muzana remakore rechi20 mune mamwe maitiro eS.f. inorasa zvazvinoreva. Saka, mumimhanzi yeatonal, nekuda kwekuparara kwehukama hwematoni, zvinova zvisingabviri kushandisa nheyo dzayo dzinonyanya kukosha. Mune mamwe maitiro, inochengetedzwa muhuwandu hwemashoko, asi inosanganiswa nemamwe mazano ekuumba.

Mune basa revanyori vakuru vezana remakore rechi20. kune akati wandei akasiyana ega ega eS. t. Nokudaro, masifoni aMahler anoratidzirwa nokukura kwezvikamu zvose, kubatanidza rokutanga, rakanyorwa muS. Basa rebato guru dzimwe nguva rinoitwa kwete nedingindira rimwe chete, asi nedingindira rakazara. yakaoma; kuratidzwa kunogona kudzokororwa zvakasiyana (3rd symphony). Mukusimudzira, huwandu hwevakazvimirira hunowanzo simuka. episodes. Honegger's symphonies inosiyaniswa nekupinda kwebudiriro muzvikamu zvese zveS.f. Muchikamu chekutanga chechitatu uye yekupedzisira ye1th symphonies, iyo yose S. f. inoshanduka kuita inoenderera mberi yekusimudzira, nekuda kwekuti iyo reprise inova yakanyatso kurongeka chikamu chebudiriro. Nokuti S. f. Prokofiev inofananidzwa neyakapesana maitiro - kune yekirasi kujeka uye kuwirirana. Mune yake S.f. basa rinokosha rinoitwa nemiganhu yakajeka pakati pezvinyorwa. zvikamu. Mukutsanangurwa kwaShostakovich S. f. panowanzova nekuvandudzwa kunoenderera mberi kwemapato makuru nemapato, mutsauko wekufananidzira pakati pe to-rymi b.ch. smoothed. Binder uye kuvhara. mapato akazvimirira. zvikamu zvinowanzoshaikwa. Kunyanya kukonana kunomuka mukusimudzira, budiriro inotungamira kune ine simba climactic kuziviswa kwedingindira rebato guru. Chikamu chedivi mukudzokororwa chinonzwika, mushure mekuderera kwekusagadzikana, sekunge mune "nzira yekuonekana" uye inosanganiswa nekodha kuita imwe inoshamisa-yakakwana kuvaka.

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VP Bobrovsky