Martha Mödl (Martha Mödl) |
Martha Mödl
"Sei ndichida imwe muti pachikuva, kana ndine Mai X!", - chirevo chakadaro kubva pamiromo yemutungamiri maererano nedebutante haigoni kukurudzira iyo yekupedzisira. Asi munyaya yedu, yakaitika muna 1951, mutungamiriri akanga ari Wieland Wagner, uye Mai X vakanga vari rombo rakanaka kuwana, Martha Mödl. Kudzivirira kutendeseka kwemaitiro eBayreuth itsva, zvichibva pakufungisisa zvakare uye "deromanticization" yengano, uye kuneta nekusingaperi zvirevo zve "Old Man" * ("Kinder, schafft Neues!"), W. Wagner akatanga. kukakavara ne "muti", achiratidza maitiro ake matsva ekugadzira dhizaini yezvigadzirwa zveopera.
Nguva yekutanga mushure mehondo yakavhurwa nechikamu chisina chinhu cheParsifal, chakacheneswa nematehwe emhuka, ngowani dzine nyanga uye zvimwe pseudo-realistic paraphernalia, iyo, zvakare, inogona kumutsa zvisingadiwe zvenhoroondo masangano. Yakanga izere nechiedza uye timu yevane tarenda vechidiki vaimbi-vatambi (Mödl, Weber, Windgassen, Uhde, London). Muna March Mödl, Wieland Wagner akawana mweya wekuroorana naye. Mufananidzo waKundry waakagadzira, "mukukwezva kwehunhu hwake (nenzira yaNabokov) pakanga paine kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwake husiri hwepasi," yakava rudzi rwemanifesto yekumukira kwake, uye Mödl akazova muenzaniso wechizvarwa chitsva chevaimbi. .
Nekutarisisa kwese uye ruremekedzo rwekururama kweinzwi, aigara achisimbisa kukosha hukuru kwaari kwekuburitsa pachena kugona kunoshamisa kwechikamu chekuvhiya. Akazvarwa anoshamisa mutambi ("Northern Callas"), ane shungu uye akanyanya, dzimwe nguva aisarega izwi rake, asi kududzira kwake kunofemadza kwakamuita kuti akanganwe nezve tekinoroji zvachose uye akashamisa kunyange vatsoropodzi. Hazvisi zvakangoitika kuti Furtwängler akamuda kuti "Zauberkasten". “Muroyi” taidaro. Uye kana asiri muroyi, zvino mukadzi uyu anoshamisa aigona sei kuramba achidiwa nedzimba dzeopera dzepasirese kunyange pachikumbaridzo chemireniyamu yechitatu? ..
Akaberekerwa muNuremberg muna 1912. Akadzidza pachikoro chevasikana veChirungu chekuremekedza, akaridza piyano, akanga ari mudzidzi wekutanga mukirasi ye ballet uye muridzi weviola yakaisvonaka, yakarongwa nemasikirwo. Nenguva isipi, zvakadaro, zvese izvi zvaifanira kukanganwika. Baba vaMarita - muimbi weBohemian, murume ane chipo uye anodiwa zvikuru naye - rimwe zuva rakanaka akanyangarika nenzira isingazivikanwe, achisiya mukadzi nemwanasikana wavo vachishaya uye nekusurukirwa. Kurwira kurarama kwakatanga. Apedza chikoro, Marta akatanga kushanda - kutanga semunyori, uye seakaundendi, achiunganidza masimba nemari kuitira kuti rimwe zuva awane mukana wekuimba. Anenge asingambofi uye hapana anoyeuka nguva yeNuremberg yehupenyu hwake. Mumigwagwa yeguta rine mukurumbira reAlbrecht Dürer uye mudetembi Hans Sachs, pedyo neimba yemamongi yeSt. Catherine, uko kwakamboitwa makwikwi eMeistersinger, mumakore ehuduku hwaMartha Mödl, moto wekutanga wakabatidzwa, umo mabhuku aHeine, Tolstoy, Rolland naFeuchtwanger akakandwa. "New Meistersingers" yakashandura Nuremberg kuita "Mecca" yeNazi, vakabata midungwe yavo, mapurisa, "zvitima zvemwenje" uye "Reichspartertags" mairi, iyo iyo Nuremberg "madzinza" nemimwe mitemo inopenga yakagadzirwa ...
Zvino ngatiteererei kwaari Kundry pakutanga kwechiitiko chechipiri (kurekodha kwe2) - Ach! — Ah! Tiefe Nacht! — Wahnsinn! -O! -Wut!-Ach!- Jammer! - Schlaf-Schlaf - tiefer Schlaf! – Tod! .. Mwari anoziva kuti ndezvipi zviitiko zvemaimbiro akashata akazvarwa kubva ... Vakaona mutambo uyu vakave nevhudzi kumucheto, uye vamwe vaimbi, kwemakore gumi akatevera, vakaramba kutamba basa iri.
Upenyu hunenge hunotanga patsva muRemscheid, uko Marita, asati awana nguva yekutanga chidzidzo chake chaakanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu paNuremberg Conservatory, anosvika kuti aongororwe muna 1942. “Vakanga vachitsvaga mezzo muimba yemitambo ... yeEboli's aria uye yakagamuchirwa! Ndinorangarira kugara kwandakaita mune imwe cafe pedyo neOpera, ndakatarisa panze nepahwindo hombe ndichiona vaipfuura vachimhanya vachipfuura… Kwandiri zvaiita sekuti Remscheid ndiye aive Met, uye zvino ndakashanda ipapo… waive mufaro wakadini!
Nguva pfupi Mödl (aine makore 31) atanga saHansel mumutambo waHumperdinck, imba yemitambo yakabhombwa. Vakaramba vachidzidzira mune imwe gym yakagadziridzwa kwenguva, Cherubino, Azucena naMignon vakaonekwa mune yake repertoire. Mitambo yakanga zvino yapihwa kwete manheru ega ega, nekutya kupambwa. Masikati, vaiti vemitambo yemitambo vaimanikidzwa kushanda kumberi - kana zvisina kudaro mari yacho haina kubhadharwa. Mödl akayeuka, kuti: “Vakauya kuzowana basa paAlexanderwerk, fekitari yaigadzira midziyo yomukicheni hondo isati yatanga, uye zvino zvombo. Munyori, akadhinda mapasipoti edu, paakaziva kuti takanga tiri vaimbi veopera, akataura achigutsikana kuti: “Eya, ndinoonga Mwari, pakupedzisira vakaita kuti simbe dzishande!” Fekitori iyi yaifanira kushanda kwemwedzi 7. Kupambwa kwacho kwakawedzera zuva nezuva, chero nguva zvese zvaigona kubhururuka mumhepo. Vasungwa vehondo vekuRussia vakaunzwawo pano… Mukadzi wekuRussia nevana vake vashanu vaishanda neni… mugotwe aingova nemakore mana, akazora zvidimbu zvemateko nemafuta… amai vangu vakamanikidzwa kupemha nekuti vaivadyisa muto wemuriwo wakaora. - matron akatora zvokudya zvose uye akadya nemauto eGermany manheru. Handife ndakakanganwa izvi.”
Hondo yakanga yava kupera, uye Martha akaenda kuno“kunda” Düsseldorf. Mumaoko ake maive nechibvumirano chenzvimbo yekutanga mezzo, yakapedzwa nemuridzi weDüsseldorf Opera mushure meimwe yemitambo yaMignon muRemscheid gym. Asi apo muimbi wechidiki akasvika kuguta netsoka, padhuze nebhiriji refu kwazvo muEurope - Müngstener Brücke - "Reich ane chiuru chemakore" akarega kuvapo, uye munhandare, yakapotsa yaparadzwa pasi, akasangana ne new quartermaster - yaive yakakurumbira yemakomunisti uye anopikisa-fascist Wolfgang Langoff, munyori weMoorsoldaten, akanga achangodzoka kubva kuSwitzerland kuutapwa. Marita akamupa kondirakiti yakanga yagadzirwa munguva yakapfuura uye achitya akabvunza kana yakanga iri kushanda. “Chokwadi zvinoshanda!” Langoff akapindura.
Basa chairo rakatanga nekusvika kwaGustav Grundens munhandare. Mutungamiriri ane tarenda wemutambo wemitambo, aida opera nemoyo wese, ndokubva aronga Muchato weFigaro, Butterfly naCarmen - basa guru mune yekupedzisira rakapiwa kuna Mödl. KuGrundens, akapinda chikoro chakanakisa chekutamba. "Akashanda semutambi, uye Le Figaro inogona kunge yakave neBeaumarchais yakawanda kupfuura Mozart (Cherubino yangu yakabudirira zvikuru!), Asi aida mimhanzi zvisina mumwe mutungamiriri wemazuva ano - ndiko kunobva kukanganisa kwavo kwose."
Kubva 1945 kusvika 1947, muimbi akaimba muDüsseldorf zvikamu zveDorabella, Octavian uye Muimbi (Ariadne auf Naxos), gare gare zvimwe zvinoshamisa zvikamu zvakaonekwa mune repertoire, senge Eboli, Clytemnestra naMaria (Wozzeck). Mumakore 49-50. akakokwa kuCovent Garden, kwaakaridza Carmen mumutambo mukuru weChirungu. Matauriro aidiwa nemuimbi pamusoro pemutambo uyu aive aya - "Fungidzira - mukadzi wechiGerman akatsungirira kududzira tigress yeAndalusian mumutauro weShakespeare!"
Chiitiko chakakosha kwaive kubatana nemutungamiriri Rennert muHamburg. Ikoko, muimbi akaimba Leonora kekutanga, uye mushure mekuita basa raLady Macbeth sechikamu cheHamburg Opera, Marthe Mödl aitaurwa nezvake seanoshamisa soprano, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga yatove isingawanzo. Kuna Marita pachake, ichi chaingova chisimbiso cheizvo mudzidzisi wake wezvekuchengetedza, Frau Klink-Schneider, akanga amboona. Aigara achitaura kuti inzwi remusikana uyu rakanga risinganzwisisike kwaari, “rine mavara akawanda kupfuura muraraungu, zuva nezuva rinonzwika zvakasiyana, uye handigoni kuriisa muboka ripi neripi! Saka shanduko yaigona kuitwa zvishoma nezvishoma. “Ndainzwa kuti “zvangu” uye ndima murejisita repamusoro zvakanga zvava kusimba uye kuzvivimba zvakanyanya… Kusiyana nevamwe vaimbi vaigara vachimbozorora, vachifamba kubva kumezzo kuenda kusoprano, ini handina kumira…” Muna 1950, akazviyedza mu“ Consule” Menotti (Magda Sorel), uye mushure mezvo saKundry - kutanga muBerlin naKeilbert, ndokuzoenda kuLa Scala naFurtwängler. Pakanga pasara nhanho imwe chete pamberi pemusangano wenhoroondo naWieland Wagner naBayreuth.
Wieland Wagner akabva atsvaga muimbi webasa reKundry wekutanga mushure mehondo. Akasangana nezita raMartha Mödl mumapepanhau maererano nekuonekwa kwake muCarmen uye Consul, asi akazviona kekutanga muHamburg. Mune iyi yakaonda, yekatsi-maziso, zvinoshamisa hunyanzvi uye inotonhora zvakanyanya Venus (Tannhäuser), uyo akamedza chinwiwa chinopisa ndimu mumhepo, mutungamiriri akaona chaizvo Kundry yaaitsvaga - yepasi uye yemunhu. Martha akabvuma kuuya kuBayreuth kuzoongororwa. “Ndakanga ndisingachatyi zvachose – ndakanga ndatotamba basa iri kare, ndakanga ndiine ruzha rwese panzvimbo, ndakanga ndisingafungi nezvekubudirira mumakore ekutanga aya panhandare uye pakanga pasina chekunetsekana nacho. Hongu, uye hapana chandaiziva nezveBayreuth, kunze kwekuti waive mutambo une mukurumbira… ndinorangarira kuti yaive nguva yechando uye imba yacho yakanga isingadziyirwe, kwaitonhora zvakanyanya… pachangu kuti kunyange izvo hazvina kundinetsa… Wagner akanga akagara muodhitoriyamu. Pandakapedza, akataura mutsara mumwe chete - "Unogamuchirwa."
“Kundry akandivhurira masuo ose,” Martha Mödl akazoyeuka kudaro. Kweanenge makore makumi maviri akatevera, hupenyu hwake hwakanga hwakabatana zvisingaite neBayreuth, iyo yakava imba yake yezhizha. Muna 1952 akaita saIsolde naKarajan uye gore rakatevera saBrunnhilde. Martha Mödl akaratidzawo kududzira kutsva uye kwakanakira kududzirwa kwemagamba eWagnerian kure kure neBayreuth - muItari neEngland, Austria neAmerica, pakupedzisira achivasunungura kubva pachitambi che "Third Reich". Ainzi "mumiriri wenyika" waRichard Wagner (kusvika pamwero wakati, mazano ekutanga aWieland Wagner akabatsirawo kune izvi - zvese zvitsva "zvakaedzwa" naye kune vaimbi panguva yemitambo yekushanya - semuenzaniso, San Carlo Theatre mu. Naples yakava “kamuri rokukodzera” raBrünnhilde.)
Pamusoro paWagner, rimwe rebasa rakakosha remuimbi soprano nguva yaive Leonora muFidelio. Akaita deba naRennert muHamburg, akazoiimba naKarajan kuLa Scala uye muna 1953 naFurtwängler muVienna, asi kuita kwake kusingakanganwike uye kunonakidza kwaive pakuvhurwa kwenhoroondo kweVienna State Opera yakadzoserwa muna Mbudzi 5, 1955.
Anenge makore makumi maviri akapihwa mabasa makuru eWagnerian haagone asi kukanganisa izwi raMartha. Pakati pe-20s, kunetsana murejista yepamusoro kwakawedzera kuoneka, uye nekuita kwebasa reMukoti paMunich gala premiere ye "Vakadzi Vasina Mvuri" (60), akatanga kudzoka zvishoma nezvishoma repertoire ye mezzo uye contralto. Uku kwaive kudzoka kwete pasi pechiratidzo che "kukanda mapfumo pasi". Nekubudirira kwekukunda akaimba Clytemnestra naKarajan paSalzburg Festival muna 1963-1964. Mukududzirwa kwake, Clytemnestra inoratidzika zvisingatarisirwi kwete seakaipa, asi semukadzi asina simba, asina simba uye anotambura zvikuru. Mukoti naClytemnestra vakasimba mune yake repertoire, uye mu65s akazviita paCovent Garden neBavarian Opera.
Muna 1966-67, Martha Mödl anoonekana naBayreuth, achiita Waltrauta naFrikka (hazvigoneke kuti pave nemuimbi munhoroondo yeRing uyo akaita 3 Brunhilde, Sieglinde, Waltrauta naFrikka!). Zvisinei, kubva muimba yemitambo kwaiita seaisambofungika. Akaonekana nekusingaperi kuna Wagner naStrauss, asi pakanga paine rimwe basa rakawanda rinonakidza pamberi pake raimukodzera senge pasina mumwe munhu maererano nezera, ruzivo uye hunhu. Mu "nguva yekukura" yekugadzira, tarenda raMartha Mödl, mutambi wekuimba, rinoratidzwa nesimba idzva mune zvinoshamisa uye hunhu zvikamu. “Maitiro emhemberero” ndiMbuya Buryya muJanacek's Enufa (vatsoropodzi vakacherekedza matauriro akachena, zvisinei nevibrato yakasimba!), Leokadiya Begbik muWeil's The Rise and Fall of City of Mahagonny, Gertrud muMarschner's Hans Heiling.
Kutenda kune tarenda uye kushingaira kwemuimbi uyu, mitambo yakawanda yevanyori vemazuva ano yakave yakakurumbira uye repertoire - "Elizabeth Tudor" naV. Fortner (1972, Berlin, premiere), "Deceit and Love" naG. Einem (1976, Vienna) , premiere), "Baal" F. Cherhi (1981, Salzburg, premiere), A. Reimann's "Ghost Sonata" (1984, Berlin, premiere) uye vamwe vanoverengeka. Kunyangwe zvikamu zvidiki zvakapihwa Mödl zvakava zvepakati nekuda kwekuvapo kwake kwemashiripiti padanho. Saka, semuenzaniso, muna 2000, maitiro e "Sonata of Ghosts", kwaakaita basa reMummy, haana kupera kwete nekusimudza kwakamira - vateereri vakamhanyira kunhandare, vakambundira uye vakatsvoda ngano iyi mhenyu. Muna 1992, mubasa reCountess ("Queen of Spades") Mödl, akaonekana neVienna Opera. Muna 1997, anzwa kuti E. Söderström, pazera ramakore 70, akasarudza kumisa kuzorora kwake kwaimukodzera ndokuridza Countess paMet, Mödl achiseka akati: “Söderström? Achiri mudiki kuita basa iri! ", Uye muna Chivabvu 1999, zvisingatarisirwi zvakavandudzwa semugumisiro wekuvhiya kwakabudirira kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kukanganwa nezvechisingaperi myopia, Countess-Mödl, pazera re87, zvakare anotora danho muMannheim! Panguva iyoyo, repertoire yake inoshanda yaisanganisira maviri "nannies" - mu "Boris Godunov" ("Komishe Oper") uye mu "Hanzvadzi Vatatu" naEötvös (Düsseldorf premiere), pamwe chete nebasa mumhanzi "Anatevka".
Mune imwe yekubvunzurudzwa kwakazoitwa, muimbi uyu akati: "Pane imwe nguva baba vaWolfgang Windgassen, mutambi ane mukurumbira, akandiudza kuti: "Martha, kana makumi mashanu muzana eruzhinji achikuda, funga kuti wakaitika. Uye akanga akarurama. Zvese zvandakawana mumakore apfuura, ndine chikwereti chete kurudo rwevateereri vangu. Ndapota nyora. Uye iva nechokwadi chekunyora kuti rudo urwu rwakafanana! ”…
Marina Demina
Cherechedza: * "Mudhara" - Richard Wagner.
