Score |

ital. partitura, lit. - kupatsanura, kugovera, kubva kune lat. chikamu - kupatsanura, kugovera; German Partitur, French chikamu, eng. score

Chiridzwa chemumhanzi wepolyphonic musical work (chiridzwa, choral kana vocal-instrumental), umo mudonzvo wakasiyana unogoverwa chikamu chechiridzwa chimwe nechimwe kana izwi. Zvikamu zvakarongwa imwe pazasi peimwe mune imwe kurongeka nenzira yekuti mabhiti akafanana echiyero ari panzvimbo imwechete yakatwasuka uye zvingava nyore zvinoonekwa kuvhara makonzonenzi anobva mukubatanidzwa kwemanzwi. Mukufamba kwekushanduka kwekuumbwa, kutaridzika kwayo kwakashanduka zvakanyanya, iyo yaibatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwekugadzira unyanzvi.

Nheyo yekuronga zvibodzwa - kurongeka kwakatwasuka kwemitsara - yakashandiswa mune iyo org. tablature uye mu org. P. (yakaunzwa nevaridzi vanoperekedza kuimba kwekwaya, kurekodhwa kwemazwi akakosha echinyorwa; mitsetse yakaparadzana yakagoverwa kune treble nebass, manzwi epakati kana kurekodhwa muchimiro chetablature, kana imwe neimwe yakanyorwa pane imwe yakasiyana. mutsetse).

F. Verdelo. A motet. Sheet music. (Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Lampadia.)

Maererano naye. theorist Lampadius ("Compendium mu-sicis" - "A Brief Guide to Music", 1537), P. dates back approx. na1500, apo “Tabulae compositoriae” (lit. – “Matafura eNyanzvi”) yakatanga kushandiswa. Iyo motet yaF. Verdelot yakataurwa naLampadius ndiyo muenzaniso wekutanga wemaitiro matsva emimhanzi notation yakauya kwatiri; iyi yakadhindwa 4-mutsara P. ine barlines mushure memabhuru maviri ega ega. Mazwi akarongwa munhevedzano yetessitura yavo, musimboti wakadzikwa zvakasimba muwok. P. Chinyorwa chekare chakasara chakanyorwa nemaoko P. - "Fantasia di Giaches" (B-ka Vatican, ork. Chigi VIII, 206) inoreva 1560. Kuonekwa muzana remakore rechi16. zvibodzwa zvinyorwa polygonal. uye akawanda-kwaya woks. op. yakabatana nekukura kwekutevedzera polyphony uye kukura kwekuwirirana. Kuenzaniswa neyakaitwa panguva iyoyo kurekodha kwezvibodzwa zvakawanda. mimhanzi mumanzwi edhipatimendi (zvikamu) kana mubhuku rekwaya (umo manzwi maviri e-4-izwi texture akarekodhwa papeji imwe neimwe) P. aimiririra kurerukira kukuru, nekuti yaive yekuona uye yaifambisa maonero eiyo yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka kurongeka. yepolyphonic. yakazara. Muzvinyorwa zvibodzwa, instr. mimhanzi yakashandiswa DOS. wok kurekodha nheyo. polyphonic prod. Kuumbwa kwezviridzwa muP yakadaro hazvina kugadziriswa; makiyi uye zita retessitura (cantus, altus, tenor, bassus) rinoshandiswa kuti rizive.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16 ne17. P. akasimuka aine general bass. Chitarisiko chayo chinosanganiswa nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ehomophonic, kunyanya, nekudikanwa kwekuita kuti zvive nyore kune organ uye clavichembalo vatambi kudzidzira chordal kuperekedza nziyo. mavhoti. MuP. ine general bass, bass uye melodic zvikamu zvakanyorwa. manzwi (mapato ezviridzwa zvine tessitura akafanana ari pamutsetse mumwe chete). harmonic accompaniment yezviridzwa zvekibhodhi yakagadziriswa nemamiriro ezvinhu kuburikidza nemasaini. Nekuuya kwe2nd half. 18th century classical symphonies uye concertos, iyo general bass iri kuwira mukusashandiswa; kuwirirana kwakatanga kunyatsogadziriswa muna P.

Kurongeka kwezviridzwa zvekurekodha mukutanga kwepiano yepiyano zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaiswa pasi pesangano reorchestra mumapoka, asi kurongeka kwemapoka acho kwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yemazuva ano: kazhinji tambo dzakakwirira dzaive kumusoro, mhepo dzehuni nemhepo dzendarira pazasi padzo. , uye mabhesi etambo pazasi.

Kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 makondakita aiwanzoshandisa gwara; chete nekuuya kwema conductor mazuvano. zvinoreva izwi (ona Kuitisa)

Kurongeka kwezviridzwa muzvibodzwa zvehombe symphony orchestra

Mazita echiRussia mazita echiItaly

Woodwind

Nyere diki Flauto piccolo Nyere Flauti Oboe Oboe cor anglais corno inglese Clarinet Clarinetti Bass clarinet Clarinette basso Fagotti bassoons Contrafagot Contrafagotto

Mhepo dzendarira

Corni nyanga Trombe nyere Trombones Tuba Tuba

Zviridzwa zvePercussion

Timpani Timpani Triangolo triangle Tamburino ngoma Musungo ngoma Tamburo mauto Piatti mahwendefa Hombe ngoma Gran cassa Xylophone Xylophone Mabhero Campanelli

Celesta Harp Arpa

Zviridzwa zvine tambo

1-e violin 1 Violini 2-e violins 2 Violini Viola Violas Violoncelli cellos Contrabass Contrabassi

P. inova yakakosha pakuita kwe orchestra. uye wok-orc. music.

Sangano rava kugamuchirwa raP. rakatanga pakati. 19th century Zvikamu zvezviridzwa zvakarongwa maererano ne orc. mapoka, mukati meboka rimwe nerimwe zviridzwa zvakanyorwa mu tessitura kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi (kunze kwehwamanda, zvikamu izvo, maererano netsika yekare, zvakanyorwa pasi pezvikamu zvenyanga, ona tafura iri pamusoro).

Mhando dzakakwirira mu tessitura (ona Orchestra) dzakanyorwa pamusoro pechikamu chikuru. chiridzwa (chete chikamu chenyere duku dzimwe nguva chinonyorwa pasi), pasi - pasi payo. Zvikamu zverudimbwa, piyano, ogani, vanoimba vari voga uye kwaya zvinorekodhwa pamusoro peboka retambo:

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Spanish Capriccio. Chikamu I. Alborada.

Zvimwe zvisiri izvo kumitemo yakagadzwa zvakaitwa naG. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Ya. Myaskovsky nevamwe. uye polyphonic. mutauro pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 P. yakatanga kuita kuti kuverenga kuve kwakaoma. Nokudaro, kudiwa kwakamuka kupfavisa P., kuisunungura kubva kune mamwe makiyi (NA Rimsky-Korsakov nevamwe vanyori vechikoro cheSt. Petersburg vakasiya kiyi ye tenor) uye kubva pakushandurwa (A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, SS Prokofiev, A. Honegger). Mumakore 50-70. 20th century P. yaisanganisira nzira dzakawanda dzemamiriro ezvinyorwa zvine chekuita nekubuda kwemhando nyowani dzekugadzira nzira (aleatoric, sonorim). Ona zvibodzwa zvekuverenga.

References: Nuremberg M., Mimhanzi mifananidzo, L., 1953, p. 192-199; Matalaev L., Nyoresa zvibodzwa, "SM", 1964, Nha 10; Malter L., Tables on instrumentation, M., 1966, p. 55, 59, 67, 89.

IA Barsova