Rumor musical |

Kunzwa kwemimhanzi kugona kwemunhu kunyatsoona mimhanzi, chinodiwa chinodiwa pakugadzira uye kuita zviitiko. Nzeve yemimhanzi ndiyo hwaro hwemimhanzi. kufunga nemimhanzi. appraisal chiitiko. Typology C. m haisati yanyatsokura. Zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana zvinogona kusiyaniswa. mazinga eC. m Nemimhanzi-physiological. rutivi S. m ndicho chigadziro chekuona mimhanzi. inzwi; imhaka yedata rechisikigo - izvo zvakasarudzika zvechimiro uye kushanda kwenhengo yekunzwa kwevanhu semuongorori wekunze wemuses. kurira. C. m inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwakasiyana, hukuru hwekunzwa kwekunzwisisa kwe otd. unhu hwemimhanzi. manzwi - kurira, ruzha, timbre uye nguva (maonero enguva haana kujeka. ice kugona). Manzwi epasi pasi anonzwisiswa nekunzwa ane frequency ye approx. 16 hertz (kubva ku-subcontroctave), yepamusoro-soro - approx. 20 hertz (inenge es ye000th octave); oscillating mafambiro kunze kweiyi siyana (infrasounds uye ultrasounds) hazvionekwe sekurira zvachose. Kuchinja muchimiro chenzwi, vhoriyamu uye timbre C. m inonyanya kunzwa murejista yepakati - kubva pa500 kusvika 3000-4000 hertz, pano vaimbi vanosiyanisa pakati pe5-6 cents (approx. 1/40 yezwi rose), shanduko yevhoriyamu ye1 decibel (decibel - inogamuchirwa mumimhanzi. acoustics logarithm. chikwata chekuyera chiyero chenzwi; inotaura chiyero chesimba remanzwi maviri); nyanzvi. hapana mayuniti ehuwandu hwehunhu hwetimbre. Pasi pe500 uye pamusoro pe3000-4000 hertz, kunzwisiswa kwekunzwa, kunyanya kusiyanisa pakati pekuchinja kuduku mukukwirira, kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya; pamusoro pe4500-5000 hertz, kunzwa kwepitch senhanho yemhando yakarasika. Kazhinji, munhu wega wega ane rudzi urwu rwezvakasikwa data. Panguva imwecheteyo, misiyano pakati pehupamhi hwehupamhi hunoonekwa uye chiyero chekunzwa kweS. m padanho iri, vaimbi nevasiri-vaimbi vanogona kunge vakakura, pamwe nekusiyana kwevanhu pakati pevaimbi. Unhu uhwu, zvisinei, hauratidzi mwero wenziyo; kunzwisiswa kwepamusoro kwekuona idata rechisikigo, ku-rye kunodiwa kune muses. basa, asi usavimbise kubudirira kwayo. Zvakananga kuratidzwa kwaS. m padanho iri vari, kune rimwe divi, Mr. Kunzwa kwakakwana, kune rumwe rutivi, kunzwa kwetuner (B. M. Thermal). Absolute pitch imhando yakakosha yenguva refu yekuyeuka kwenzwi uye timbre yezwi: kugona kuziva uye kuona uchishandisa mazita ezvinyorwa (c, d, e, nezvimwewo). d.), kureba kwemanzwi emutinhimira, chord, kunyange asiri enziyo, anoburitsa manzwi enzwi rakapihwa nezwi kana pachiridzwa chine kurira kusina kusimba (violin, zvichingodaro), pasina kuenzanisa nevamwe, muromo unozivikanwa. Mhedziso yenzwi dzimwe nguva inoonekwa sechinhu chinodiwa kuti ubudirire kuita mundima yemimhanzi, zvisinei, maererano nedata riripo, vamwe vanyori vakuru (R. Wagner, A. N. Scriabin nevamwe) vakanga vasina. Kunzwa kweAdjuster - kwakagadzirwa neimwe nzira. chiitiko kugona kusiyanisa pakati pezvishoma (kusvika 2 cents) shanduko muhurefu otd. manzwi kana nguva. Kubva mumhanzi-mupfungwa. rutivi S. m - rudzi rwemashini ekutanga kugadzirisa mimhanzi. ruzivo uye kutaura kwemaitiro kwairi - kuongororwa uye synthesis yayo yekunze acoustic. kuratidzwa, kuongororwa kwayo kwemanzwiro. Kugona kuona, kutsanangura, kunzwisisa, kumiririra decomp. hukama, hukama hunoshanda pakati pemanzwi, zvichibva pane zvakatotaurwa kare data, chikamu chepamusoro chesangano reS. m.; Panyaya iyi, vanotaura nezve rhythm, modal kunzwa, melodic, harmonic. uye mamwe marudzi ekunzwa. Pakuona, muimbi intuitively kana nekuziva anofunga zvakasiyana-siyana. hukama pakati pemanzwi. Saka, kunzwa kwe modal, kune rumwe rutivi, kunobva pakukwanisa kwekunzwa kusiyanisa pakati penzwi, ruzha, uye nguva yemanzwi, kune rumwe rutivi, musimboti waro uri mukunzwisisa, kunzwisisa uye ruzivo rwemanzwiro ezvibatanidza zvinoshanda. pakati pemanzwi anoumba misisi. iyo yose (kugadzikana, kusagadzikana, giravhiti, madhigirii ekusimba kwemanzwi mune vavariro, mutsara, chokwadi chekutaura kwezwi, kufananidzira-kwepfungwa kwezvinangwa izvi nemitsara, nezvimwewo). d.). Nenzira yakafanana, kunzwa kwenzwi kunobva, kune rumwe rutivi, pakunzwa kuchinja kushoma kwenzwi, pane rimwe divi, pakuona kwe modal, metrorhythmic, harmonic. uye zvimwe zvinongedzo, pamwe nekuongorora kwavo mumhanzi-tekinoroji. uye zvirongwa zvepfungwa (intonation - yakachena, yenhema kana inoratidzira, yakadzikama, yakagadzikana, nezvimwewo). P.). Zvakananga kuratidzwa kwaS. m imhando dzakadaro dzekunzwa, to-rye zvichibva pakuona kwekubatana pakati pemuses. manzwi: kunzwa kwehama, kunzwa kwemukati, pfungwa yemimhanzi. fomu kana architectonic. kunzwa etc. Hukama, kana nguva, kunzwa - kugona kuziva, kuona hukama hwepakati pakati pemanzwi, nhanho dzezvikero, izvo zvinozviratidza mukukwanisa kubereka nguva (sekondi, zvitatu, makota, nezvimwewo) zvese murwiyo uye murwiyo. mukuwirirana. Kunzwa kwemukati - kugona kumiririra mupfungwa rangarira) sekuparadzana. music quality. manzwi (pitch, timbre, etc.), uye melodic, harmonic. kutevedzana, mimhanzi yose. inotamba mukubatana kwezvikamu zvavo. Manzwiro emimhanzi mafomu - kugona kuziva, kunzwisisa uye kuongorora kuenzana kwehukama hwenguva pakati paDecember. mimhanzi zvikamu. prod., maitiro avo anoshanda zvakazara (square, isiri-squareness, tripartiteness, exposition, budiriro, kupedzisa budiriro, nezvimwewo). Iyi ndeimwe yemhando dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzeS. m.; inotoganhurana nemimhanzi yekugadzira. kufunga. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha cheS. m ndiwo mumhanzi wakazara, unoratidzwa mukuteerera kwemanzwiro kumimhanzi. zviitiko, mukupenya uye kusimba kwemamisisi chaiwo. zviitiko. Sezvo maitiro anoratidza, pasina chimiro chepfungwa chakadaro, munhu haana kukodzera kuumba nekuita mabasa, pamwe chete nemafungiro akazara emimhanzi. C. m mukuratidzwa kwavo kwakasiyana kunokura mukuita kwemimhanzi. chiitiko - yakawedzera kunzwa kusiyanisa pakati pekuchinja kudiki kwenzwi, vhoriyamu, timbre, nezvimwe. Zvimiro zvenzwi, zvakagadziriswa reflexes zvinogadzirwa pahukama pakati pemanzwi (somuenzaniso, hukama hwekunzwa hunovandudza, melodic, harmonic. kunzwa, kunzwa kwekunzwanana), kudavidza kwemanzwiro kumimhanzi kunowedzerwa. Fani. Iyo inosarudzika ndeye absolute pitch, iyo, sezviri pachena, haigone kuwanikwa yakakosha. exercises; inogona chete kuvandudzwa Mr. nhema mhedziso pitch (izwi B. M. Teplov), iyo inobatsira kuona gomo zvisina kunanga, semuenzaniso. patimbre chikamu chezwi. Nokuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemarudzi S. m

Imwe yezviratidzo zvekubatana kwaS.M. nemamwe mano ndiwo anonzi. kunzwa kwemavara, osn. pakumuka pasi pesimba remuses. manzwi kana kutevedzana kwavo mumavara anomiririra echimiro chechimiro (synopsia).

Kudzidza kwakanyanya kweS. yem kwakatanga ne2nd floor. 19th century G. Helmholtz naK. Stumpf vakapa zano rakadzama rebasa renhengo yekunzwa semuongorori wekunze wekuzunguzika kwenzwi. mafambiro uye nezve mamwe maficha ekuona kwemimhanzi. manzwi (semuenzaniso, nezve consonance uye dissonance); nokudaro vakavaka hwaro hwe psychophysiological. acoustics. NA Rimsky-Korsakov uye SM Maykapar ndevamwe vekutanga muRussia mumubatanidzwa. 19 - kupemha. Zana remakore rechi20 rakadzidza S. m. nepedagogical. zvinzvimbo - sehwaro hwemuses. mabasa; vakatsanangura kuratidzwa kweS kwem, vakatanga kukura kweS.'s typology ye m; Rimsky-Korsakov, kunyanya, akaunza pfungwa ye "nzeve yomukati", iyo yakazogadzirwa naBV Asafiev. Kubva pakuona kweacoustics yemuviri, SN Rzhevkin akateerera zvakanyanya pakudzidza kweS. Mumakore 30-50. 20th century NA Garbuzov yakagadzira pfungwa yenzvimbo yemhando yeS. m. dynamic mimvuri, rhythmic uye tempo zvikamu, zvakajairwa kuratidzwa kwetimbre sezvinhu zvemimhanzi. system inoratidzwa mukuita kwekuona seti yaDec. uwandu. kukosha (ona Zone). PP Baranovsky uye EE Yutsevich vakagadzira mhando imwechete yemafungiro maererano nekunzwa kwekunzwa. Tsvakurudzo yakawanda mumunda weS.m. muma30s. yakaitwa nerabhoritari yeC. Seashore paYunivhesiti yeIowa (USA); chakakosha ibasa re vibrato. In con. 40s Basa rakakosha rekugadzirisa naBM Teplov "Psychology of Musical Abilities" yakaonekwa, apo kekutanga maonero akazara eS m akapiwa kubva pakuona kwepfungwa. Mumakore 50-60. murabhoritari yemimhanzi acoustics kuMoscow. The conservatory yakaita zvidzidzo zvakawanda zveS. m. - kuratidzwa kwakananga kwenzwi-yakakwirira-yakadzika, tempo, uye simba zvakaratidzwa. zone mune Art. kuita kwemimhanzi, kurira-inonzwika inzwi uye dynamic (kutinhira) kunzwa, pfungwa ye tempo yakadzidzwa (mumabasa eOE Sakhaltueva, Yu. N. Rags, EV Nazaykinsky). Pakati pemabasa e70s. mumunda we S.m. - "Papfungwa yekuona kwemimhanzi" naEV Nazaykinsky uye zvidzidzo zvekunzwa kwepitch-timbre yakaitwa naAA Volodin. Chidzidzo cheS.m. kubva pakuona kwemimhanzi. acoustics, physiology uye psychology yekunzwa inopa zvinhu zvakapfuma zvemimhanzi. pedagogy. Inomiririra hwaro hwemabasa mazhinji mumunda wenzira dzedzidzo yeS.m. (somuenzaniso, basa ra AL Ostrovsky, EV Davydova). Zivo pamusoro pezviridzwa zvemimhanzi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira mimhanzi mitsva. zviridzwa, kunyanya electromusical, muarchitectural acoustics, semuenzaniso. paunenge uchiverenga acoustic features of conc. nzvimbo. Ivo vanoshandiswa mukuita kwekurekodha kwekurira (giramufoni uye magineti) paredhiyo, terevhizheni, kana kugova mafirimu, nezvimwe.

References: Maykapar SM, Nzeve yeMumhanzi, zvazvinoreva, hunhu, maficha uye nzira yekuvandudza kwayo, M., 1900, P.,. 1915; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Pamusoro pedzidzo yemimhanzi, mubhuku rake: Musical articles and notes, St. Petersburg, 1911, zvakafanana, mune Yake Yakazara. coll. so., vol. II, M., 1963; Rzhevkin SN, Kunzwa uye kutaura muchiedza chekutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano kwepanyama, M.-L., 1928, 1936; Teplov BM, Psychology yemano emimhanzi, M.-L., 1947; zvimwe chetezvo, mubhuku rake: Matambudziko emisiano yomunhu oga, M., 1961; Garbuzov NA, Zonal chimiro chekunzwa kwegomba, M.-L., 1948; yake pachake, Zone chimiro che tempo uye rhythm, M., 1950; yake, Intrazonal intonation kunzwa uye nzira dzekuvandudzwa kwayo, M.-L., 1951; yake, Zonal chimiro chekunzwa zvine simba, M., 1955; yake pachake, Zone nature of timbre hearing, M., 1956; Mimhanzi acoustics, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EV, Pitch kuongororwa kwemahara melodic system, K., 1956; Laboratory of musical acoustics (kusvika kumakore zana eMoscow Order yaLenin yeHurumende Conservatory yakatumidzwa zita raPI Tchaikovsky), M., 100; Volodin AA, Psychological aspects yekuona kwemimhanzi inonzwika, M., 1966 (diss); Pags Yu., Nazaikinsky E., Pamusoro pezvinogoneka zveunyanzvi zvekubatanidzwa kwemimhanzi uye ruvara (zvichibva pakuongororwa kwenhetembo yesymphonic "Prometheus" naAN Scriabin), mu: Musical Art neScience, vol. 1972, M., 1; Nazaikinsky EV, Papfungwa yekuona kwemimhanzi, M., 1970; Heimholt H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage fur die Theorie der Musik, Braunschweig, 1972, 1863

Yu. H. Parc