Mimhanzi tsika ye classicism: aesthetic nyaya, Viennese mumhanzi classics, makuru emhando

Mumhanzi, senge pasina imwe art fomu, iyo pfungwa ye "classic" ine zvisinganzwisisike zvemukati. Zvese zvine hukama, uye chero hits dzanezuro dzakamira nemuedzo wenguva - angave ari masterpieces naBach, Mozart, Chopin, Prokofiev kana, toti, The Beatles - anogona kuverengerwa semabasa echinyakare.

Dai vanoda mimhanzi yekare vandikanganwire nekuda kwezwi risina maturo "hit," asi vanyori vakanyanya vakambonyora mimhanzi yakakurumbira kune avo vakararama panguva yavo, vasina chinangwa chekusingaperi.

Zvese izvi ndezvei? Kune imwe, iyo Zvakakosha kuparadzanisa pfungwa yakafara yemimhanzi yekirasi uye classicism segwara mune zvemimhanzi art.

Nguva ye classicism

Classicism, iyo yakatsiva Renaissance kuburikidza nematanho akati wandei, yakaumbwa muFrance pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17, ichiratidza muhunyanzvi hwayo chikamu kusimuka kwakakomba kwehumambo hwese, pamwe nekushanduka kwemaonero enyika kubva kune zvechitendero kuenda kune zvenyika.

Muzana remakore rechi18, kutenderera kutsva kwekuvandudzwa kwemagariro evanhu kwakatanga - Age of Enlightenment yakatanga. Kubwinya uye hukuru hweBaroque, iyo yakafanotangira yeclassicism, yakatsiviwa nechimiro chakavakirwa pakureruka uye hunhu.

Aesthetic nheyo dze classicism

Inyanzvi ye classicism yakavakirwa pa -. Zita rokuti "classicism" rinobatanidzwa mumavambo neshoko kubva muchiLatin - classicus, zvinoreva "muenzaniso". Iyo yakanakira modhi yevanyori vemaitiro aya yaive yekare aesthetics ine inowirirana logic uye kuwirirana. Muchinyakare, chikonzero chinokunda manzwiro, kuzvisarudzira hagamuchirwi, uye mune chero chiitiko, zvakajairika, typological maficha anowana kukosha kukuru. Basa rega rega reunyanzvi rinofanira kuvakwa zvinoenderana neakasimba canons. Chinodiwa chenguva ye classicism ndiyo chiyero chezviyero, kusasanganisa zvese zvakawandisa uye zvechipiri.

Classicism inoratidzirwa nekuparadzana kwakasimba mukati. Mabhuku “akakwirira” mabhuku anotaura nezvenyaya dzekare uye dzechitendero, dzakanyorwa mumutauro wakadzama (nhamo, rwiyo, ode). Uye "pasi" genres ndiwo mabasa anoratidzwa mumutauro wevanhu uye anoratidza hupenyu hwevanhu (ngano, comedy). Kusanganisa mhando kwakange kusingabvumirwe.

Classicism mumimhanzi - Viennese classics

Kuvandudzwa kwetsika itsva yemimhanzi pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18 kwakakonzera kubuda kwemasaloni akawanda epachivande, nzanga dzemimhanzi nemaokestra, uye kuitwa kwemakonzati akazaruka uye mitambo yeopera.

Guta guru renyika yemimhanzi mumazuva iwayo raiva Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart naLudwig van Beethoven mazita matatu makuru akadzika munhoroondo se. Viennese classics.

Vaimbi vechikoro cheViennese vakanyatsogona zvakasiyana-siyana zvemimhanzi - kubva panziyo dzemazuva ese kuenda kune symphonies. Mhando yepamusoro yemimhanzi, umo yakapfuma yekufananidzira yemukati inoiswa mune yakapusa asi yakakwana yehunyanzvi fomu, ndicho chinhu chikuru chebasa reViennese classics.

Tsika yemimhanzi ye classicism, semabhuku, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwakanakisa, inokudza zviito zvemunhu, manzwiro ake uye manzwiro, pamusoro pechikonzero chinotonga. Creative artists mumabasa avo anoratidzirwa nekufunga kunonzwisisika, kuwirirana uye kujekesa kwechimiro. Kureruka uye kureruka kwezvirevo zvevanyori vekirasi zvingaratidzika sezvisingabvumirwi kune nzeve yemazuva ano (mune dzimwe nguva, hongu), kana mimhanzi yavo yakanga isina kujeka.

Imwe neimwe yeViennese classics yaive neyakajeka, yakasarudzika hunhu. Haydn naBeethoven vakakwevera zvakanyanya kumimhanzi yezviridzwa - sonatas, concertos uye symphonies. Mozart aive wepasirese mune zvese - akasika zviri nyore mune chero rudzi. Akave nesimba guru mukusimudzira opera, kugadzira nekuvandudza marudzi ayo akasiyana-siyana - kubva ku opera buffa kusvika kumutambo wemimhanzi.

Panyaya yezvinodiwa nevanyori kune mamwe masipiramu ekufananidzira, Haydn anonyanya kufanana nevavariro yemhando-yemhando sketches, kufudza, gallantry; Beethoven ari pedyo nehugamba uye mutambo, pamwe nefilosofi, uye, zvechokwadi, zvisikwa, uye kusvika pamwero muduku, lyricism yakanatswa. Mozart yakafukidza, pamwe, ese aripo ekufananidzira mativi.

Mhando dzemumhanzi classicism

Tsika yemimhanzi ye classicism inobatanidzwa nekusikwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzemimhanzi yezviridzwa - sesonata, symphony, konzati. A multi-part sonata-symphonic form (a 4-part cycle) yakaumbwa, iyo ichiri nheyo yemabasa akawanda ezviridzwa.

Munguva ye classicism, mhando huru dzekamuri ensembles dzakabuda - trios uye tambo quartets. Nzira yemafomu yakagadzirwa nechikoro cheViennese ichiri kukosha nhasi - mazuva ano "mabhero nemhete" akaiswa pairi senheyo.

Ngatitaurei muchidimbu pamusoro pezvinyowani hunhu hwe classicism.

Sonata fomu

Iyo sonata genre yaivepo pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17, asi iyo sonata fomu pakupedzisira yakaumbwa mumabasa aHaydn naMozart, uye Beethoven akaiunza pakukwana uye akatotanga kutyora akaomesesa canons eiyo genre.

The classical sonata fomu inobva pakupikisa kwezvinyorwa zviviri (kazhinji zvinopesana, dzimwe nguva zvinopesana) - huru uye yechipiri - uye kukura kwavo.

Iyo sonata fomu inosanganisira 3 zvikamu zvikuru:

1. chikamu chekutanga - (kuita misoro mikuru),
2. chechipiri - (kusimudzira uye kuenzaniswa kwemisoro)
3. uye chechitatu - (kudzokororwa kwakagadziridzwa kwechiratidziro, umo munowanzoita tonal convergence yezvinyorwa zvakambopikiswa).

Sezvo mutemo, zvikamu zvekutanga, zvinokurumidza zve sonata kana symphonic cycle zvakanyorwa mu fomu ye sonata, ndicho chikonzero zita rokuti sonata allegro rakapiwa kwavari.

Sonata-symphonic kutenderera

Panyaya yechimiro uye pfungwa yekutevedzana kwezvikamu, symphonies uye sonatas dzakanyanya kufanana, nekudaro zita rinowanzozivikanwa kune yavo yakakosha mimhanzi fomu - iyo sonata-symphonic kutenderera.

A classical symphony inenge inogara ine 4 mafambiro:

• Ini - inokurumidza kushanda chikamu mune yayo yechinyakare sonata allegro fomu;
• II - kufamba kunonoka (chimiro chayo, sekutonga, hachina kunyatsogadziriswa - kusiyana kunogoneka pano, uye zvikamu zvitatu zvakaoma kana mafomu ari nyore, uye rondo sonatas, uye inononoka sonata fomu);
• III - minuet (dzimwe nguva scherzo), iyo inonzi genre movement - inenge inogara yakaoma-zvikamu zvitatu mufomu;
• IV ndiyo yekupedzisira uye yekupedzisira yekutsanya kufamba, iyo iyo sonata fomu yaiwanzosarudzwawo, dzimwe nguva rondo kana rondo sonata fomu.

konzati

Zita rekonzati semhando inobva pashoko rechiLatini rokuti concertare - "makwikwi". Ichi chidimbu che orchestra uye solo chiridzwa. Iyo konsati yezviridzwa, yakagadzirwa muRenaissance uye yakagamuchira kusimudzira kwakakura mumhanzi tsika yeBaroque, yakawana fomu yesonata-symphonic mubasa reViennese classics.

String Quartet

Kuumbwa kwetambo quartet kazhinji inosanganisira violin mbiri, viola uye cello. Chimiro che quartet, yakafanana neiyo sonata-symphonic cycle, yakanga yatotemwa naHaydn. Mozart naBeethoven vakapawo mipiro mikuru uye vakagadzirira nzira yokumwe kukudziridzwa kworudzi urwu.

Tsika yemimhanzi ye classicism yakava rudzi rwe "cradle" yetambo quartet; munguva dzinotevera uye nanhasi, vanyori havaregi kunyora mamwe mabasa matsva mumhando yemakonti - rudzi urwu rwebasa rave richidiwa.

Mimhanzi yeclassicism inoshamisa inosanganisa kureruka kwekunze uye kujeka nezvakadzika zvemukati zvemukati, izvo zvisiri geni kune yakasimba manzwiro uye mutambo. Classicism, mukuwedzera, chimiro cheimwe nguva yenhoroondo, uye chimiro ichi hachina kukanganwa, asi chine hukama hwakakomba nemimhanzi yenguva yedu (neoclassicism, polystylistics).