Makwikwi emimhanzi |

kubva lat. concursus, lit. - kusangana, kusangana

Makwikwi evaimbi (vatambi, vanyori, instr. masters, mapoka), akabatwa, sekutonga, pamamiriro ezvinhu asati aziviswa. Arts. makwikwi, umo kunaka kwekugadzirwa kwakaenzaniswa nekuongororwa. kana kuti hunyanzvi hwekuita, dzaitozivikanwa muGreece. Around 590 BC tsika yemitambo yePythian muDelft yakazvarwa, apo pamwe nevadetembi nevatambi, vaimbi, vaimbi vecithara uye aulos, vanyori vemitambo vakakwikwidza. prod. Vakakunda vakapihwa maruva emaruva uye vakatakura zita rekuti "daphnophores" (kubereka laurels). Tsika yemakwikwi pakati pevaimbi yakapfuuridzirwa munhambo yoUmambo hweRoma; panguva imwecheteyo, izwi rokuti "laureate" rakamuka, iro rakapona kusvikira nhasi kuti rione vatori vechikamu vakanakisisa. NeChitatu. mazana emakore, makwikwi ematroubadour, trouvers, minnesingers uye meistersingers akapararira, kazhinji achiva chikamu chakakosha chedare. uye gare gare makomo. mitambo yaikwezva vanhu vakawanda. Pakati pavo pane chiedza. uye mitambo yemimhanzi muFrance, yakarongwa nevemashopu emhizha muzana remakore rechi11-16. uye inonzi "puy". Vakakunda mumakwikwi aya, akaitwa mumatunhu akasiyana enyika, vakapihwa mibairo uye vakawana zita rekuti “roy de puy”. Pakati pevakawana mubairo wepuy hurusa inozivikanwa, yakaitirwa muEvreux, paiva naO. di Lasso, J. Titluz, FE du Corroy. Puy akashanda semuenzaniso wemakwikwi akafanana eMeistersinger muGermany. Mukutanga kweMiddle Ages, mutambo wenziyo uchiripo muWales, unonzi mutambo wenziyo, wakazvarwa. "Eisteddfod", mukati megadziriro iyo kunewo makwikwi emakwaya. MuRenaissance, makwikwi evaimbi vane mukurumbira muhunyanzvi hwekuvandudza akapinda mukuita. zviridzwa - organ, harpsichord, gare gare piyano, violin. Sezvo mutemo, ivo vakarongwa nevatongi, vapfumi vatsigiri kana vafundisi, avo vakakwezva vaimbi vakatanhamara kuti vatore chikamu. Saka, JS Bach naL. Marchand, GF Handel naA. Scarlatti (1st hafu yezana remakore rechi18), WA ​​Mozart naM. Clementi, IM Yarnovich naJB Viotti (kupera kwezana remakore rechi18), G. Ernst, A. Bazzini, F. David naJ. Joachim (1844) nevamwe.

K. muchimiro chemazuva ano yakatanga muzana remakore rechi19. Kubva 1803, Academy of Fine Arts muParis yave ichipa mubairo wegore negore wezvakanakisa kuumbwa (cantata, gare gare - one-act opera) - iyo inonzi. Roman Ave., avo vanobata vanogashira bhezari yekuvandudza muRome. Pakati pevakawana mubairo uyu pane vane mukurumbira French. vanyori: F. Halevi, G. Berlioz, A. Thomas, J. Bizet, J. Massenet, C. Debussy nevamwe. Makwikwi akafanana anoitwa muBelgium neUSA. MuUK, izvo zvinonzi. Mendelssohn scholarship (Mendelsson-scholarship), yakapiwa kune munyori wechidiki (K. yakabatwa kubva 1848 muLondon kamwe chete pamakore 1). Muna 4 muVienna, fp. femu yeBösendorfer yakagadzira K. kune vakapedza kudzidza veVienna Conservatory; uyu K. anopfeka internat. hunhu, nekuti vadzidzi vanobva kunyika dzakawanda vanodzidza pano. nyika. Makwikwi enyika. chiyero chakagadzira nzira yekubuda kwepasi rose. K., yekutanga iyo yakaitirwa muBrussels muna 1889 padanho reRussia. gitare NP Makarov; vanyori vanobva kunyika dze1856 vakatumira mabasa emakwikwi. zvegitare. Muna 31, pamusana peAG Rubinshtein, musangano wekutanga wepasi rose wenguva dzose wakatangwa, uye muna 1886 musangano wekutanga wepasi rose wenguva dzose wakaitwa muSt. K., uyo akashanda semuenzaniso wesangano reminyuzimu dzakazotevera. makwikwi. Mu K. im. Rubinstein (yakazoitwa kamwe chete makore 1890 kusvika 1 - muBerlin, Vienna, Paris, St. Petersburg) vanyori nevaimbi vepiyano vakatora chikamu. K. akaisa mberi chiverengero chevaimbi vakuru vakazowana mukurumbira wakakura (F. Busoni, V. Backhaus, IA Levin, AF Gedike, nevamwe).

Means. K. yakatanga pashure peHondo Yenyika I (1-1914). Nhamba huru yemakwikwi enyika. Muna 18, Intern. K. vanoridza piyano ivo. Chopin, iyo yakazove yakajairika. Makonzati evatambi anoitwa muVienna (K. Vienna Academy of Music, kubvira 1927), Budapest (yakatumidzwa zita raF. Liszt, kubvira 1932), Brussels (yakatumidzwa E. Isai, violinists muna 1933, pianists muna 1937), Geneva ( kubvira 1938), Paris (kubvira 1939) nemamwe maguta. In the international K. kubva pakutanga kuita mazizi. vaimbi; vazhinji vavo vanohwina mibairo yepamusoro-soro, vachiratidza zvakaitwa nemazizi. kuita chikoro uye pedagogy. Mukati memakore eHondo Yenyika 1943-2 ya1939, makwikwi angave asina kuitwa kana kuti akaganhurirwa kunat. chimiro (Geneva). Mumakore epashure pehondo, tsika yemimhanzi. K. mune pl. nyika dzakatanga kukurumidza kumutsidzira; munyika dzakati kuti dzeEurope (France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Belgium) nokukurumidza pashure pehondo, kokorodzano huru dzakatangwa, idzo dzakava dzenguva dzose. K. kuwana hukuru hwakanyanya kubva pakati. 45s; makwikwi anovhara nzvimbo dzakakura dzekuita: makwikwi anoitwa kune varidzi vezviridzwa, kusanganisira. K. "ensemble" zviridzwa (ndarira uye huni, viola, rudimbwa), makwikwi magitare, accordionists, organists, conductors, chamber ensembles decomp. nziyo, kwaya, masimphoni evechidiki. nezvisungo zvendarira, instr. masters, vanyori. Kugara tichiwedzera geographically. mafuremu K. Ch. varongi vepasi rose K. muEurope - Belgium, Italy neFrance, uko vazhinji vanobatwa. makwikwi. Kutevera Makwikwi eBelgian Queen Elisabeth (50), uko vanoridza piyano, vanoridza violin uye vaimbi vanokwikwidza, makwikwi ezwi anorongwa muBrussels, tambo. quartets muLiege, K. Organists. JS Bach muGhent, kwaya muKnokke. MuItaly, mukurumbira waK. uri kuwana: violinists - kwavari. N. Paganini muGenoa, piano - ivo. F. Busoni muBolzano, conductors - muRoma (yakagadzwa neNational Academy "Santa Cecilia"), piano uye vanyori - ivo. A. Casella muNaples, vaimbi, vanyori nevatambi ve ballet - ivo. GB Viotti muVercelli, chor. kuungana - "Polyfoniko" muArezzo, nevamwe. Pakati peFrench. K. kumira kunze - kwavari. M. Long – J. Thibaut muParis, vatungamiri vechidiki muBesançon uye vaimbi muToulouse. Kuzivikanwa kwakawanda kunogamuchirwa naK., achipfuura mune socialist. nyika - Poland (yakatumidzwa zita raF. Chopin uye yakatumidzwa zita raG. Wieniawski), Hungary, Romania (yakatumidzwa zita raJ. Enescu), GDR (yakatumidzwa zita raJS Bach uye yakatumidzwa zita raR. Schumann), Bulgaria. In con. 1951 - kupemha. 50s pane nhamba Ku. muBrazil, USA, Canada, Uruguay, uye zvakare muJapan. Chiitiko chakakosha mukuvandudzwa kweK. yaive nheyo muMoscow yeIntern. K. im. PI Tchaikovsky (kubvira 60), iyo yakabva yava imwe yemakwikwi ane chiremera uye akakurumbira.

Mafomu ekuronga uye kuitisa k., mirairo yavo, periodicity, uye zvehunyanzvi zvemukati zvakasiyana kwazvo. Kuchengetedza kunoitwa mumatunhu makuru, nzvimbo huru dzetsika, uye mataundi ekurodha; kazhinji maguta akabatana nehupenyu uye basa revaimbi vanosarudzwa senzvimbo yavo, mukukudza iyo K. nyika. Sezvo mutemo, makwikwi, zvisinei nekuwanda kwawo, anoitika pamazuva akafanana akatsanangurwa zvakajeka. Varongi veK. akasiyana misi. masangano, zviremera zvemakomo pamwe chete nehurumende. miviri, mune nek-ry kesi - vanhu, mafemu ekutengesa. Munyika dzesocialist, sangano reK. rinotarisira zvakakosha. masangano ehurumende; K.'s holdings inotsigirwa nehurumende.

Makore mazhinji ekudzidzira akagadzira mamwe misimboti yekuitisa K., to-rykh inonamatira kune vanoronga decomp. makwikwi. K. kupfeka democracy. hunhu hwakavhurika - vaimbi vemarudzi ese, nyika, pasina mutsauko wechikadzi vanobvumidzwa kutora chikamu mavari; zvirambidzo zvinotangwa chete maererano nezera (pamwe nemusiyano, semuenzaniso, munyori K.); kune akasiyana hunyanzvi (maererano neavo chaiwo), miganhu yezera inosiyana. Pane zvimwe zvakaoma Ku. inoitwa kwekutanga. kusarudzwa kwakavakirwa pamagwaro uye kurudziro inotumirwa nevanokwikwidza kuitira kudzivirira vasina kugadzirira vanyoreri kuti vatore chikamu mumakwikwi. Kuita kwevatori vechikamu kunoitwa maererano nemitemo isati yaziviswa; perform. Makwikwi anosanganisira imwe nhamba yeaudition rounds: kubva 2 kusvika 4. Nhamba shoma uye inogara ichiderera yevatori vechikamu inobvumirwa kune imwe neimwe inotevera. Vakwikwidzi vanoita kungave mukurongeka kwejenya, kana alfabheti nezita rekupedzisira. Zviitwa zvevatori vechikamu zvinoongororwa nejuri; kazhinji inoumbwa nevatambi vane chiremera, vaimbi, uye vadzidzisi. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, jury rinopfeka nyika dzese. chimiro, uye nyika inotambira inowanzomiririrwa nevanoverengeka. nhengo dzejury. Nzira dzebasa rejuri uye nheyo dzekuongorora vakwikwidzi dzakasiyana: mu dep. K. inoitwa kare. nhaurirano, kuvhota kunogona kuvhurika kana kwakavanzika, mutambo wevatori vechikamu unoongororwa neakasiyana. nhamba yezvibodzwa. Vaya vanonyanya kubudirira vanopihwa mibairo uye mazita evachahwina, pamwe nemadiploma nemenduru. Nhamba yezvikomborero mumaguta akasiyana-siyana kubva kune imwe kusvika ku12. Mukuwedzera kune zvikomborero zvepamutemo, zvinokurudzira zvinowanzopiwa. mibairo yezvakanakisa essays uye mimwe mibairo. Laureates K., sekutonga, vanogamuchira kodzero kune imwe nhamba ye conc. hurukuro.

Arts. K.'s maficha anotemerwa zvakanyanya nechimiro uye zviri mukati mezvirongwa zvavo. Panyaya iyi, huwandu hweK. hwakakura kwazvo: kubva kumakwikwi apo mimhanzi yemumwe munyori inoitwa (K. yakatumidzwa zita reChopin muWarsaw), kusvika kumakwikwi ane repertoire yakawanda uye yakasiyana-siyana, kutevera chinangwa chekunyatsobudisa pachena. . mikana yevanyori. Kune zvakare K., vachivaka zvirongwa zvavo pane thematic. chiratidzo: mimhanzi yekutanga, yemazuva ano. mimhanzi, etc. Izvo zvinoshandawo kumakwikwi emakwikwi: makwikwi, akazvitsaurira. humwe hunyanzvi, uye makwikwi apo vamiriri vevanhu vazhinji vanokwikwidza panguva imwe chete kana zvimwe. specialties. Makoniti eVaimbi akati siyanei: pamwe nemakwikwi ane basa rekuona vanyori vane zvipo, kune akati wandei makonti ane utilitarian muzvarirwo uye anorongwa nedzimba dzeopera, dzimba dzekutsikisa, uye concentrators. masangano nechinangwa chekugadzira, kutsikisa kana kusimudzira imwe mhando yezvinyorwa. Muna K. denderedzwa revatori vechikamu rinowanzowedzera. Muma60s. K. varaidzo nevaraidzi vari kuwana mukurumbira mukuru. music. Sezvo mutemo, nhepfenyuro dzakadaro dzinoitwa neredhiyo uye terevhizheni, makambani ekurekodha, ch. arr. munzvimbo dzekutandarira (K. "Intervision", "Eurovision", nezvimwewo). Kazhinji makwikwi ega ega ane round rimwechete uye anoitwa pasina kubviswa kwevatori vechikamu. Mafomu ekuitisa estr. K., repertoire yavo nemirairo zvakasiyana uye hazvisiyane mukurongeka kwakasimba.

Nziyo dzemazuva ano K. dzave nzira dzakakosha dzekuziva nekukurudzira vaimbi vane tarenda, zvinoreva. chinhu chehupenyu hwetsika. Ruzhinji rwevaridzi vezviridzwa, pamwe nevamwe vazhinji. vocalists uye conductors vakauya pamberi padanho rekonzati uye opera nhanho muma1950 uye 70s. ndezvekutenda kuKK kuti vanobatsira mukusimudzirwa kwemimhanzi pakati peruzhinji rwevateereri, kusimudzira nekupfumisa conc. hupenyu. Mn. ayo anochengetwa mukati memucherechedzo weminyuziyamu. mitambo, kuva chikamu chinokosha chazvo (somuenzaniso, "Prague Spring"). Muses. K. inosanganisirwawo muzvirongwa zveWorld Festivals of Youth and Students.

Mimhanzi yakapararira. K. yakatungamirira kukudiwa kwekubatanidza kuedza kwevarongi vemakwikwi, kuchinjana kweruzivo uye kugadzwa kwezvipimo zvakafanana zvekubata k. Kuti izvi zviitike, muna 1957 Federation of International. makwikwi (Fédération de Concours internationaux) ari muGeneva. The Federation inobata makongiresi epagore mumaguta akasiyana, inodhinda zvinyorwa. Kubva 1959, chinyorwa chegore negore chakabudiswa, icho chinosanganisira ruzivo pamusoro penyika dzepasi rose. mumhanzi K. uye mazita evatambi vavo. Nhamba yenyika dziri nhengo dzemubatanidzwa iri kuramba ichikura; muna 1971, iyo Sov. Union.

MASHOKO AKAKURU ENYIKA YENYIKA YENYIKA

Ositiriya. Vienna Academy of Music - piano, vaimbi, vanoimba; muna 1932-38 - gore negore; kuvandudzwa muna 1959; kubvira 1961 - 1 nguva mumakore maviri. Them. WA Mozart muSalzburg - vaimbi vepiyano, vanoridza violin, vanoridza; muna 2 (mukuremekedza 1956th yegore rekuzvarwa kwa WA Mozart).

Bherujiyamu. Them. Belgian Queen Elizabeth - violinists, pianists, vanyori; kubvira 1951 - gore negore, zvakasiyana (mushure mekuzorora kwegore, vanotangazve). Vanoimba muBrussels; kubvira 1962 - 1 nguva mumakore mana. Strings. quartets muLiege - vanyori, vatambi, kubvira 4 - instr. masters; kubvira 1954 - gore negore, zvakare.

Bharugeriya. Vaimbi vaduku veopera muSofia; kubvira 1961 - 1 nguva mumakore maviri.

Bhuraziri. Vanoridza piyano (kubvira 1957) uye vanoridza violin (kubvira 1965) muRio de Janeiro; kubvira 1959 - 1 nguva mumakore matatu.

Great Britain. Them. K. Flesch muLondon - vanoridza violin; kubvira 1945 - gore negore. Vanoridza piyano muLeeds; kubvira 1963 - 1 nguva mumakore matatu.

Hangari. Budapest K. muhunyanzvi hwakasiyana, kubvira 1948; kubvira 1956 - kanenge kamwe chete pamakore 1.

GDR. Them. R. Schuman - piano uye vanoimba; muna 1956 na1960 muBerlin; kubvira 1963 muZwickau - 1 nguva mumakore matatu.

Zap. Berlin. Them. G. Karayana - conductors uye symphony yevechidiki. orchestras; kubvira 1969 - gore negore.

Itari. Them. F. Busoni muBolzano - vanoridza piyano; kubvira 1949 - gore negore. Them. N. Paganini muGenoa - violinists; kubvira 1954 - gore negore. Vaimbi veokestra muRoma; kubvira 1956 - 1 nguva mumakore matatu. Them. Guido d Arezzo - kwaya ("Polyfonico"), osn. muna 3 senyika, kubva 1952 - pasi rose; gore negore.

Kanadha. Vaimbi veviolin, piano, vaimbi muMontreal; kubvira 1966 - gore negore, zvakare.

Netharenzi. Vanoimba mu's-Hertogenbosch; kubvira 1954 - gore negore.

Porendi. Them. F. Chopin muWarsaw - piano 1927, 1932, 1937; yakavandudzwa muna 1949 - kamwe chete pamakore 1. Violin navo. G. Venyavsky - violinists, vanyori, skr. masters; yekutanga - mu5 muWarsaw; kuvandudzwa muna 1935 muPoznan - kamwe chete makore 1952.

Putugaro. Them. Viana da Mota muLisbon - piano; yekutanga - muna 1957; kubvira 1964 - kamwe chete pamakore 1.

Romaniya. Them. J. Enescu muBucharest - violinists, pianists, vocalists (kubvira 1961), chamber ensembles; kubvira 1958 - 1 nguva mumakore matatu.

USSR. Them. PI Tchaikovsky muMoscow - kubvira 1958 pianist, violinists, kubva 1962 zvakare cellists, kubvira 1966 uye vocalists; 1 nguva mumakore mana. Furanzi. Them. M. Long – J. Thibaut muParis – varidzi vepiyano nevatambi veviolin; yekutanga - muna 4 (yenyika), yechipiri - muna 1943; kubva 1946 - 1949 nguva mumakore maviri. Vanoimba muToulouse; kubvira 1 - gore negore.

Jerimani. Munich K. maererano diff. specialties; kubvira 1952 - gore negore.

Chekosirovhakiya. Muses. K. "Prague Spring" maererano naDec. specialties; kubvira 1947 - gore negore.

Siwizarendi. Kuita vaimbi muGeneva, mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana; kubvira 1939 - gore negore.

Makwikwi asina nzvimbo yekugara: Cellists akatumidzwa zita. P. Casals; 1 nguva mumakore maviri munyika dzakasiyana (kutanga - 2, Paris). Accordionists ye "World Cup"; gore negore munyika dzakasiyana (yekutanga - 1957, Lausanne), nezvimwewo.

Pakati pevamwe vepasi rose K.: vanoimba muVerviers (Belgium); kwaya muDebrecen (Hungary); varidzi vezviridzwa uye vanoimba (vakatumidzwa zita raJS Bach) muLeipzig (GDR); varidzi vezviridzwa uye vanoimba (vakatumidzwa zita reM. Canals) muBarcelona (Spain); mimhanzi uye kutamba (yakatumidzwa zita reGB Viotti) muVercelli, pianist uye vanyori (vakatumidzwa zita reA. Casella) muNaples, vaimbi ve "Verdi Voices" muBusseto (Italy); kuvandudzwa kwenhengo muHaarlem (Netherlands); vanoridza piyano nevaimbi (vakatumidzwa zita raD. Mitropoulos) muNew York (USA); makondakita maduku muBesançon (France); pianist (yakatumidzwa zita raK. Haskil) muLucerne (Switzerland), zvichingodaro.

Makwikwi muRUSSIA NEUSSR

Mumhanzi wekutanga wenyika K. muRussia wakaitwa kubva kuma60s. Muzana remakore rechi19 pane kutanga kweRMO, St. nezve-va rus. chamber music (muna 1877), piyano fekitari "Schroeder" (muna 1890), etc. Pakutanga kwevatsigiri vakuru nevaimbi, vakati wandei. K. yakarongwa pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 Muna 1910 makonzati maviri eviolinists akaitika - mukuremekedza makore makumi mana ekusika. mabasa aProfessor Mosk. Conservatory IV Grzhimali muMoscow (40st Ave. - M. Press) uye navo. LS Auera muSt. Petersburg (Ndira 1 - M. Piastro). Muna 1, makwikwi e cello akaitwa muMoscow (1911st pr. - SM Kozolupov), nepo pianists vakakwikwidzana muSt. - Y. Turchinsky). Mugore iroro, chiitiko chinokosha chakaitwa muSt. K. im. SA Malozemova yevakadzi vanoridza piyano (mukundi ndiE. Stember). Zvinoenderana nemirairo, iyi K. yaifanira kuitwa makore ega ega. Kugadzwa kweK. kwakanangana nevatambi vechikadzi kwaive kwekukosha kunofambira mberi.

MuUSSR, iyo State mimhanzi K. uye yakagadzira mamiriro ese ekuita kwavo kukuru. Makwikwi ekutanga evaimbi aive makwikwi ekuita kwequartet muRSFSR (1927, Moscow) uye makwikwi evanoridza violin muUkraine (1930, Kharkov). Kubva ipapo, K. pamimhanzi yakanakisa. kugadzirwa, makwikwi Prof. uye zviite iwe pachako. vaimbi nevaimbi vaiitwa mune dzakawanda. maguta. Mutambo wekutanga weAll-Union weVaimbi Vanoridza wakaitwa muna Chivabvu 1 muMoscow. Yakaitwa muhunyanzvi - piano, violin, cello, kuimba. 1933nd - muna February - March 2 (Leningrad). Maviolist, mabhesi maviri, rudimbwa, vaimbi vemidzimu yemapuranga neyendarira vaikwikwidzawo apa. zvishandiso. Mushure mezvo, kutenderera kwemakwikwi e-All-Union akaitwa muMoscow mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana-zvikwaniriso zvevaridzi veviolin, maseru, uye pianists (1935-1937), conductor (38), uye tambo. quartets (1938), vocalists (1938-1938, nzendo dzokupedzisira muMoscow), pop artists (39), vanoita zvemidzimu. zviridzwa (1939). Idzi K. dzakave nerubatsiro rwakakura pakuvandudzwa kwemiziyamu. hupenyu hwenyika, kuitira kuwedzera kukura kwemuses. dzidzo.

Mushure meGreat Fatherland. Munguva yehondo ye1941-45, vechidiki vane tarenda vakaimba pa-Union K. vaimbi vaimbi (1945, Moscow), vanyori vakasiyana-siyana (1946, Moscow), uye vaimbi vezvakanakisisa zvezizi. rudo uye rwiyo (1956, Moscow), vocalists uye pop artists (1956, Moscow).

Muma60s. nhanho itsva mukuvandudzwa kwemakwikwi emakwikwi atanga; Nguva dzose-Mubatanidzwa makonzati evanoridza piyano, violinists, maseru, uye conductor akarongwa, pamwe nemakonzati evanoimba anonzi VIMI Glinka. Makwikwi aya anokutendera kuti usarudze vatambi vane zvipo kuti vatore chikamu muInternational. K. im. PI Tchaikovsky. Manheru aK. PI Tchaikovsky makwikwi akarongwa zvakare. vatenzi. All-Union makonzati evaimbi-vaimbi pa orc akaitika. zviridzwa (1963, Leningrad). Mamiriro ezvinhu e-All-Union muses. To. zvinoenderana nepasi rose. mipimo.

Mukukudza kwegore rezana rekuzvarwa kwaVI Lenin (100), vese-Mubatanidzwa makwikwi evadiki vanoita zveakanakisa conc. vakanga vakarongeka. program. MuUSSR, makonzati emhando dzakasiyana siyana anogara achiitwa. K. kugadzira mimhanzi. prod. mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinowanzorongwa panguva yemhemberero. Slender system yemimhanzi. K. inosanganisira kwete chete-Mubatanidzwa, asiwo republican, guta uye zonal makwikwi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuita kunoenderana uye kwakaringana kusarudzwa kwevamiriri vatsva vemuses. mhosva dzeAll-Union uye dzepasirese. makwikwi.

References: International Tchaikovsky Piano uye Violin Makwikwi. (Bhuku Renongedzero Rokutanga, M., 1958); Makwikwi eChipiri epasi rose evanoridza piyano, maViolinist uye maseru. PI Tchaikovsky. (Handbook), M., 1962; … zita raTchaikovsky. Sat. zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa nezve Second International Competition yeVaimbi-Vatambi. PI Tchaikovsky. Ed.-stat. AV Medvedev. Moscow, 1966. Makwikwi emimhanzi yekare uye yemazuva ano. Handbook, M., 1966; … zita raTchaikovsky. Sat. zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa nezve Yechitatu International Competition yeVaimbi-Vatambi. PI Tchaikovsky. Tot. ed. A. Medvedeva, (M., 1970).

MM Yakovlev