Maria Petrovna Maksakova |

Maria Maksakova

Maria Petrovna Maksakova akaberekwa musi waApril 8, 1902 muAstrakhan. Baba vakafa nokukurumidza, uye amai, vachiremerwa nemhuri, vakanga vasingagoni kupa ngwariro huru kuvana. Pazera remakore masere, musikana wacho akaenda kuchikoro. Asi haana kudzidza zvakanaka nekuda kwehunhu hwake hunoshamisa: akazvivharira mukati make, akave asina kushamwaridzana, ndokubva atakura shamwari dzake nechisimba pranks.

Pazera remakore gumi akatanga kuimba mukwaya yechechi. Zvino apa Marusya aiita kunge atsiviwa. Musikana aibatika, akabatwa nebasa mukwaya, akazodzikama.

“Ndakadzidza kurava nziyo ndiri ndoga,” muimbi wacho anoyeuka kudaro. - Nekuda kweizvi, ndakanyora chikero pamadziro kumba uye ndakachirovera zuva rese. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, ndakarangarirwa somuzivi wenziyo, uye pashure penguva yakati ndakanga ndatova ne“zita” romuimbi aiverenga akasununguka pabepa.

Kwangopera gore, Marusya akava mutungamiriri muboka reviola rekwaya, kwaakashanda kusvikira muna 1917. Paiva pano apo unhu hwakanakisisa hwomuimbi hwakatanga kukura - impeccable intonation uye inzwi rakanaka rinotungamirira.

Mushure meOctober Revolution, apo dzidzo yakasununguka, Maksakova akapinda muchikoro chemimhanzi, kirasi yepiyano. Sezvo akanga asina chiridzwa kumba, anodzidza pachikoro chacho zuva nezuva kusvikira kwadoka. Kune anoshuvira dhizaini, imwe mhando yekunyanya hunhu panguva iyoyo. Anofarira kuteerera zvikero, kazhinji “ruvengo” rwevadzidzi vose.

“Ndaida mimhanzi zvikuru,” anonyora kudaro Maksakova. - Dzimwe nguva, ndainzwa, ndichifamba mumugwagwa, kuti mumwe munhu aitamba sei zvikero, ndaimira pasi pehwindo ndoteerera kwemaawa kusvikira vandiendesa.

Muna 1917 uye kutanga kwa1918, vose vaishanda mukwaya yechechi vakabatanidzwa kuva kwaya imwe yenyika ndokunyoresa muMubatanidzwa weRabis. Saka ndakashanda kwemwedzi mina. Ipapo kwaya yakaparadzana, uye ipapo ndakatanga kudzidzira kuimba.

Inzwi rangu rakanga rakaderera, rinenge contralto. Kuchikoro chemimhanzi, ndaionekwa somudzidzi anokwanisa, uye vakatanga kunditumira kumakonzati akarongwa nokuda kweRed Guard neNavy. Ndakabudirira uye ndaidada nazvo. Kwapera gore, ndakatanga kudzidza nemudzidzisi Borodina kutanga, uyezve nemuimbi weAstrakhan Opera - dramatic soprano Smolenskaya, mudzidzi weIV Tartakov. Smolenskaya akatanga kundidzidzisa kuva soprano. Ndakaifarira zvikuru. Ndakadzidza kwerisingasviki gore, uye sezvo vakasarudza kutumira Astrakhan Opera kuTsaritsyn (yava kunzi Volgograd) muzhizha, kuti ndikwanise kuramba ndichidzidza nemudzidzisi wangu, ndakasarudza kupindawo muopera.

Ndakaenda kuopera ndichitya. Achindiona ndakapfeka rokwe duku romudzidzi uye ndine jeko, mutungamiriri wacho akasarudza kuti ndakanga ndauya kuzopinda mukwaya yevana. Zvisinei, ndakataura kuti ndaida kuva muimbi ari oga. Ndakaongororwa, ndakagamuchirwa uye ndakarayirwa kuti ndidzidze chikamu chaOlga kubva kune opera Eugene Onegin. Mwedzi miviri gare gare vakandipa Olga kuti aimbe. Ndakanga ndisati ndambonzwa mitambo yeopera uye ndiine pfungwa isina kunaka yekuita kwangu. Nechikonzero chakati, ndakanga ndisingatyi kuimba kwangu panguva iyoyo. Mukuru wacho akandiratidza nzvimbo dzandaifanira kugara uye kwandaifanira kuenda. Ndaive ndisina hunhu ipapo kusvika pakupusa. Uye apo mumwe munhu wekwaya akandituka kuti, ndisati ndakwanisa kufamba-famba pachikuva, ndakanga ndava kutogamuchira muhoro wangu wekutanga, ndakanzwisisa mutsara uyu sezvazviri. Kuti ndidzidze "kufamba pachikuva", ndakagadzira gomba kumashure kwechidzitiro uye, ndakapfugama, ndakatarisa maitiro ose chete pamakumbo evatambi, vachiedza kuyeuka kuti vanofamba sei. Ndakashamiswa zvikuru kuona kuti vanofamba zvavo sezvavanoita muupenyu. Mangwanani ndakauya kuimba yemitambo uye ndakafamba-famba panhandare nemaziso angu akavharwa, kuitira kuti ndiwane chakavanzika che "kukwanisa kufamba-famba pachikuva". Yakanga iri muzhizha ra1919. Muchirimo, maneja mutsva weboka MK Maksakov, sezvavakataura, ndiyo dutu revatambi vose vasingakwanisi. Mufaro wangu waiva mukuru apo Maksakov akandironzesa basa raSiebel muFaust, Madeleine muRigoletto nevamwe. Maksakov aigara achitaura kuti ndine tarenda uye inzwi, asi ini handizivi kuimba zvachose. Ndakanetseka kuti: “Izvi zvingaitika sei, kana ini ndatoimba pachikuva uye ndichitotakura repertoire.” Zvisinei, kukurukurirana uku kwakandinetsa. Ndakatanga kukumbira MK Maksakova kuti ashande neni. Akanga ari muboka nemuimbi, uye mutungamiriri, uye maneja wetiyeta, uye akanga asina nguva yangu. Ipapo ndakasarudza kuenda kunodzidza muPetrograd.

Ndakabva pachiteshi ndakananga kuimba inochengeterwa vana, asi ndakarambirwa kubvumirwa nemhaka yokuti ndakanga ndisina dhipuroma rechikoro chesekondari. Kuti ndibvume kuti ndatova mutambi weopera, ndaitya. Ndakasvotwa chose nekurambwa kwandakaitwa, ndakabuda panze ndikachema zvaipisa tsitsi. Kwenguva yokutanga muupenyu hwangu ndakarwiswa nekutya chaiko: ndiri ndoga muguta risinganzwisisike, ndisina mari, ndisina vaanozivana navo. Sezvineiwo, ndakasangana nemumwe wevaimbi vekwaya muAstrakhan mumugwagwa. Akandibatsira kuti ndigare mumhuri yandakajaira. Mazuva maviri gare gare, Glazunov pachake akandibvunzurudza paimba inochengeterwa mhuka. Akandiendesa kuna purofesa, wandaifanira kutanga kudzidza kuimba. Purofesa wacho akati ndine rwiyo rwemhanzi soprano. Ipapo ndakasarudza kudzokera nokukurumidza kuAstrakhan kuti ndinodzidza naMaksakov, uyo akawana mezzo-soprano neni. Ndichidzokera kunyika yangu, nokukurumidza ndakaroorwa naMK Maksakov, uyo akava mudzidzisi wangu.

Kuvonga mano ake akanaka ezwi, Maksakova akakwanisa kupinda muimba ye opera. "Aive nezwi rehunyanzvi uye hunhu hwakakwana," anonyora kudaro ML Lvov. - Husina kunaka hwaive huchokwadi hweizwi uye pfungwa yerhythm. Chinhu chikuru chakakwezva muimbi wechidiki mukuimba yaive mimhanzi uye kutaura kutaura uye maitiro anoshingaira kune zviri mukati mebasa rakaitwa. Ehe, zvese izvi zvaive zvichiri muhudiki, asi zvaive zvakakwana kuti munhu ane ruzivo padanho anzwe mikana yebudiriro.

Muna 1923, muimbi akatanga kuonekwa pachikuva cheBolshoi mubasa reAmneris uye akabva agamuchirwa muboka remitambo. Kushanda akakomberedzwa nevatenzi vakadai saConductor Suk uye director Lossky, soloists Nezhdanova, Sobinov, Obukhova, Stepanova, Katulskaya, muenzi wechidiki akakurumidza kuona kuti hapana tarenda raizobatsira pasina kusimba kukuru kwesimba: "Nekutenda kune hunyanzvi hweNezhdanova naLohengrin - Sobinov, ini ndakatanga kunzwisisa kuti chifananidzo chetenzi mukuru chinosvika kumuganhu wekutaura chete apo kushungurudzika kukuru kwemukati kunozviratidza nenzira yakapfava uye yakajeka, apo hupfumi hwenyika yemweya hunosanganiswa nekuoma kwekufamba. Ndichinzwa vaimbi ava, ndakatanga kunzwisisa chinangwa nerevo yebasa rangu remangwana. Ndakatoona kuti tarenda uye inzwi ndizvo chete zvinhu nerubatsiro rwekuti chete kuburikidza nekushanda nesimba muimbi wega wega anogona kuwana kodzero yekuimba pachikuva cheBolshoi Theatre. Kukurukurirana naAntonina Vasilievna Nezhdanova, uyo kubva pamazuva okutanga ekugara kwangu paBolshoi Theatre akazova chiremera chikuru kwandiri, akandidzidzisa kuoma uye kujekesa mune unyanzvi hwangu.

Muna 1925 Maksakova akatumirwa kuLeningrad. Ikoko, repertoire yake yekushanda yakazadzikiswa nezvikamu zveOrpheus, Marita (Khovanshchina) uye shamwari yeDasha mu opera For Red Petrograd naGladkovsky naPrussak. Makore maviri gare gare, muna 1927, Maria akadzokera kuMoscow, kuState Academic Bolshoi Theatre, akasara kusvikira 1953 ari muimbi aitungamirira oga weboka rokutanga renyika.

Hazvibviri kutumidza chikamu chakadaro che mezzo-soprano muma operas akaiswa paBolshoi Theatre umo Maksakova aisazopenya. Vasingakanganwi kuzviuru zvevanhu vaiva Carmen wake, Lyubasha, Marina Mnishek, Marfa, Hanna, Spring, Lel mumitambo yemitambo yekare yeRussia, Delilah wake, Azuchena, Ortrud, Charlotte muWerther, uye pakupedzisira Orpheus muopera yaGluck yakarongwa nekutora chikamu kwake. iyo State Ensemble opera pasi pekutungamirwa kweIS Kozlovsky. Aive akanakisa Clarice muProkofiev's The Love for Three Oranges, wekutanga Almast muOpera yaSpendiarov yezita rimwechete, Aksinya muDzerzhinsky's The Quiet Don uye Grunya muChishko's Battleship Potemkin. Ndirwo rwaive rudangwe rwenyanzvi iyi. Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti muimbi, zvose mumakore ake dariro heyday, uye gare gare, kusiya yemitambo, akapa akawanda Concerts. Pakati pezvaakawana zvepamusoro-soro zvinogona kunzi dudziro yerudo naTchaikovsky naSchumann, inoshanda nevanyori veSoviet nenziyo dzevanhu.

Maksakova ari pakati peavo maSoviet maartist akawana mukana wekumiririra hunyanzvi hwedu hwemimhanzi kune dzimwe nyika kekutanga mumakore makumi matatu, uye iye akakodzera plenipotentiary muTurkey, Poland, Sweden, uye mumakore ekupedzisira kwehondo mune dzimwe nyika.

Nekudaro, hazvisi zvese zvakanakisa muhupenyu hwemuimbi mukuru. Anoti mwanasikana Lyudmila, zvakare muimbi, Anoremekedzwa Artist weRussia:

“Murume waamai vangu (vaiva mumiriri kuPoland) akatorwa usiku ndokuenda naye. Haana kuzomuona zvakare. Uye ndozvazvakaita nevazhinji...

… Mushure mekunge vasunga nekupfura murume wake, aigara pasi pebakatwa raDamocles, nekuti yaive imba yemitambo yaStalin. Ko muimbi ane biography yakadai angave arimo sei. Vaida kutumira iye uye ballerina Marina Semenova kuutapwa. Asi hondo yakazotanga, amai vangu vakaenda kuAstrakhan, uye nyaya yacho yakaita seyakanga yakanganwika. Asi paakadzokera kuMoscow, zvakazoitika kuti hapana chakanga chakanganwika: Golovanov akabviswa muminiti imwe paakaedza kumudzivirira. Asi aive munhu ane simba - mutungamiriri mukuru weBolshoi Theatre, muimbi mukuru, muhwina weStalin Prize ... "

Asi pakupedzisira zvinhu zvose zvakabudirira. Muna 1944, Maksakova akagamuchira mubairo wekutanga pamakwikwi akarongwa neKomiti yeUnyanzvi hweU.SSR nokuda kwekuita zvakanakisisa kwerwiyo rweRussia. Muna 1946, Maria Petrovna akagamuchira mubairo weUSSR weHurumende yekubudirira kunoshamisa mumunda weopera uye kuita kwekonzati. Akarigamuchira zvakapetwa kaviri - muna 1949 na1951.

Maksakova mushandi anoshanda nesimba uyo akakwanisa kuwanda uye kusimudza tarenda rake rechisikigo kuburikidza nekushanda nesimba. Waaishanda naye padanho ND Spiller anoyeuka:

"Maksakova akave muimbi nekuda kwechishuwo chake chikuru chekuve muimbi. Chishuwo ichi, chakasimba sechinhu, hachina kupedzwa nechero chinhu, aive achifamba akananga kuchinangwa chake. Paakatanga basa idzva, haana kumbomira kushanda pariri. Akashanda (hongu, akashanda!) pamabasa ake mumatanho. Uye izvi nguva dzose zvaitungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti rutivi rwezwi, dhizaini, chitarisiko - kazhinji, zvinhu zvose zvakawana chimiro chakapedzwa cheunyanzvi, chakazadzwa nechirevo chikuru uye zvinyorwa zvepfungwa.

Chii chaiva simba reunyanzvi raMakkakova? Rimwe nerimwe rebasa rake rakanga risiri chikamu chakaimbwa: nhasi mumamiriro ezvinhu - zvainzwika zviri nani, mangwana kwete - zvishoma zvakanyanya. Aive nezvose uye aigara "achigadzira" akasimba zvakanyanya. Yakanga iri yepamusoro-soro yehunyanzvi. Ndinoyeuka kuti kamwe, pamutambo waCarmen, pamberi pechikuva muimba yokudyira, Maria Petrovna, kuseri kwezviono, akasimudza mupendero wesiketi yake kakawanda pamberi pegirazi ndokutevera kufamba kwegumbo rake. Akanga achigadzirira nhandare yaaifanira kutamba. Asi zviuru zvemaitiro ekuita, kuchinjika, kunyatsofunga-kunze mitsara yezwi, apo zvese zvaive zvakajeka uye zvinonzwisisika - kazhinji, aive aine zvese kuti anyatso zvizere uye nezwi, uye nhanho kuratidza mamiriro emukati emagamba ake, iyo yemukati logic ye. maitiro avo nezviito . Maria Petrovna Maksakova inyanzvi huru yeunyanzvi hwezwi. Chipo chake, hunyanzvi hwake hwepamusoro, maitiro ake kuimba yemitambo, mutoro wake wakakodzera kuremekedzwa zvakanyanya. "

Uye hezvino izvo mumwe waanoshanda naye S.Ya. inoti nezveMaksakova. Lemeshev:

“Haambokundikani kuravira kwehunyanzvi. Anowanzo "kunzwisisa" zvishoma pane "kusvina" (uye izvi ndizvo zvinowanzounza kubudirira nyore kumuiti). Uye kunyangwe pakadzika pasi vazhinji vedu tichiziva kuti kubudirira kwakadaro hakuna kudhura, maartist makuru chete anokwanisa kuramba. Maksakova's musical senitivity inoratidzwa mune zvose, kusanganisira rudo rwake rwekuita konzati, yekamuri mabhuku. Zvakaoma kuona kuti nderipi divi rekuita kwekugadzira kwaMakkakova - nhandare yeopera kana danho rekonzati - rakamuhwina mukurumbira wakafara kudaro. Pakati pezvisikwa zvake zvakanakisisa mumunda wekuita kwekamuri ndeyerudo naTchaikovsky, Balakirev, Schumann's cycle "Love and Life of a woman" nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Ndinoyeuka MP Maksakov, achiimba nziyo dzechiRussia: kuchena kwakadini uye rupo rusingadzivisike rwemweya weRussia rwunoratidzwa mukuimba kwake, kuchena kwakadini kwekunzwa uye kusimba kwemaitiro! Munziyo dzechiRussia mune akawanda makorasi ari kure. Iwe unogona kuvaimba nenzira dzakasiyana: zvose dashingly, uye nechinetso, uye nemafungiro akavanzwa mumashoko: "O, enda kugehena!". Uye Maksakova akawana inzwi rake, rakakweverwa kunze, dzimwe nguva perky, asi rinogara richiwedzerwa nehunyoro hwevakadzi.

Uye heino maonero aVera Davydova:

"Maria Petrovna akakoshesa zvikuru chitarisiko. Kwete chete kuti akanga akanaka chaizvo uye ane chimiro chikuru. Asi aigara achitarisisa chimiro chake chekunze, akanyatso kuomerera pakudya kwakasimba uye nekuomesa musoro kudzidzira gymnastics ...

… Dachas edu pedyo neMoscow muSnegiri, paRwizi rweIstra, akamira pedyo, uye takapedza mazororo edu pamwe chete. Naizvozvo, ndaisangana naMaria Petrovna mazuva ose. Ndakatarira upenyu hwake hwomumusha hwakadzikama nemhuri yake, ndakaona rudo rwake nengwariro kuna amai vake, hanzvadzi, avo vakamupindura nenzira yakafanana. Maria Petrovna aifarira kufamba kwemaawa mumahombekombe eIstra uye achiyemura maonero anoshamisa, masango uye mafuro. Dzimwe nguva taisangana totaura naye, asi kazhinji taingokurukura nyaya dzakapfava dzoupenyu uye taisatombotaura nezvekushanda kwataiita muimba yemitambo. Hukama hwedu hwaive hushamwari uye hwakachena. Tairemekedza uye taikoshesa basa neunyanzvi zvomumwe nomumwe.”

Maria Petrovna, kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake, asiya chikuva, akaramba achirarama hupenyu hwakabatikana. Akadzidzisa hunyanzvi hwezwi kuGITIS, kwaakange ari mutevedzeri wemupurofesa, akatungamira Chikoro chePeople's Singing muMoscow, akapinda mudare remakwikwi akawanda eMubatanidzwa uye epasi rose, uye aiita zvenhau.

Maksakova akafa musi waAugust 11, 1974 muMoscow.