Hans Knappertsbusch |
Hans Knappertbusch
Vanoda mimhanzi, vamwe vaimbi muGermany nedzimwe nyika vakangomuti "Kna" kwenguva pfupi. Asi kuseri kwezita remadunhurirwa iri kwaive neruremekedzo rukuru rwemuenzi anoshamisa, mumwe wevaMohicans vekupedzisira vechikoro chekare cheGerman conductor. Hans Knappertsbusch akanga ari muimbi-muzivi uye panguva imwe chete muimbi werudo - "wekupedzisira rudo papodium", sezvaakamudana naErnst Krause. Imwe neimwe yemitambo yake yakava chiitiko chemumhanzi chaiwo: yakavhura mahorizoni matsva kune vateereri mune dzimwe nguva dzinozivikanwa nziyo.
Apo chimiro chinonakidza cheiyi muimbi chakaonekwa pachikuva, kumwe kushushikana kwakamuka muhoro, iyo isina kusiya orchestra nevateereri kusvika kumagumo. Zvaiita sokuti zvose zvaaiita zvakanga zviri nyore, dzimwe nguva zviri nyore. Mafambiro eKnappertsbusch aive akadzikama zvisingaite, asina kana chekubata. Kazhinji, panguva dzakanyanya kukosha, airega zvachose kuitisa, achidzikisa maoko ake, sokunge achiedza kusavhiringidza kuyerera kwepfungwa yemimhanzi nemasaini ake. Maonero akaitwa ekuti orchestra yairidza yega, asi yaingove pachena kuzvimirira: simba retarenda remuitisi uye kuverenga kwake kwakanaka kwaiva nevaimbi vakanga vasara voga nemimhanzi. Uye chete panguva dzisina kujairika dzemagumo Knappertsbusch akangoerekana akanda mawoko ake mahombe kumusoro nekumativi - uye kuputika uku kwakashamisa vateereri.
Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner naWagner ndivo vanyori vane dudziro yekuti Knappertsbusch yakasvika pakakwirira. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kududzira kwake mabasa evanyori vakuru kazhinji kazhinji kwakakonzera kukakavadzana kukuru, uye kwakaratidzika kuvazhinji kuva kutsauka patsika. Asi kuKnappertsbusch kwakanga kusina mitemo kunze kwemimhanzi pachayo. Chero zvazvingava, nhasi marekodhi ake enziyo dzenziyo dzaBeethoven, Brahms naBruckner, maopera aWagner, uye mamwe mabasa mazhinji ava muenzaniso wekuverenga kwemazuva ano kwekirasi.
Kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, Knappertsbusch yakatora imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweEurope. Muhuduku hwake, akarota kuva muzivi, uye chete nemakore makumi maviri akazopedzisira asarudza mimhanzi. Kubva 1910, Knappertsbusch anga achishanda mudzimba dzeopera mumaguta akasiyana eGermany - Elberfeld, Leipzig, Dessau, uye muna 1922 akazova mutsivi waB. Walter, achitungamira Munich Opera. Ipapo akanga atozivikanwa munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo akanga ari muduku kuna vose "General Music Director" munhoroondo yeGermany.
Panguva iyoyo, mukurumbira weKnappertsbush wakapararira muEurope yose. Uye imwe yenyika dzakatanga kurumbidza nemufaro hunyanzvi hwake yaive Soviet Union. Knappertsbusch akashanyira USSR katatu, achisiya pfungwa isingadzimiki nekududzira kwake mimhanzi yeGermany uye "pakupedzisira akakunda mwoyo yevateereri" (sezvakanyorwa nemumwe wevaongorori panguva iyoyo) nekuita kwake kweFifth Symphony yaTchaikovsky. Aya ndiwo mapinduriro akaita magazini yeLife of Art kune imwe yemakonzati ake: “Mutauro wakasiyana zvikuru, usina kujairika, unochinjika zvikuru uye wakapfava wedzimwe nguva usinganzwiki, asi kufamba kunooneka kwechiso, musoro, muviri wose, zvigunwe. Knappertsbusch anopisa panguva yekutamba aine zvakadzika zvemukati zviitiko zvinobatika muchimiro chake chose, zvisingadzivisiki zvichipfuudzira kune orchestra uye kumutapurira zvisingadzivisiki. MuKnappertsbusch, hunyanzvi hunosanganiswa nehukuru hwakasimba-hunoda uye hwemoyo. Izvi zvinomuisa pakati pemakondakita akatanhamara emazuva ano.”
Pashure pokunge vaNazi vatanga kutonga muGermany, Knappertsbusch akabviswa pachinzvimbo chake muMunich. Kutendeseka uye kusatendeseka kwemuiti wacho kwakanga kusiri kudiwa nevaNazi. Akatamira kuVienna, uko kusvikira pakupera kwehondo, akaita mabasa eHurumende Opera. Hondo yapera, mutambi wacho akaita zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura kare, asi konzati imwe neimwe kana kuti opera achitungamirirwa naye yakaunza rukundo chairwo. Kubva 1951, anga achigara achitora chikamu muBayreuth Festivals, kwaakaitisa Der Ring des Nibelungen, Parsifal, uye Nuremberg Mastersingers. Mushure mekudzorerwa kweGerman State Opera muBerlin, muna 1955 Knappertsbusch yakauya kuGDR kuzoitisa Der Ring des Nibelungen. Uye kwese kwese vaimbi neruzhinji vaibata muimbi anoshamisa nekuyemura neruremekedzo rwakadzama.
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek
