Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (Gertrud Elisabeth Mara) |

Gertrud Elisabeth Mara

Muna 1765, Elisabeth Schmeling ane makore gumi nematanhatu akashinga kupa konzati yeruzhinji munyika yake - muguta reGerman reKassel. Akanga atova nemukurumbira - makore gumi apfuura. Elizabeth akaenda kunze kwenyika semutambi weviolin. Iye zvino akadzoka kubva kuEngland semuimbi anoshuva, uye baba vake, avo vaigara vachiperekedza mwanasikana wavo semupepeti, vakamupa chiziviso chine ruzha kuitira kuti akwezve kutarisa kwedare reKassel: ani nani aizosarudza kuimba sezvaaifanira kuita. kuzvifadza nemutongi uye kupinda mu opera yake. The Landgrave yeHesse, senyanzvi, yakatumira mukuru weboka rake reopera, mumwe Morelli, kukonzati. Mutongo wake waiti: "Ella canta come una tedesca." (Anoimba semuJerimani – wokuItaly.) Hapana chinogona kuipa! Elizabeth, hongu, haana kukokwa kudare redzimhosva. Uye izvi hazvishamise: vaimbi veGerman vakabva vanzi vakaderera zvakanyanya. Uye kubva kuna ani wavaifanira kutora hunyanzvi hwakadaro kuti vakwanise kukwikwidza neveItaly virtuosos? Pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, opera yeGerman yaive chaiyo yekuItaly. Vese vakanyanya kukosha vamambo vaive nemapoka eopera, akakokwa, sekutonga, kubva kuItari. Vakapindwa zvachose nemaItari, kubva kune maestro, ane mabasa aisanganisira kuumba mimhanzi, uye kupera ne prima donna uye wechipiri muimbi. Vaimbi veGerman, kana vakakwezvwa, vaingove vemitambo yazvino.

Hakungave kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti vanyori vakuru veGerman vekupedzisira Baroque havana chavakaita kubatsira mukubuda kweOpera yavo yeGerman. Handel akanyora ma opera semuItaly, uye oratorios semuRungu. Gluck akagadzira maopera echiFrench, Graun naHasse - emuItaly.

Makore makumi mashanu apfuura uye mushure mekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo zvimwe zviitiko zvakapa tariro yekubuda kweimba yenyika yeGerman opera. Panguva iyoyo, mumaguta akawanda eGermany, zvivako zvemitambo zvakakura sehowa mushure memvura, kunyange zvazvo vakadzokorora zvivakwa zveItaly, asi vakashanda senzvimbo dzeunyanzvi, izvo hazvina kukopa zvachose Venetian opera. Basa guru pano raive remitambo paGänsemarkt muHamburg. Imba yeguta reguta rakapfuma revadzidzisi vakatsigira vanyori, vazhinji vevane tarenda uye vakakura Reinhard Kaiser, uye vakasununguka vakanyora mitambo yeGerman. Dzaive dzakavakirwa pabhaibheri, ngano, nhando uye dzenzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzenzvimbo dzinoperekedzwa nemimhanzi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti ivo vaive kure kwazvo kubva kune yakakwira tsika tsika yevaItaly.

Iyo yeGerman Singspiel yakatanga kukura makumi mashoma emakore gare gare, apo, pasi pesimba raRousseau nevanyori vesangano reSturm und Drang, kunetsana kwakamuka pakati pekunatswa (saka, Baroque opera) kune rumwe rutivi, uye hunhu uye vanhu, pane imwe. MuParis, kunetsana uku kwakakonzera gakava pakati pemabuffonists nevanorwisa-buffonists, iro rakatanga kutanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Vamwe vevatori vechikamu vakaita mabasa akange asina kujairika kwavari - muzivi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kunyanya, akatora rutivi rweItaly opera buffa, kunyangwe murwiyo rwake rwainyanya kufarirwa "The Country Muroyi" akazunungusa hutongi hwerwiyo runobhomba. dambudziko - opera yaJean Baptiste Lully. Ehe, kwaisava kurudzi rwemunyori, asi mubvunzo unokosha wehunyanzvi hwekugadzira: chii chine kodzero yekuvepo - stylized baroque kubwinya kana mumhanzi komedhi, artificiality kana kudzokera kune zvakasikwa?

Gluck's reformist opera zvakare yakasimudza chikero ichifarira ngano uye nzira. Muimbi weGermany akapinda muchikamu chepasi rose cheParis pasi pemureza wekurwira kutonga kwakajeka kwecoloratura muzita rechokwadi chehupenyu; asi zvinhu zvakazoitika nenzira yokuti kukunda kwayo kwakangorebesa utongi hwakaputsika hwevamwari namagamba ekare, castrati neprima donnas, ndiko kuti, mutambo we<em>baroque wekupedzisira, uchiratidza umbozha hwematare emadzimambo.

MuGermany, kumukira kwairi kunotangira kuchikamu chechitatu chokupedzisira chezana ramakore rechi 1776. Kukodzera uku ndekweyekutanga ine mwero yeGerman Singspiel, yaive nyaya yekugadzirwa kwemuno chete. Muna 1785, Emperor Joseph II akatanga nhandare yedare redzimhosva muVienna, kwavakaimba muchiGerman, uye makore mashanu gare gare opera yaMozart yechiGerman The Abduction from the Seraglio yakaitwa. Aya aingova mavambo, kunyangwe akagadzirwa neakawanda zvidimbu zveSingspiel zvakanyorwa nevanyori veGerman neAustria. Nehurombo, Mozart, shasha inoshingaira uye muparidzi we "German national theatre", munguva pfupi aifanira kutendeukira zvakare kune rubatsiro rweItaly librettists. "Dai paive paine imwezve chiGerman mutheater," akanyunyuta muna XNUMX, "imba yemitambo ingadai yakatosiyana zvachose! Iri basa rakaisvonaka richabudirira bedzi pashure pokunge isu maGermany tatanga kufunga zvakakomba muchiGermany, kuita chiito muchiGermany nokuimba muchiGermany!”

Asi zvese zvaive zvichiri kure neizvozvo, apo muKassel kekutanga muimbi wechidiki Elisabeth Schmeling akaita pamberi peruzhinji rweGerman, iye Mara uyo akazokunda maguta makuru eEurope, akasundira madonna eItaly mumumvuri, uye muVenice. uye Turin akavakunda nerubatsiro rwezvombo zvavo. Frederick Mukuru akataura nemufaro kuti angada kuteerera arias yakaitwa nemabhiza ake pane kuve neGerman prima donna mu opera yake. Ngatiyeukei kuti kuzvidza kwake mifananidzo yeGermany, kubatanidza mabhuku, kwakanga kuri kwechipiri bedzi pakuzvidza kwake vakadzi. Kukunda kwakadini kwaMara zvokuti kunyange mambo uyu akava muyemure wake mukuru!

Asi haana kumunamata se "muimbi weGermany". Nenzira imwecheteyo, kukunda kwake pamatanho eEurope hakuna kusimudza mukurumbira weOpera yeGerman. Kweupenyu hwake hwese aiimba chete muchiItalian neChirungu, uye aingoridza maopera echiItaly chete, kunyangwe vanyori vawo vaive Johann Adolf Hasse, munyori wedare waFrederick Mukuru, Karl Heinrich Graun kana Handel. Paunojairana nerepertoire yake, padanho rega rega unosangana nemazita evanyori vaanofarira, vane zvibodzwa, zveyero nguva nenguva, vari kuunganidza guruva risina kutaurwa mudura. Aya ndiwo Nasolini, Gazzaniga, Sacchini, Traetta, Piccinni, Iomelli. Akararama Mozart nemakore makumi mana, uye Gluck nemakore makumi mashanu, asi hapana kana mumwe kana mumwe wacho asina kunakidzwa naye. Chinhu chake chaive chekare Neapolitan bel canto opera. Nemoyo wake wose akanga akazvipira kuchikoro cheItaly chekuimba, chaaifunga kuti ndicho choga chechokwadi, uye aizvidza zvose zvinogona kutyisidzira kukanganisa simba rose re prima donna. Uyezve, kubva pamaonero ake, prima donna yaifanira kuimba zvine mutsindo, uye zvimwe zvese zvakanga zvisina kukosha.

Takagamuchira ongororo dzakasimba kubva kune venguva yake nezve virtuoso maitiro (zvakanyanya kushamisa kuti Erizabheti aive mupfungwa yakazara yekuzvidzidzisa). Inzwi rake, maererano noufakazi, rakanga rakafara zvikurusa, akaimba mukati meanopfuura maviri nehafu octave, achitora nyore nyore manotsi kubva kuB ediki octave kusvika F yechitatu octave; "Toni dzese dzainzwika dzakachena zvakaenzana, dzakanaka uye dzisingadzoreki, sekunge aive asiri mukadzi aiimba, asi ruzha rwakanaka rwakatamba." Kutamba kunotsvinda uye nemazvo, madhirigi asingaenzaniswi, nyasha nematrills zvaive zvakakwana zvekuti muEngland chirevo chekuti "anoimba mumhanzi saMara" chaitenderera. Asi hapana chakajairika chinoshumwa nezve data rake rekuita. Paakashorwa nenyaya yekuti kunyangwe mumitambo yerudo anoramba akadzikama uye asina hanya, akangosimudza mapendekete ake achipindura: "Ndoitei - kuimba netsoka dzangu nemaoko? Ndiri muimbi. Chii chisingagone kuitwa nezwi, ini handiite. Chitarisiko chake chaive chakajairika. Mumifananidzo yekare, anoratidzwa semukadzi akakora ane chiso chinozvishingisa chisingashamisi nerunako kana pakunamata.

MuParis, kushaikwa kwekunaka muzvipfeko zvake kwakasekwa. Kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, haana kumbobvisa imwe primitiveness uye German provincialism. Hupenyu hwake hwese hwemweya hwaive mumimhanzi, uye mazviri chete. Uye kwete mukuimba chete; ainyatsoziva mabhesi edhijitari, ainzwisisa dzidziso yekunzwanana, uye akatozvinyora mimhanzi iye pachake. Rimwe zuva Maestro Gazza-niga akareurura kwaari kuti aisakwanisa kuwana dingindira remunamato wearia; husiku pamberi pekutanga, akanyora aria neruoko rwake, kune mufaro mukuru wemunyori. Uye kupinza muarias akasiyana coloratura matipi uye mutsauko kune kuravira kwako, uchivaunza kune hunhu hwakanaka, yaiwanzoonekwa panguva iyoyo sekodzero inoera yechero prima donna.

Mara zvamazvirokwazvo haigoni kuverengerwa kunhamba yevaimbi vakangwara, iyo yaiva, inoti, Schroeder-Devrient. Dai anga ari muItaly, mukurumbira wakaderera waizowira kumugove wake, asi aizoramba ari munhoroondo yemitambo yemitambo imwe chete yevakawanda mumutsara we prima donnas. Asi Mara akanga ari muGermany, uye aya mamirire ezvinhu ndooukoshi hukurusa kwatiri. Akave mumiriri wekutanga wevanhu ava, achikunda nekupfuura nepakati pevahosi vekuItaly vezwi - wekutanga weGerman prima donna wepasi rose.

Mara akararama upenyu hurefu, inenge nguva imwe cheteyo naGoethe. Akaberekerwa muKassel musi waFebruary 23, 1749, ndiko kuti, mugore rimwe chete semudetembi mukuru, uye akararama kwaari kwerinenge gore. Mumwe mukurumbira wekare wekare, akafa muna Ndira 8, 1833 muReval, kwaakashanyirwa nevaimbi vachienda kuRussia. Goethe akadzokorora kumunzwa achiimba, kekutanga paakanga ari mudzidzi muLeipzig. Zvadaro akayemura "muimbi akanaka kwazvo", uyo panguva iyoyo akapikisa chanza chekunaka kubva kuCrown Schroeter yakanaka. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwemakore, zvinoshamisa kuti kushingaira kwake kwakadzikama. Asi apo shamwari dzekare dzakapemberera zuva remakore makumi masere nemaviri raMaria, muOlympian haana kuda kumira parutivi ndokutsaurira nhetembo mbiri kwaari. Heino yechipiri:

Kuna Madame Mara Kuzuva rakanaka rekuzvarwa kwake Weimar, 1831

Nzira yenyu yakarohwa norwiyo, nemoyo yose yavakaurawa; Ndakaimbawo, ndakafuridzira Torivshi nzira yako. Ndichiri kurangarira Nezvekunakidzwa kwekuimba Uye ndinokutumirai mhoro Sechikomborero.

Kukudza chembere nevezera rake kwakava mufaro wake wekupedzisira. Uye akanga ari “pedyo nevavariro”; mune zveunyanzvi, akawana zvese zvaaigona kushuvira kwenguva yakareba, kusvika pamazuva ekupedzisira airatidza chiitiko chinoshamisa - akapa zvidzidzo zvekuimba, uye pamakumi masere aivaraidza vaenzi nechiitiko chemutambo waakatamba naDonna. Anna. Nzira yake yehupenyu inotambudza, iyo yakatungamirira Mara kusvika kumusoro-soro kwekubwinya, yakamhanya nemugomba rakadzika-dzika rekushaya, kusuwa uye kuora mwoyo.

Elisabeth Schmeling akaberekerwa mumhuri yediki-bourgeois. Aive wechisere pavana gumi vemuimbi weguta muKassel. Apo pazera ramakore matanhatu musikana wacho akaratidza kubudirira mukuridza violin, Baba Schmeling vakakurumidza kuziva kuti munhu aigona kubetserwa namano ake. Panguva iyoyo, ndiko kuti, kunyange pamberi peMozart, pakanga pane fashoni huru yevana vakanaka. Elizabeth, zvisinei, akanga asiri mwana mudiki, asi aingova nehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, hwakazviratidza nemukana mukuridza violin. Pakutanga, baba nemwanasikana vaifudza kumatare emachinda maduku, ndokubva vatamira kuHolland neEngland. Yakanga iri nguva yezvikwiriso zvisingaperi, zvichiperekedzwa nebudiriro duku uye urombo husingagumi.

Zvimwe Baba Schmeling vaitarisira kudzoka kukuru kubva kuimba, kana, maererano nezvinyorwa, vakanyatsobatwa nemashoko evamwe vakadzi veChirungu vanoremekedzwa kuti zvakanga zvisina kukodzera kuti musikana mudiki aridze violin, chero zvakadaro, kubva ane makore gumi nerimwe, Elizabeth anga achingoimba semuimbi uye gitare. Zvidzidzo zvekuimba - kubva kumudzidzisi weLondon ane mukurumbira Pietro Paradisi - akatora kwemavhiki mana chete: kumudzidzisa mahara kwemakore manomwe - uye ndizvo chaizvo zvaidiwa mumazuva iwayo kudzidziswa kwemazwi akazara - muItaly, uyo akabva angomuona asingawanzo. data yechisikigo, yakabvumirana chete nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuti mune ramangwana achagamuchira zvakaderedzwa kubva pamari yeaimbove mudzidzi. Neichi chekare Schmeling aisagona kubvumirana. Nekunetsekana kwavo chete vakatozoraramisa nemwanasikana wavo. MuIreland, Schmeling akaenda kujeri - aisakwanisa kubhadhara mari yake yehotera. Makore maviri gare gare, vakawirwa nenhamo: kuKassel kwakasvika shoko rokufa kwaamai vavo; pashure pemakore gumi akapedza ari kune imwe nyika, Schmeling akanga ava kuda kudzokera kuguta rokumusha kwake, asi ipapo mubatsiri akaoneka uye Schmeling akaiswazve mujeri nokuda kwezvikwereti, panguva ino kwemwedzi mitatu. Tariro chete yeruponeso yaiva mwanasikana ane makore gumi nemashanu. Ari oga zvake, akayambuka mugero nechikepe chiri nyore, achienda kuAmsterdam, kushamwari dzekare. Vakanunura Schmeling kubva muhusungwa.

Kukundikana kwakanaya mumusoro memukuru hakuna kuputsa bhizinesi rake. Kwakanga kuri nokuda kwenhamburiko dzake kuti konzati muKassel yakaitika, apo Elisabeth “akaimba somuGermany.” Hapana mubvunzo kuti aizoramba achimubatanidza muzviitiko zvitsva, asi Erizabheti akachenjera akabuda mukuteerera. Aida kupinda zvaiitwa nevaimbi vokuItaly muimba yemitambo, ateerere kuimba kwavaiita, uye adzidze chimwe chinhu kubva kwavari.

Kupfuura chero munhu upi zvake, akanzwisisa kuti akanga asina zvakawanda sei. Ane, sezviri pachena, nyota huru yezivo uye kugona kunoshamisa kwemimhanzi, akawana mumwedzi mishoma izvo zvinotora makore ekushanda nesimba nevamwe. Mushure mekuita kumatare madiki uye muguta reGöttingen, muna 1767 akatora chikamu mu "Great Concerts" naJohann Adam Hiller muLeipzig, avo vaive vatungamiri vemakonzati muLeipzig Gewandhaus, uye akabva abatanidzwa. MuDresden, mudzimai wemuvhoti pachake akatora chikamu mune ramangwana rake - akapa Elizabeth kumutambo wedare. Achifarira chete unyanzvi hwake, musikana wacho akaramba vanyoreri vanoverengeka nokuda kworuoko rwake. Maawa mana pazuva aipinda mukuimba, uye nekuwedzera - piyano, kutamba, uye kunyange kuverenga, masvomhu uye zviperengo, nekuti makore ehudiki ekudzungaira aive akarasika nekuda kwedzidzo yechikoro. Nenguva isipi vakatanga kutaura nezvake kunyange muBerlin. Mukuru wekonzati yaMambo Friedrich, mutambi weviolin Franz Benda, akasuma Elisabeth kudare, uye muna 1771 akakokwa kuSanssouci. Kuzvidza kwamambo vaimbi veGermany (iyo, nenzira, yaakagovera zvakakwana) yakanga isiri chakavanzika kuna Elizabeth, asi izvi hazvina kumudzivisa kuti aoneke pamberi pamambo ane simba pasina mumvuri wekunyadziswa, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo maitiro ekutsauka uye maitiro. despotism, yakajairika ye "Old Fritz". Akamuimbira zviri nyore kubva papepa bravura aria yakazadzwa nearpeggio uye coloratura kubva kuGraun's opera Britannica uye akapihwa mubairo: mambo akakatyamadzwa akati: "Tarisa, anogona kuimba!" Akaombera zvine simba ndokusheedzera kuti "bravo".

Ndipo pakanyemwerera Elisabeth Schmeling mufaro! Panzvimbo pe "kuteerera kuchema kwebhiza rake", mambo akamuraira kuti aite seyekutanga yeGermany prima donna mumutambo wake wedare, ndiko kuti, munhandare umo kusvikira zuva iroro chete maItaly akaimba, kusanganisira maviri akakurumbira castrati!

Frederick akafadzwa zvikuru zvokuti muchembere Schmeling, uyo akashandawo pano sebhizimisi rakafanana nebhizimisi kumwanasikana wake, akakwanisa kutaurirana naye muhoro wakaisvonaka wezviuru zvitatu zvemathaler (gare gare yakawedzerwazve). Elisabeth akapedza makore mapfumbamwe ari mudare reBerlin. Anetswa namambo, saka akatowana mukurumbira wakafara munyika dzese dzeEurope kunyangwe iye asati ashanyira mimhanzi yekondinendi. Nenyasha dzamambo, akava mukadzi wedare airemekedzwa zvikuru, ane nzvimbo yaitsvakwa nevamwe, asi unyengeri husingadzivisiki padare rose hwakaita zvishoma kuna Elizabeth. Unyengeri kana rudo hazvina kusunda mwoyo wake.

Iwe haungati aive akaremerwa nemabasa ake. Chikuru chacho chaiva chokuimba manheru emimhanzi yamambo, apo iye pachake airidza nyere, uyewo kuita mabasa makuru mumitambo inenge gumi panguva yecarnival. Kubva 1742, chivako chakareruka asi chinonakidza chebaroque chakafanana nePrussia chakaonekwa paUnter den Linden - opera yehumambo, basa remugadziri Knobelsdorff. Akwezvwa netarenda raElisabeth, Berliners “kubva kuvanhu” vakatanga kushanyira temberi iyi yevane mitauro yedzimwe nyika kune vanokudzwa kakawanda – maererano nezvinodiwa naFriedrich zvakajeka, maopera akanga achiri kuitwa muchiItalian.

Papindwapo pakanga pasina, asi matikiti eimba yemitambo akapiwa nevashandi vayo, uye vaifanira kunamira mumaoko avo kuti vanwe tii. Nzvimbo dzakagovaniswa mukunyatsoenderana nemapoka uye zvigaro. Muchikamu chekutanga - vatongi, mune yechipiri - vamwe vose vanokudzwa, mune chechitatu - vagari veguta. Mambo akagara pamberi pavose vaiva mumatanga, shure kwake kwakagara machinda. Akatevera zviitiko pachikuva mune lorgnette, uye "bravo" yake yakashanda sechiratidzo chekuombera. Mambokadzi, aigara zvakaparadzana naFrederick, uye machindakadzi vakatora bhokisi repakati.

Imba yemitambo yakanga isina kudziyiswa. Pamazuva anotonhora echando, apo kupisa kwaibudiswa nemakenduru nemarambi emafuta kwakanga kusina kukwana kupisa imba yacho, mambo akatendeukira kumushonga wakaedzwa uye wakaedzwa: akarayira zvikwata zvevarwi veBerlin kuti vaite basa ravo rehondo muchivako chemitambo. zuva. Basa revashandi raive nyore nyore - kumira mumatanda, kuparadzira kudziya kwemiviri yavo. Ishamwari isingaenzaniswi zvechokwadi pakati peApollo neMars!

Zvichida Elisabeth Schmeling, nyeredzi iyi, yakasimuka nekukurumidza mumhepo yemitambo, ingadai yakaramba iripo kusvika panguva yaakabva pachikuva chete dare prima donna ramambo wePrussia, nemamwe mazwi, mutambi wechiGerman, dai asina. akasangana nemurume pakonti yedare muRheinsberg Castle , uyo, akatanga kutamba basa remudiwa wake, uye ipapo murume wake, akava muparidzi asingazivi wekuti akagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Johann Baptist Mara aidiwa nemuchinda wePrussia Heinrich, munun'una wamambo. Uyu chizvarwa cheBohemia, ane chipo chemusero, aive nehunhu hunosemesa. Muimbi wacho ainwawo uye, kana akadhakwa, akava munhu asina tsika uye anodheerera. Mudiki prima donna, uyo kusvika panguva iyoyo aiziva hunyanzvi hwake chete, akadanana nemumwe murume akanaka pakutanga kuona. Muchembere Schmeling, pasina kutaura, akaedza kurambidza mwanasikana wake kubva pakubatana kusina kufanira; akawana chete kuti akaparadzana nababa vake, pasina kukundikana, zvisinei, kuti avape mari yekuchengeta.

Pane imwe nguva, apo Mara aifanira kutamba mudare muBerlin, akawanwa akafa akadhakwa muimba yokutandarira. Mambo akashatirwa, uye kubvira ipapo upenyu hwomuimbi wacho hwakachinja zvikuru. Pamukana wega wega - uye pakanga paine nyaya dzinopfuura dzakakwana - mambo akabaya Mara mune rimwe gomba redunhu, uye akambotumira nemapurisa kunhare yeMarienburg kuEast Prussia. Zvikumbiro zveshuwa chete zveprima donna zvakamanikidza mambo kuti amudzosere. Muna 1773, vakaroorana, pasinei zvapo nomusiyano murudzidziso (Elizabeth akanga ari muPurotesitendi, uye Mara akanga ari muKaturike) uye pasinei zvapo nokurambwa kukurusa kwakare Fritz, uyo, sababa vechokwadi vorudzi, akazvirangarira amene amene ane maruramiro okudzongonyedza kunyange munhau. hupenyu hwepedyo hweprima donna yake. Asiya muchato uyu nokuzvidira, mambo akapfuura Erizabheti nomumutungamiriri wemutambo wacho kuitira kuti, Mwari ngaasadaro, asafunga nezvokuva nepamuviri mitambo yecarnival isati yasvika.

Elizabeth Mara, sezvaaidanwa zvino, asingafariri kubudirira chete pachikuva, asiwo mufaro wemhuri, aigara muCharlottenburg nenzira huru. Asi akarasikirwa nerugare rwake rwepfungwa. Kusaremekedza kwemurume wake mudare uye pamutambo wacho kwakabvisa shamwari dzake dzekare, tisingatauri nezvamambo. Iye, uyo akanga aziva rusununguko muEngland, zvino akanzwa sokunge akanga ari mukeji yendarama. Pakukwirira kwecarnival, iye naMara vakaedza kutiza, asi vakavharirwa nevarindi pamusasa weguta, mushure mezvo muchengeti akaendeswazve kuutapwa. Erizabheti akaudza tenzi wake zvikumbiro zvinoodza mwoyo, asi mambo akamuramba nehasha. Pane chimwe chezvikumbiro zvake, akanyora kuti, "Anobhadharwa pakuimba, kwete kunyora." Mara akasarudza kutsiva. Pamadekwana akadzikama mukukudza muenzi - Mukuru weRussia Mukuru Pavel, pamberi apo mambo aida kuratidzira prima donna yake yakakurumbira, akaimba nemaune asina hanya, anenge nenzwi riri pasi, asi pakupedzisira kusina maturo kwakawedzera kugumbuka. Akaimba rwiyo rwokupedzisira nechido chakadaro, nokupenya kukuru, zvokuti gore rokutinhira rakanga rakaungana pamusoro wake rakapera uye mambo akaratidza kufara kwake.

Erizabheti akakumbira akumbirazve mambo kuti amubvumire kuenda kunoshanya, asi aigara achiramba. Zvichida pfungwa dzake dzakamuudza kuti aisazombodzoka. Nguva isingagoneki yakanga yakakombama musana wake kuti afe, akaunyana kumeso kwake, zvino kurangarira siketi yakapfava, yakaita kuti zvisaite kuridza nyere, nekuti maoko eArthritic haachateereri. Akatanga kukanda mapfumo pasi. Greyhounds aive anodikanwa kune akura kwazvo Friedrich kupfuura vanhu vese. Asi akateerera prima donna yake nokuyemura kumwe chete, kunyanya paakaimba zvikamu zvake zvaaifarira, chokwadi, Italian, nokuti aienzanisa mimhanzi yaHaydn naMozart nemakonzati ekitsi akaipisisa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Erizabheti akakwanisa pakupedzisira kukumbira zororo. Akapiwa kugamuchirwa kwakakodzera muLeipzig, Frankfurt uye, chii chainyanya kumuda, munharaunda yake yeKassel. Pakudzoka, akapa konzati muWeimar, iyo yakapindwa naGoethe. Akadzokera kuBerlin achirwara. Mambo, mune kumwe kuda kwake, haana kumubvumira kuti aende kunorapwa muguta reBohemian reTeplitz. Uhu hwakanga huri huswa hwekupedzisira hwakapfachukira mukombe wemoyo murefu. VanaMara pakupedzisira vakasarudza kutiza, asi vakaita nokungwarira kukuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, vasingatarisiri, vakasangana na Count Brühl muDresden, izvo zvakavapinza mukutya kusingatsananguriki: zvinokwanisika here kuti mushumiri wemasimba ose achazivisa mumiriri wePrussia pamusoro pevapoteri? Vanogona kunzwisiswa - pamberi pemeso avo akamira muenzaniso weVoltaire mukuru, uyo chikamu chechina chezana remakore rapfuura muFrankfurt akavharirwa nevanoongorora mambo wePrussia. Asi zvese zvakafamba zvakanaka, vakayambuka muganhu wekuponesa neBohemia uye vakasvika muVienna nemuPrague. Old Fritz, aziva nezvekupukunyuka, pakutanga akaenda kumhirizhonga uye akatotumira mutumwa kudare reVienna achida kuti mupoteri adzoke. Vienna yakatumira mhinduro, uye hondo yezvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika yakatanga, umo mambo wePrussia akakurumidza kuisa maoko ake pasi. Asi haana kuzviramba amene mufaro wokutaura pamusoro paMara nokutsoropodza kwouzivi: “Mukadzi anotera chose chose uye chose chose kumurume anofananidzwa nembwa inovhima: paanoramba achikava, ndipo paanowedzera kushandira tenzi wake nokuzvipira.”

Pakutanga, kuzvipira kumurume wake hakuna kuunza Erizabheti rombo rakanaka. Dare reVienna rakagamuchira "Prussian" prima donna zvakatonhora, chete Archduchess Marie-Theresa wekare, achiratidza hukama, akamupa tsamba yekurumbidza kumwanasikana wake, French Queen Marie Antoinette. Vaviri ava vakamira kwavo kuMunich. Panguva ino, Mozart akaisa opera yake Idomeneo ipapo. Maererano naye, Erizabheti “haana kuwana rombo rakanaka rokumufadza.” “Anoita zvishoma kwazvo kuti aite sembavha (ndiro basa rake), uye zvakanyanyisa kubaya mwoyo nokuimba kwakanaka.”

Mozart ainyatsoziva kuti Elisabeth Mara, nokuda kworutivi rwake, haana kukoshesa nziyo dzake. Zvichida izvi zvakapesvedzera kutonga kwake. Kwatiri, chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha: muchiitiko ichi, nguva mbiri dzakaparadzana kune imwe neimwe dzakabonderana, yekare, iyo yaiziva kukosha mu opera yekunaka kwemimhanzi, uye itsva, iyo yaida kutungamirirwa kwemimhanzi uye inzwi. kuita zvinoshamisa.

Maras akapa konzati pamwe chete, uye zvakaitika kuti akanaka cellist akabudirira kupfuura mudzimai wake ane benzi. Asi muParis, mushure mekuita muna 1782, akazova mambokadzi asina kupfekedzwa chigaro, apo muridzi weContralto Lucia Todi, chizvarwa chechiPutukezi, akanga ambotonga. Kunyangwe nemusiyano we data rezwi pakati pema prima donnas, kwakamuka kukwikwidza kwakapinza. Musical Paris kwemwedzi yakawanda yakakamurwa kuva Todists uye Maratist, vakazvipira zvakanyanyisa kuzvidhori zvavo. Mara akaratidza kuti anoshamisa zvokuti Marie Antoinette akamupa zita remuimbi wekutanga weFrance. Zvino London yaidawo kunzwa prima donna yakakurumbira, uyo, ari muGermany, kunyanguvezvo akaimba nenzira youmwari. Hapana aivepo, chokwadi, akarangarira musikana wemupemhi uyo makore makumi maviri chaiwo apfuura aive abva kuEngland nekupererwa akadzokera kuContinent. Iye zvino adzoka muruzevha rwekubwinya. Koniti yekutanga paPantheon - uye akatokunda mwoyo yeBritish. Akapiwa rukudzo rwakaita sepasina muimbi akamboziva kubva panguva huru prima donnas yenguva yeHandel. Muchinda weWales akave muyemure wake ane shungu, angangodaro akakunda kwete chete nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekuimba. Iyewo, sepasina imwe nzvimbo, akanzwa ari pamusha muEngland, pasina chikonzero zvakanga zviri nyore kuti ataure uye anyore muchiRungu. Gare gare, pakatanga mwaka weItaly opera, akaimbawo kuRoyal Theatre, asi kubudirira kwake kukuru kwakaunzwa nemitambo yemakonti iyo Londoners ichayeuka kwenguva refu. Akanyanya kuita mabasa aHandel, uyo maBritish, achinja zvishoma zviperengo zvezita rake, akaiswa pakati pevanyori vepamba.

Makore makumi maviri nemashanu ekufa kwake chaive chiitiko chenhoroondo muEngland. Mhemberero dzechiitiko ichi dzakatora mazuva matatu, epicenter yavo yaive mharidzo ye oratorio "Messiah", iyo yakapindwa naMambo George II pachake. Chiridzwa chevaimbi chaiva nevaimbi 258, kwaya yevanhu 270 yakamira pachikuva, uye pamusoro pemanzwi makuru avaibudisa, inzwi raElizabeth Mara, rakasiyana nemamwe murunako rwaro, rakasimuka richiti: “Ndinoziva kuti muponesi wangu mupenyu.” MaBritish ane tsitsi akasvika pakufara chaiko. Gare gare, Mara akanyora, kuti: “Apo ini, ndichiisa mweya wangu wose mumashoko angu, ndakaimba pamusoro pomukuru nomutsvene, pamusoro pechinokosha nokusingaperi kumunhu, uye vateereri vangu, vazadzwa nokuvimba, vachibata mhepo yavo, vachinzwira tsitsi, vakanditeerera. , ndaiita somutsvene kwandiri” . Aya mashoko epachokwadi asingarambiki, akanyorwa pazera rokukwegura, anogadziridza murangariro wokutanga unogona kuumbwa nyore nyore kubva mukuzivana kwechimbichimbi nebasa raMara: kuti iye, achikwanisa kugona inzwi rake zvinoshamisa, aigutsikana nokupenya kwepamusoro kwedare bravura opera. uye vakanga vasingadi chimwe chinhu. Zvinoratidza kuti akadaro! MuEngland, uko kwemakore gumi nemasere akaramba ari iye ega mutambi weHandel's oratorios, kwaakaimba "Kusikwa Kwenyika" yaHaydn "nenzira yengirozi" - aya ndiwo mapinduriro akaita mumwe mutauriri wezwi ane shungu - Mara akachinja kuita muimbi mukuru. Zviitiko zvemirangariro zvomumwe mukadzi akwegura, uyo aiziva kuparara kwetariro, kuberekwazve kwavo uye kuodzwa mwoyo, zvamazvirokwazvo zvakabetsera kusimbaradza kwokududza kwokuimba kwake.

Panguva imwecheteyo, akaramba achibudirira "absolute prima donna", aidiwa nedare, akagamuchira mari isinganzwisisike. Nekudaro, kukunda kukuru kwakamumirira munyika chaimo yebel canto, muTurin - uko mambo weSardinia akamukoka kumuzinda wake - uye kuVenice, uko kubva pamutambo wekutanga wakaratidza hukuru hwake pamusoro pemukurumbira wenzvimbo Brigida Banti. Vadi veopera, vakatsva nokuimba kwaMara, vakamukudza zvisingawanzoitiki: muimbi paakangopedza kuimba, vakanayisa chimvuramabwe chenhandare yenhandare yeSa Samuele Samuele nechimvuramabwe, vakabva vaunza mufananidzo wake wakapendwa nemafuta pamukoto. , uye vaine mazhenje mumaoko, vakatungamirira muimbi mumapoka evaoni vaifara vachiratidza kufara kwavo nokushevedzera kukuru. Zvinofanira kufungidzirwa kuti pashure pokunge Elizabeth Mara asvika muParis yechimurenga achienda kuEngland muna 1792, mufananidzo waakaona wakamutambudza asingaregi, uchimuyeuchidza nezvokuchinja-chinja kwomufaro. Uye pano muimbi wacho akakomberedzwa nemhomho, asi mhomho yevanhu vakanga vari mubishi rekupenga uye kupenga. PaBridge Idzva, aimbova mutevedzeri wake Marie Antoinette akaunzwa mberi kwake, akacheneruka, akapfeka nguwo dzemujeri, akasangana nekupopota nekushungurudzwa kubva muchaunga. Achisvimha misodzi, Mara akafuratira mukutya nepafafitera rengoro ndokuedza kubuda muguta rinopandukira nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, izvo zvakanga zvisiri nyore.

MuLondon, hupenyu hwake hwakaputirwa nehunhu hunonyadzisa hwemurume wake. Zvaakanga ari chidhakwa uye ane ruzha, akabvumira Erizabheti pane zvisina kufanira nemitambo yake munzvimbo dzavose. Zvakatora makore nemakore kuti arege kuwana chikonzero chokumuwanira chikonzero: kurambana kwakaitika muna 1795 chete. Zvimwe nemhaka yokuodzwa mwoyo neroorano isina kubudirira, kana kuti mupesvedzero yenyota youpenyu yakamuka mumukadzi akwegura. , asi nguva refu vasati varambana, Elizabeth akasangana nevarume vaviri vakada kufanana nevanakomana vake.

Akanga atove mugore rake remakumi mana nemaviri paakasangana nemurume wechiFrench ane makore makumi maviri nematanhatu muLondon. Henri Buscarin, mwana wemhuri yekare yairemekedzwa, akanga ari muyemura wake akazvipira zvikuru. Iye, zvisinei, mumhando yeupofu, akasarudza kwaari mutambi wenyere anonzi Florio, murume akajairika, uyezve, makore makumi maviri mudiki kwaari. Zvadaro, akava mutariri wake, akaita mabasa aya kusvikira achembera uye akaita mari yakanaka nazvo. NaBuscaren, aive nehukama hunoshamisa kwemakore makumi mana nemaviri, iyo yaive musanganiswa wakaoma werudo, ushamwari, kushuva, kusagadzikana uye kuzeza. Kunyorerana pakati pavo kwakaguma chete paakanga ava nemakore makumi masere nematatu, uye iye - pakupedzisira! - akatanga mhuri pachitsuwa chiri kure cheMartinique. Mabhii avo anobaya mwoyo, akanyorwa nenzira yemushakabvu Werther, anobudisa fungidziro yakati inosekesa.

Muna 1802, Mara akabva kuLondon, iyo nechido chakafanana uye nekutenda akati kwaari. Izwi rake rakapotsa risingarasikirwe nerunako rwaro, muchirimo chehupenyu hwake zvishoma nezvishoma, nekuzviremekedza, akaburuka kubva kumusoro kwekubwinya. Akashanyira nzvimbo dzisingakanganwiki dzeuduku hwake muKassel, muBerlin, uko prima donna yamambo akafa kare isina kukanganwika, yakakwezva zviuru zvevateereri kukonzati yechechi yaakatora rutivi. Kunyange vagari veVienna, avo vakambomugamuchira zvakanaka kwazvo, zvino vakawira patsoka dzake. Musiyano aive Beethoven - aive achiri kukahadzika nezvaMara.

Ipapo Russia yakava imwe yezviteshi zvekupedzisira munzira yehupenyu hwake. Nemhaka yezita rake guru, akagamuchirwa pakarepo mudare reSt. Akanga asingachaimbi mu opera, asi kutamba mumakonzati uye pamapati ekudya nevakuru kwakaunza mari yakadaro zvokuti akawedzera zvakanyanya pfuma yake yakakosha. Pakutanga aigara muguta guru reRussia, asi muna 1811 akatamira kuMoscow uye akashanda nesimba mukufungidzira kwenyika.

Zvakaipa zvakamutadzisa kupedza makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake mukubwinya uye kubudirira, akawana nemakore akawanda ekuimba pamatanho akasiyana-siyana eEurope. Mumoto weMoscow, zvose zvaakanga aparara, uye iye pachake aifanira kutiza zvakare, panguva ino kubva kune zvinotyisa zvehondo. Muusiku humwe chete, akatendeuka, kana asiri mupemhi, asi kuva mukadzi murombo. Achitevedzera muenzaniso wedzimwe shamwari dzake, Elizabeth akaenda kuna Revel. Mutaundi rekare repurovhinzi rine migwagwa mitete yakakombama, inodada bedzi nembiri yaro yakapfuura yeHanseatic, kunyanguvezvo kwakanga kune imba yemitambo yeGermany. Mushure mokunge vazivi veunyanzvi hwezwi kubva pakati pevagari vemo vakakurumbira vakaziva kuti taundi ravo rakanga raitwa kuti rifare nekuvapo kweprima donna huru, hupenyu hwemimhanzi mariri hwakamutsidzirwa nenzira isina kujairika.

Kunyanguvezvo, chimwe chinhu chakasunda chembere iyi kubva panzvimbo yayaiziva ndokutanga rwendo rurefu zviuru nezviuru zvamamaira, ichityisidzira marudzi ose ezvishamiso. Muna 1820, anomira pachikuva cheRoyal Theatre muLondon uye anoimba rwiyo rwaGuglielmi, aria kubva kuHandel's oratorio "Solomon", Paer's cavatina - ane makore makumi manomwe nerimwe! Mutsoropodzi anotsigira anorumbidza "kukudzwa uye kuravira, yakanaka coloratura uye inimitable trill" munzira dzose, asi muchokwadi iye, hongu, anongova mumvuri weaimbova Elisabeth Mara.

Yakanga isiri nyota yekupedzisira yemukurumbira iyo yakamukurudzira kuita hugamba kubva kuReval kuenda kuLondon. Akatungamirirwa nechinangwa chinoita sechisingaite, akapihwa zera rake: akazadzwa neshungu, ari kutarisira kusvika kweshamwari yake uye mudiwa Bouscaren anobva kure Martinique! Tsamba dzinobhururuka dzichienda mberi, sokunge dziri kuteerera kuda kusinganzwisisike kwomumwe munhu. “Wakasunungukawo here? anobvunza. "Usazeza, Elizabeth mudiwa, kundiudza zvirongwa zvako." Mhinduro yake haisati yasvika kwatiri, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti akange akamumirira muLondon kweinopfuura gore, achikanganisa zvidzidzo zvake, uye mushure meizvozvo, achienda kumba kuRevel, akamira muBerlin, akaziva kuti Buscarin akasvika muParis.

Asi nguva yapera. Nyangwe kwaari. Haakurumidzi kupinda mumaoko eshamwari yake, asi kusurukirwa kunofadza, kukona yepasi kwaakanzwa zvakanaka uye akadzikama - kuna Revel. Kunyorerana, zvisinei, kwakapfuurira kwemamwe makore gumi. Mutsamba yake yekupedzisira kubva kuParis, Buscarin anoshuma kuti nyeredzi itsva yasimuka pamhepo - Wilhelmina Schroeder-Devrient.

Elisabeth Mara akafa nguva pfupi pashure pacho. Chizvarwa chitsva chatora nzvimbo yacho. Anna Milder-Hauptmann, Beethoven wekutanga Leonore, uyo akapa mutero kune aimbove prima donna waFrederick Mukuru paakanga ari kuRussia, iye zvino ave mukurumbira. Berlin, Paris, London akaombera Henrietta Sontag naWilhelmine Schroeder-Devrient.

Hapana akashamisika kuti vaimbi veGermany vakava prima donnas huru. Asi Mara akavagadzirira nzira. Iye muridzi wembama zvakakodzera.

K. Khonolka (shanduro - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)