Edwin Fischer |

Edwin Fischer

Chikamu chechipiri chezana redu ramakore chinoonekwa senguva yekukwana kwehunyanzvi hwekuridza piyano, kuita hunyanzvi mune zvese. Zvechokwadi, ikozvino pachikuva hazvibviri kusangana nemuimbi uyo asingakwanisi kuita pianistic "acrobatics" yepamusoro. Vamwe vanhu, nekukasira kusanganisa izvi nekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwevanhu, vaive vagara vachida kuzivisa kutsetseka uye kutsetseka kwemutambo sehunhu hunodiwa uye hwakakwana kuti vasvike pakakwirira. Asi nguva inotongwa neimwe nzira, tichirangarira kuti pianism haisi yekutsveta kana gymnastics. Makore akapfuura, uye zvakava pachena kuti sezvo maitiro ekuita akavandudzwa muhuwandu, mugove waro mukuongorora kwese kwekuita kweiyi kana kuti muimbi wacho wakaramba uchiderera. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei nhamba yevaridzi vepiyano huru isina kuwedzera zvachose nekuda kwekukura kwakadai?! Munguva iyo "munhu wese akadzidza kuridza piyano," tsika dzechokwadi dzehunyanzvi - zvemukati, zvekunamata, kutaura - zvakaramba zvisingazununguki. Uye izvi zvakaita kuti mamirioni evateereri vatendeuke zvakare kunhaka yeavo vaimbi vakuru vakagara vakaisa izvi zvakakosha pamberi pehunyanzvi hwavo.

Mumwe muimbi akadaro aive Edwin Fisher. Nhoroondo yepiano yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX haifungidzike pasina mupiro wake, kunyangwe vamwe vevaongorori vemazuva ano vakaedza kubvunza hunyanzvi hwemuimbi weSwitzerland. Chii chimwe kunze kwechido cheAmerica che "perfectionism" chinogona kutsanangura kuti G. Schonberg mubhuku rake, rakabudiswa makore matatu chete mushure mekufa kwemuimbi, haana kuona zvakakodzera kupa Fischer kupfuura ... mutsetse mumwe. Zvisinei, kunyange mukati menguva yake youpenyu, pamwe chete nezviratidzo zvorudo noruremekedzo, aifanira kutsungirira kuzvidzwa nokuda kwokusakwana kwaibva kuvatsoropodzi vanofamba mumakumbo, avo panguva iyeyo vainyoresa zvikanganiso zvake ndokuratidzika kuva vaimufarira. Zvakafanana hazvina kuitika here kune mukuru wake wepanguva imwe chete A. Corto?!

Nhoroondo dzevanyori vaviri dzinowanzofanana zvikuru muzvinhu zvavo zvikuru, pasinei nokuti maererano nepiyano chete, maererano ne "chikoro", ivo vakasiyana zvachose; uye kufanana uku kunoita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa kwakabva hunyanzvi hwevaviri, kwakabva aesthetics yavo, iyo yakavakirwa papfungwa yemuturikiri kunyanya semuenzi.

Edwin Fischer akaberekerwa muBasel, mumhuri yevatenzi vemimhanzi yenhaka, anobva kuCzech Republic. Kubva 1896, akadzidza paimba yemitambo yemimhanzi, ipapo pane Conservatory achitungamirirwa naX. Huber, uye akavandudza paBerlin Stern Conservatory pasi peM. Krause (1904-1905). Muna 1905, iye pachake akatanga kutungamirira kirasi yepiyano panzvimbo imwe cheteyo, panguva imwe cheteyo achitanga basa rake reunyanzvi - kutanga semuperekedzi wemuimbi L. Vulner, uyezve semuimbi ari oga. Akakurumidza kuzivikanwa uye kudiwa nevateereri munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope. Kunyanya kufarirwa kwakaunzwa kwaari nemitambo yakabatana naA. Nikish, f. Wenngartner, W. Mengelberg, ipapo W. Furtwängler uye mamwe makondukita makuru. Mukukurukurirana nevaimbi vakuru ava, nheyo dzake dzekugadzira dzakagadzirwa.

Pakazosvika makore makumi matatu, kuwanda kwekuita kwekonzati yaFischer kwaive kwakakura zvekuti akasiya kudzidzisa uye akazvipira kuridza piyano. Asi nekufamba kwenguva, muimbi ane zvipo zvakasiyana-siyana akave akamanikana mukati mechimiro chechiridzwa chaanofarira. Akagadzira yake yekamuri orchestra, yakaitwa naye sekondakita uye soloist. Ichokwadi, izvi hazvina kutaurirwa nechishuvo chemuimbi semutungamiri: chaingova kuti hunhu hwake hwakanga hune simba uye hwepakutanga zvokuti aifarira, kwete nguva dzose kuva nevadiwa vakadaro sevatenzi vakadanwa, kutamba pasina mutyairi. Panguva imwecheteyo, haana kungogumira kuzvidzidzo zvekare zvemuzana 30-1933 (izvo zvave zvakajairika), asi akatungamira orchestra (uye akaibata nemazvo!) Mukuwedzera, Fischer aiva nhengo yevatatu vanoshamisa vane violinist G. Kulenkampf uye cellist E. Mainardi. Pakupedzisira, nekufamba kwenguva, akadzokera kune pedagogy: muna 1942 akazova purofesa paChikoro Chepamusoro cheMumhanzi muBerlin, asi muna 1948 akakwanisa kubva muNazi Germany achienda kunyika yake, akagara muLucerne, kwaakapedza makore ekupedzisira ake. hupenyu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kusimba kwemitambo yake yekonzati kwakaderera: chirwere chemaoko chaiwanzomutadzisa kuita. Zvisinei, akaramba achitamba, kuitisa, kurekodha, kutora chikamu mumatatu, uko G. Kulenkampf akatsiviwa naV. Schneiderhan muna 1945. Muna 1958-1945, Fischer akadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvepiyano muHertenstein (pedyo neLucerne), uko vazhinji vevanyori vechidiki vakawanda. kubva kumativi ose enyika vaiuya kwaari gore negore. Vazhinji vavo vakava vaimbi vakuru. Fischer akanyora mumhanzi, akaumba cadenzas echinyakare concertos (naMozart naBeethoven), akagadziridzwa nziyo dzekare, uye pakupedzisira akava munyori wezvidzidzo zvikuru zvakati kuti - “J.-S. Bach" (1956), "L. van Beethoven. Piano Sonatas (1956), pamwe chete nezvakawanda zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvakaunganidzwa mumabhuku Musical Reflections (1960) uye Pamabasa eVaimbi (1956). Muna XNUMX, yunivhesiti yekumusha kweanoridza piyano, Basel, yakamusarudza dhigirii rekuremekedza.

Ndizvo zvakaita kunze kweiyo biography. Kunofambirana nayo kwaiva mutsara weshanduko yemukati yechitarisiko chake chounyanzvi. Pakutanga, mumakumi emakore ekutanga, Fischer akakwevera kune imwe nzira yakanyatsojeka yekutamba, dudziro dzake dzakaratidzwa nekumwe kunyanyisa uye kunyange rusununguko rwekuzvibata. Panguva iyoyo, mimhanzi yeRomantics yakanga iri pakati pezvido zvake zvekusika. Ichokwadi, pasinei nekutsauka kwose kubva mutsika, akafadza vateereri nekuendeswa kwesimba reushingi raSchumann, hukuru hweBrahms, kusimuka kwegamba raBeethoven, mutambo weSchubert. Nekufamba kwemakore, maitiro emuimbi akawedzera kudzorwa, kujekeswa, uye nzvimbo yesimba regiravhiti yakachinjirwa kune classics - Bach naMozart, kunyangwe Fischer asina kuparadzana nerudo repertoire. Munguva iyi, anonyatsoziva basa romuiti wacho somurevereri, “svikiro riri pakati pounyanzvi husingagumi, hwoumwari nomuteereri.” Asi murevereri haasi asina hanya, akamira parutivi, asi anoshanda, achiramba izvi "zvisingaperi, zvehumwari" kuburikidza neprism ye "Ini" wake. Dingindira remunyori wacho rinoramba riri mashoko aakataura mune chimwe chezvinyorwa zvacho: “Upenyu hunofanira kufamba mukuita; crescendos uye fortes dzisina ruzivo dzinoratidzika kunge dzakagadzirwa. "

Zvimiro zvechimiro cherudo chemuimbi uye nheyo dzake dzehunyanzvi dzakasvika pakuzadzisa kuwirirana munguva yekupedzisira yehupenyu hwake. V. Furtwangler, ashanyira konzati yake muna 1947, akataura kuti “akasvika chaizvoizvo pakakwirira.” Mutambo wake wakarova nesimba reruzivo, kudedera kwemutsara wega wega; zvaiita sokuti basa racho rakazvarwa patsva nguva dzose pasi peminwe yemuimbi, uyo akanga ari mutorwa zvachose kune chitambi uye maitiro. Munguva iyi, akatendeukirazve kune gamba rake raaida, Beethoven, uye akaita zvinyorwa zveBeethoven concertos pakati pe50s (muzviitiko zvizhinji iye pachake akatungamirira London Philharmonic Orchestra), pamwe chete nenhamba ye sonatas. Izvi zvakarekodhwa, pamwe chete nezvakaitwa kare, kumashure kwe30s, zvakava hwaro hwenhaka inonzwika yaFischer - nhaka iyo, mushure mekufa kwemuimbi, yakakonzera kukakavara kwakawanda.

Ehe, marekodhi haatauri kwatiri zvizere runako rwekutamba kwaFischer, anongoburitsa zvishoma manzwiro eunyanzvi hwake, hukuru hwepfungwa. Kune avo vakanzwa muimbi muhoro, ivo, chokwadi, hapana chimwe kunze kwekuratidzwa kwezvakamboonekwa. Zvikonzero zveizvi hazvisi zvakaoma kuwana: kuwedzera kune chaiwo maficha epiyano yake, ivo zvakare vanorara mundege yeprosaic: piano aingotya maikorofoni, ainzwa kusagadzikana mu studio, pasina vateereri, uye kukunda. kutya uku aisawanzopiwa kwaari pasina kurasikirwa. Mune zvinyorwa, munhu anogona kunzwa zviratidzo zvekutya, uye kumwe kuneta, uye hunyanzvi "kuroora". Zvose izvi kanopfuura kamwechete zvakashanda sechinangwa chevanoshingaira ve "kuchena". Uye mutsoropodzi K. Franke akanga akarurama: “Muparidzi waBach naBeethoven, Edwin Fischer akasiya kwete zvinyorwa zvenhema bedzi. Uyezve, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kunyange zvinyorwa zvenhema zveFischer zvinoratidzwa nehukuru hwetsika yepamusoro, kunzwa kwakadzama. Fischer ainyatso hunhu hwemanzwiro - uye uhu ndihwo hukuru hwake uye zvaasingakwanisi. Kutamba kwake kunobva kwaitika muzvinyorwa zvake... Aiita ari padhesiki sepapiyano - akaramba ari murume ane kutenda kusina maturo, uye kwete kufunga uye ruzivo."

Kune muteereri asina rusaruro, zvinova pachena kuti kunyangwe mumarekodhi ekutanga eBeethoven's sonatas, akaitwa kumashure kwekupedzisira 30s, chiyero chehunhu hwemuimbi, kukosha kwekuridza mimhanzi yake, zvinonzwika zvizere. Chiremera chakakura, nzira dzerudo, dzakasanganiswa nekuzvidzora kusingatarisirwi asi kunogutsa kwekunzwa, kufunga kwakadzama uye kururamiswa kwemitsara ine simba, simba rekupedzisira - zvese izvi zvinoita fungidziro isingadzivisiki. Mumwe anorangarira mazwi aFischer pachake, akapokana mubhuku rake "Musical Reflections" kuti muimbi ari kutamba Beethoven anofanira kubatanidza piano, muimbi uye violinist "mumunhu mumwe". Ndiko kunzwa uku kunomubvumira kuti anyatsonyura mumimhanzi nekududzira kwake kweAppassionata zvekuti kureruka kwepamusoro kusingaite kunoita kuti ukanganwe nezve mativi ane mumvuri ekuita.

Kubatana kwepamusoro, kujeka kwechinyakare ndiko, zvichida, simba guru rinokwezva rezvakarekodhwa zvake gare gare. Pano kare kupinda kwake mukatikati memweya waBeethoven kunotemerwa neruzivo, huchenjeri hwehupenyu, kunzwisisa kwenhaka yekare yeBach naMozart. Asi, pasinei nezera, kutsva kwekuona uye ruzivo rwemimhanzi kunonzwika zvakajeka pano, izvo zvisingagoni kuendeswa kune vateereri.

Kuti muteereri wezvinyorwa zveFischer akwanise kunyatso kufungidzira chitarisiko chake, ngatipei mukupedzisira kupa pasi kuvadzidzi vake vakakurumbira. P. Badura-Skoda anoyeuka kuti: “Akanga ari murume anoshamisa, airatidza mutsa chaizvoizvo. Nheyo huru yedzidziso yake yakanga iri chinodikanwa chokuti mutambi wepiyano haafaniri kurega chiridzwa chake. Fischer aive nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvinobudirira mumhanzi zvinofanirwa kuenderana nehunhu hwevanhu. “Muimbi ane mukurumbira hunhu hwekutanga. Chokwadi chikuru chemukati chinofanira kugara maari - mushure mezvose, izvo zvisipo mumuiti iye pachake hazvigone kuiswa mukuita, "haana kuneta nekudzokorora muzvidzidzo."

Mudzidzi wokupedzisira waFischer, A. Brendle, anopa mufananidzo unotevera watenzi: “Fischer akapiwa unyanzvi hwokuita (kana iri shoko risingachashandi richiri kugamuchirwa), akapiwa kwete neremunyori, asi chaizvoizvo nenjere yokududzira. Mutambo wake wese wakarurama uye panguva imwechete wakashinga. Ane hutsva hwakakosha uye kusimba, kushamwaridzana kunomubvumira kusvika kune muteereri zvakananga kupfuura chero mumwe mutambi wandinoziva. Pakati pake newe hapana chidzitiro, kana chipingamupinyi. Anogadzira ruzha rwakapfava runofadza, anowana kuchenesa pianissimo uye ferocious fortissimo, iyo, zvisinei, haina hutsinye uye inopinza. Akanga ari nyajambwa wemamiriro ezvinhu uye mafungiro, uye zvinyorwa zvake zvinopa pfungwa shoma yezvaakawana mumakonzati uye mumakirasi ake, achidzidza nevadzidzi. Mutambo wake wakanga usiri pasi penguva uye fashoni. Uye iye pachake akanga ari musanganiswa wemwana uye muchenjeri, musanganiswa weunyanzvi uye wakanatswa, asi nokuda kwezvose izvi, zvose izvi zvakabatanidzwa mukubatana kwakakwana. Aive nekwaniso yekuona basa rese rizere, chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chaive chimwechete uye ndiwo mabudiro aakaita mukuita kwake. Uye iyi ndiyo inonzi yakanaka ... "

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek