Arturo Toscanini (Arturo Toscanini) |

Arturo Toscanini

• Arturo Toscanini. Mukuru maestro →
• Feat Toscanini →

Nguva yose muunyanzvi hwekuitisa yakabatana nezita remuimbi uyu. Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi manomwe akamira panyaradzo, achiratidza nyika mienzaniso isingaenzaniswi yekududzirwa kwemabasa enguva dzose nevanhu. Chimiro cheToscanini chakava chiratidzo chekuzvipira kune unyanzvi, akanga ari knight wechokwadi wemimhanzi, uyo akanga asingazivi kukanganisa muchishuvo chake chekuwana chakanaka.

Mapeji mazhinji akanyorwa nezveToscanini nevanyori, vaimbi, vatsoropodzi, uye vatori venhau. Uye ivo vose, vachitsanangura chinhu chikuru mumufananidzo wekusika wemutungamiri mukuru, vanotaura nezvekuedza kwake kusingaperi kwekukwana. Akanga asingambogutsikani naye kana kuti nechikwata chevaimbi. Concert uye horo dzemitambo dzakadedera chaizvo nekuombera kwechido, muongororo akapihwa epithets yakanakisa, asi kune maestro, hana yake yemimhanzi chete, iyo isingazivi rugare, ndiye aive mutongi chaiwo.

Stefan Zweig anonyora kuti: “... Mumunhu wacho, mumwe wevanhu vepachokwadi venguva yedu anoshumira chokwadi chemukati chebasa reunyanzvi, anoshumira nekuzvipira kwakanyanyisa kwakadaro, nesimba risingachinjiki uye panguva imwe chete achizvininipisa. isu hatigone kuwana nhasi mune chero imwe nzvimbo yekugadzira. Asina rudado, asina manyawi, asina kuzvida, anobatira kuda kwepamusoro-soro kwatenzi waanoda, anobatira nemitoo yose yebasa repanyika: simba rokuyananisa romupristi, huMwari hwomutendi, kuomarara chaiko kwomudzidzisi. uye kushingaira kusinganeti kwemudzidzi wekusingaperi ... Muunyanzvi - ndizvo zvakaita hukuru hwake hwetsika, ndiro basa rake remunhu Anoziva chete vakakwana uye hapana chimwe kunze kwevakakwana. Zvimwe zvese - zvinogamuchirika, zvinenge zvakakwana uye zvakaenzana - hazvipo zvemuimbi uyu akasindimara, uye kana zviripo, saka sechimwe chinhu chinomuvenga zvikuru.

Toscanini akaziva kudanwa kwake sekondakita nguva pfupi yadarika. Akaberekerwa muParma. Baba vake vakapinda muhondo yerusununguko rwevanhu veItaly pasi pemureza weGaribaldi. Mano emumhanzi aArturo akamuendesa kuParma Conservatory, kwaakadzidza cello. Uye gore mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory, debut yakaitika. Musi waChikumi 25, 1886, akaitisa opera Aida muRio de Janeiro. Kubudirira kwekukunda kwakakwezva kutarisisa kwevaimbi nevatambi vemimhanzi kune zita reToscanini. Kudzokera kunyika yake, kondakita wechiduku akashanda kwenguva yakati muTurin, uye pakupera kwezana remakore akatungamirira Milan yemitambo La Scala. Zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa naToscanini munzvimbo ino yeopera muEurope zvinomuunzira mukurumbira pasi rose.

Munhoroondo yeNew York Metropolitan Opera, nguva kubva ku1908 kusvika 1915 yaive "yegoridhe" zvechokwadi. Ipapo Toscanini akashanda pano. Zvadaro, kondakita haana kunyanya kurumbidza nezveimba iyi yemitambo. Nekuwedzera kwaaiita, akaudza mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi S. Khotsinov kuti: “Iri idanga renguruve, kwete opera. Vanofanira kuipisa. Yaive imba yemitambo yakaipa kunyange makore makumi mana apfuura. Ndakakokwa kuMet kakawanda, asi ndaigara ndichiti kwete. Caruso, Scotty akauya kuMilan ndokundiudza kuti: “Aiwa, maestro, Metropolitan haisi imba yemitambo yenyu. Akanaka pakuita mari, asi haasi serious.” Uye akaenderera mberi, achipindura mubvunzo kuti sei achiri kuita kuMetropolitan: "Ah! Ndakauya kune iyi yemitambo nokuti rimwe zuva ndakaudzwa kuti Gustav Mahler akabvuma kuuya ikoko, uye ndakafunga kuti: kana muimbi akanaka akadaro saMahler akabvuma kuenda ikoko, Met haigoni kuva yakaipa. Imwe yeakanakisa mabasa eToscanini pachikuva cheNew York theatre yaive kugadzirwa kwaBoris Godunov naMussorgsky.

… Italy zvakare. Zvakare iyo yemitambo "La Scala", inotamba mumakonzati e symphony. Asi nhubu dzaMussolini dzakatanga kutonga. Kondakita akaratidza pachena kusafarira hutongi hwechifascist. "Duce" akadana nguruve nemhondi. Mune imwe yemakonzati, akaramba kuimba rwiyo rweNazi, uye gare gare, mukutsutsumwa norusaruraganda, haana kutora rutivi mumhemberero dzenziyo dzeBayreuth neSalzburg. Uye maitiro ekare eToscanini muBayreuth neSalzburg aive kushongedzwa kwemitambo iyi. Kutya chete maonero eruzhinji rwenyika kwakatadzisa mudzvanyiriri weItaly kushandisa dzvinyiriro achipikisa muimbi ane mukurumbira.

Hupenyu muFascist Italy hunova husingatsungirike kuna Toscanini. Kwemakore akawanda anosiya nyika yaakaberekerwa. Atamira kuUnited States, mutungamiriri weItaly muna 1937 anove mukuru weiyo ichangogadzirwa symphony orchestra yeNational Broadcasting Corporation - NBC. Anoenda kuEurope neSouth America chete parwendo.

Hazvibviri kutaura kuti inzvimbo ipi yekuitisa tarenda yaToscanini yakazviratidza zvakajeka. Wand yake yemashiripiti yechokwadi yakabereka hunyanzvi panhandare yeopera uye padanho rekonzati. Operas naMozart, Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, Mussorgsky, R. Strauss, symphonies naBeethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, oratorios naBach, Handel, Mendelssohn, zvidimbu zveorchestra naDebussy, Ravel, Duke - kuverenga kutsva kwega kwega kwaiva kuwanikwa. Toscanini's repertory sympathies aisaziva miganhu. Verdi's operas ainyanya kumufarira. Muzvirongwa zvake, pamwe chete nemabasa echinyakare, aiwanzobatanidza mimhanzi yemazuva ano. Saka, muna 1942, orchestra yaaitungamirira akava mutambi wokutanga muUnited States of Shostakovich Seventh Symphony.

Kugona kwaToscanini kugamuchira mabasa matsva kwaive kwakasiyana. Ndangariro yake yakashamisa vaimbi vakawanda. Busoni akamboti: “… Toscanini ane ndangariro dzinoshamisa, muenzaniso wayo wakaoma kuwana munhoroondo yese yemimhanzi… Achangobva kuverenga zvibodzwa zvaDuke zvakanyanya kuoma – “Ariana and the Bluebeard” uye mangwanani anotevera anogadza kudzokorora kwekutanga. nemoyo! .. “

Toscanini akafunga basa rake guru uye chete rekuita nemazvo uye zvakadzika zvakanyorwa nemunyori mune zvinyorwa. Mumwe wevaimbi veimba ye<em>orchestra yeNational Broadcasting Corporation, S. Antek, anoyeuka kuti: “Pane imwe nguva, pakudzokororwa kwe<em>symphony, ndakabvunza Toscanini panguva yokumbozorora kuti “akaita sei” kuridza kwake. "Zviri nyore," maestro akapindura. - Yakaitwa nenzira yakanyorwa. Zvechokwadi hazvisi nyore, asi hapana imwe nzira. Vatungamiriri vasingazive, vane chivimbo chokuti vari pamusoro paShe Mwari pachake, vaite zvavanoda. Unofanira kushinga kutamba nemanyorerwo azvinoitwa.” Ndinoyeuka imwe chirevo chaToscanini mushure mekudzokororwa kwechipfeko cheShostakovich's Seventh ("Leningrad") Symphony ... "Zvakanyorwa saizvozvo," akadaro akaneta, achidzika nhanho dzechikuva. “Zvino regai vamwe vatange 'dudziro' yavo. Kuita mabasa "sezvazvakanyorwa", kuita "chaizvo" - ichi ndicho chitendero chake chemimhanzi.

Kudzidzira kwega kwega kweToscanini ibasa rekuzvinyima. Aisaziva tsitsi dzake kana kuti nevaimbi. Zvagara zvakadaro: muhuduku, mukukura, uye mukuchembera. Toscanini akatsamwa, anodanidzira, anokumbira, anobvarura shati yake, anoputsa tsvimbo yake, anoita kuti vaimbi vadzokorore zvakare mutsara mumwe chete. Hapana mvumo - mimhanzi inoera! Iyi pfungwa yemukati yemutungamiri yakaendeswa nenzira dzisingaoneki kumuiti wega wega - muiti mukuru akakwanisa "kutune" mweya yevaimbi. Uye mukubatana uku kwevanhu vakazvipira kune unyanzvi, basa rakakwana rakaberekwa, iro Toscanini akarota hupenyu hwake hwose.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek