Artur Schnabel |

Arthur Schnabel

Zana redu rezana rakaratidza chiitiko chikuru munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwekuita: kugadzirwa kwekurekodhwa kwenzwi kwakashandura zvakanyanya pfungwa yevatambi, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise "kusimbisa" uye nekusingaperi kududzira chero dudziro, zvichiita kuti ive pfuma yevasiri vemazuva ano chete, asiwo nezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, kurekodha kwemutsindo kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kunzwa nesimba idzva uye nekujekesa kuti kunyatsoita, kududzira, sechimiro chehunyanzvi hwekugadzira, kunoenderana nenguva: izvo zvaimboita senge chizaruro, nekufamba kwemakore zvinokura zvisingaite. old; chii chaiunza mufaro, dzimwe nguva chinongosiya kuvhiringidzika. Izvi zvinowanzoitika, asi pane zvisizvo - vanyori vane unyanzvi hwakasimba uye hwakakwana zvokuti hausi pasi pe "corrosion". Artur Schnabel aiva muimbi akadaro. Kutamba kwake, kwakachengetedzwa mumarekodhi, kunosiya nhasi kunge kwakasimba uye kwakadzama fungidziro sepamakore iwayo paakatamba pachikuva chekonzati.

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Kwemakumi emakore akawanda, Arthur Schnabel akaramba ari rudzi rwemhando - chiyero chekuremekedzwa uye classical kuchena kwemaitiro, zvinyorwa uye zvekunamata kwepamusoro kwekuita, kunyanya kana zvasvika pakududzira mimhanzi yaBeethoven naSchubert; zvisinei, mukududzira kwaMozart kana kuti Brahms, vashoma vaigona kuenzana naye.

Kune avo vaimuziva chete kubva pane zvinyorwa - uye izvi, zvechokwadi, ruzhinji nhasi - Schnabel airatidzika seanokura, titanic chimiro. Ukuwo pakurarama aive murume mupfupi aive nefodya imwe chete pamuromo, musoro nemaoko zvaive zvakakura zvisingaite. Kazhinji, haana kana kuenderana nepfungwa yakadzikama ye "pop nyeredzi" yechimakumi mashanu: hapana chekunze munzira yekutamba, hapana mafambiro asina kufanira, majeti, anomira. Uye zvakadaro, paakagara pasi pachiridzwa uye akatora nziyo dzekutanga, kunyarara kwakavanzika kwakasimbiswa muhoro. Chimiro chake nemutambo wake zvakaburitsa runako rwakasiyana, rwakakosha rwakamuita hunhu hwengano munguva yehupenyu hwake. Iyi ngano ichiri kutsigirwa ne "humbowo hwezvinhu" muchimiro chezvinyorwa zvakawanda, inotorwa muchokwadi mune yake memoirs "Hupenyu Hwangu neMimhanzi"; halo yake inoramba ichitsigirwa nevadzidzi vakawanda vachiri kutora zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro pakatarisana nepiyano yenyika. Hongu, mune zvakawanda Schnabel anogona kunzi musiki wepiyano nyowani, yemazuva ano - kwete chete nekuti akagadzira chikoro chinoshamisa chepiyano, asiwo nekuti hunyanzvi hwake, sehunyanzvi hweRachmaninoff, hwaive pamberi penguva yayo ...

Schnabel, sokunge zvakadaro, akanyura, akagadzira uye akavandudza muunyanzvi hwake zvakanakisa zvepiyano yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - heroic monumentality, hupamhi hwehupamhi - zvinhu zvinomuswededza pedyo nevamiriri vepamusoro veRussia pianistic tsika. Hazvifaniri kukanganwa kuti asati apinda mukirasi yeT. Leshetitsky muVienna, akadzidza kwenguva yakareba pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemudzimai wake, mutambi wepiyano mukuru wekuRussia A. Esipova. Mumba mavo, akaona vaimbi vakawanda vakuru, kusanganisira Anton Rubinstein, Brahms. Pakazosvika makore gumi nemaviri, mukomana akange atove muimbi akakwana, mune iyo pfungwa yemutambo yakakweverwa zvakanyanya kudzika kwehungwaru, zvisingawanzo kumwana mudiki. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti repertoire yake yaisanganisira sonatas naSchubert uye nziyo dzeBrahms, izvo kunyange vane ruzivo maartist haatomboshinga kutamba. Mutsara Leshetitsky akati kune wechiduku Schnabel akapindawo ngano: "Hauzombovi piyano. Uri muimbi here!”. Zvechokwadi, Schnabel haana kuva "virtuoso", asi tarenda rake semuimbi rakaratidzwa kune yakazara mazita, asi mumunda we pianoforte.

Schnabel akaita debut yake muna 1893, akapedza kudzidza kubva Conservatory muna 1897, apo zita rake rakanga ratozivikanwa zvikuru. Kuumbwa kwake kwakafambiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwake mumhanzi wekamuri. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1919, akatanga Schnabel Trio, iyo yaisanganisirawo mutambi weviolin A. Wittenberg uye mutambi wecell A. Hecking; gare gare akaridza zvikuru nemuridzi weviolin K. Flesch; pakati pevamwe vake paiva nemuimbi Teresa Behr, akazova mudzimai wemuimbi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Schnabel akawana chiremera somudzidzisi; muna 1925 akapiwa zita rokuremekedza purofesa paBerlin Conservatory, uye kubva pa20 akadzidzisa kirasi yepiyano paBerlin Higher School of Music. Asi panguva imwe chete, kwemakore anoverengeka, Schnabel haana kubudirira zvikuru somunhu solo. Kare mukuvamba kwama 1927, pane dzimwe nguva aifanira kuita muhoro dzisina chinhu muEurope, uye kunyange zvikuru muAmerica; sezviri pachena, nguva yekuongororwa kwakakodzera kwemugadziri haina kusvika ipapo. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma mukurumbira wake unotanga kukura. Muna 100, akacherechedza makore makumi matatu nemaviri ekufa kwechidhori chake, Beethoven, kekutanga kuita ma sonatas ake ese 32 muchikamu chimwe chete, uye makore mashoma gare gare aive wekutanga munhoroondo kuanyora ese pamarekodhi - pa panguva iyoyo, basa rakanga risati ramboitwa raida makore mana! Muna 1928, pamusi wegore ra100 wekufa kwaSchubert, akaridza mutambo waisanganisira nziyo dzake dzese dzepiyano. Pashure paizvozvo, pakupedzisira, kuzivikanwa kwepasi rose kwakauya kwaari. Uyu muimbi ainyanya kukoshesa munyika yedu (apo kubva 1924 kusvika 1935 aigara achipa makonti nekubudirira kukuru), nekuti vanoda mimhanzi yeSoviet vanogara vachiisa munzvimbo yekutanga uye vachikoshesa kupfuura hupfumi hwese hwehunyanzvi. Aidawo kuita muUSSR, achicherechedza "tsika huru yemimhanzi uye rudo rweruzhinji rwemimhanzi" munyika yedu.

Pashure pokunge vaNazi vatanga kutonga, Schnabel pakupedzisira akabva kuGermany, akagara kwenguva yakati muItaly, ipapo muLondon, uye nokukurumidza akatamira kuUnited States paakakokwa naS. Koussevitzky, uko akakurumidza kuwana rudo rukuru. Ikoko akararama kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake. Muimbi akafa zvisingatarisirwi, manheru ekutanga kweimwe rwendo rukuru rwekonzati.

Schnabel's repertoire yaive yakanaka, asi isina magumo. Vadzidzi vakayeuka kuti mune zvidzidzo murayiridzi wavo akaridza nemoyo anenge mabhuku ose epiyano, uye mumakore ake ekutanga muzvirongwa zvake munhu aigona kusangana nemazita evanodanana - Liszt, Chopin, Schumann. Asi asvika pakukura, Schnabel akazviganhurira nemaune uye akaunza kune vateereri chete izvo zvaive zvakanyanya padyo naye - Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Brahms. Iye amene akakurudzira ikoku pasina kunyengedza: “Ndakakurangarira kuva rukudzo kuzviganhurira ndimene kunzvimbo ine makomo marefu, uko mitsva yakawanda zvikuru inozaruka zvakare kuseri kwenhamba imwe neimwe inotorwa.”

Mukurumbira waSchnabel wakanga uri mukuru. Asi zvakadaro, vashingairi vepiyano virtuosity havana kugara vachikwanisa kugamuchira kubudirira kwemuimbi uye kusvika pakubvumirana nazvo. Vakacherechedza, kwete pasina hutsinye, "stroke" yese, kuedza kwese kunoonekwa, kwakashandiswa navo kukunda matambudziko akamutswa neAppassionata, concertos kana Beethoven's late sonatas. Aipomerwawo kungwara kwakanyanyisa, kuoma. Hongu, haana kumbove neiyo phenomenal data yeBackhouse kana Levin, asi hapana matambudziko ehunyanzvi akange asingakundike kwaari. "Ichokwadi kuti Schnabel haana kumbobvira agona hunyanzvi hwekuita. Haana kumboda kuva naye; akanga asingadi, nokuti mumakore ake akanakisisa akanga asina zvishoma zvaaizoda, asi aisagona kuita, "akanyora kudaro A. Chesins. Hunhu hwake hwakanga hwakakwana kune yekupedzisira yezvinyorwa, zvakaitwa nguva pfupi asati afa, muna 1950, uye achiratidzira dudziro yake yeSchubert's impromptu. Zvakanga zvakasiyana - Schnabel akaramba ari muimbi. Chinhu chikuru mumutambo wake chaive chimiro chisinganzwisisiki chechimiro, kusungirirwa kwefilosofi, kujekesa kwemutsara, kusimba. Hwaive hunhu uhwu hwakasarudza kumhanya kwake, rhythm yake - nguva dzose yakarurama, asi kwete "metro-rhythmic", pfungwa yake yekuita seyakazara. Chasins anoenderera mberi achiti: “Kutamba kwaSchnabel kwaiva nezvinhu zviviri zvikuru. Aigara akangwara zvakanyanyisa uye asingatauri pachena. Makonzati eSchnabel aive akasiyana nemamwe. Akaita kuti tikanganwe nezvevatambi, nezve dariro, nezve piyano. Akatimanikidza kuti tizvipire zvizere kumimhanzi, kugovera kunyudzwa kwake amene.

Asi nokuda kwezvose, muzvikamu zvishoma nezvishoma, mumimhanzi "yakajeka", Schnabel akanga asingaenzaniswi: iye, sevanhu vashomanana, aiziva kufema zvinoreva murwiyo wakapfava, kutaura mutsara une kukosha kukuru. Mashoko ake anokosha: “Vana vanobvumirwa kutamba Mozart, nokuti Mozart ine manotsi mashoma; vanhu vakuru vanodzivisa kutamba Mozart nokuti noti imwe neimwe inodhura zvikuru.”

Mhedzisiro yekutamba kwaSchnabel yakasimudzirwa zvakanyanya nekurira kwake. Pazvaidiwa, yakanga yakapfava, yakapfava, asi kana migariro yaida, mumvuri wesimbi waioneka mairi; panguva imwecheteyo, hutsinye kana hutsinye hwakanga husiri hwechokwadi kwaari, uye chero maitiro ane simba aive pasi pezvinodiwa zvemimhanzi, zvazvinoreva, kukura kwayo.

Mutsoropodzi weGermany H. Weier-Wage anonyora, kuti: “Mukupesana nokudisa kuzviisa pasi kwevamwe vairidza piyano vakuru vomunguva yake (somuenzaniso, d’Albert kana kuti Pembaur, Ney kana kuti Edwin Fischer), kuridza kwake nguva dzose kwaipa murangariro wokuzvidzora uye wakadzikama. . Haana kumbobvumira manzwiro ake kutiza, kutaura kwake kwakaramba kwakavanzwa, dzimwe nguva kutonhora, asi zvakadaro kwaive kure ne "chinangwa" chakachena. Hunyanzvi hwake hwekuita hwakaita sehwafanoona zvinangwa zvezvizvarwa zvinotevera, asi nguva dzose yaingove nzira yekugadzirisa basa repamusoro reunyanzvi.

Nhaka yaArtur Schnabel yakasiyana. Akashanda zvakanyanya uye zvine muchero semupepeti. Muna 1935, basa rinokosha rakabuda mukudhindwa - shanduro yesonatas dzose dzaBeethoven, umo akapfupisa ruzivo rwezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvevaturikiri uye akatsanangura maonero ake epakutanga pamusoro pekududzirwa kwemimhanzi yaBeethoven.

Basa remunyori rinotora nzvimbo yakakosha mubiography yaSchnabel. Iyi "classic" yakasimba papiyano uye anoshingairira zvechinyakare aive muyedzeri wemumhanzi wake. Zvinyorwa zvake - uye pakati pavo piyano concerto, tambo quartet, cello sonata uye zvimedu zvepianoforte - dzimwe nguva zvinoshamisika nekuoma kwemutauro, nzendo dzisingatarisirwi munzvimbo yeatonal.

Uye zvakadaro, chikuru, kukosha kukuru munhaka yake, hongu, zvinyorwa. Kune akawanda acho: makonti naBeethoven, Brahms, Mozart, sonatas uye zvimedu nevanyori vavanofarira, uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, kusvika kuSchubert's Military Marches, akaitwa nemaoko mana nemwanakomana wake Karl Ulrich Schnabel, Dvorak naSchubert quintets, akabatwa mukati. kubatana nequartet "Yro arte". Achiongorora marekodhi akasiiwa nomuridzi wepiyano, mutsoropodzi wokuAmerica D. Harrisoa akanyora, kuti: “Handigoni kuzvidzora ndimene, ndichiteerera kutaura kunonzi Schnabel aitambura nokusakwana muunyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu uye naizvozvo, sezvinotaura vamwe vanhu, ainzwa akasununguka zvikuru munziyo dzinononoka; kupfuura kutsanya. Izvi zvinongova zvisina maturo, sezvo pianist akanga ari mukutonga kwakakwana kwechiridzwa chake uye nguva dzose, kunze kwechimwe chete kana maviri, "aiita" ne sonatas uye concertos sekunge akasikwa kunyanya nokuda kweminwe yake. Zvechokwadi, kukakavara pamusoro peSchnabel nzira inotongerwa rufu, uye zvinyorwa izvi zvinotsigira kuti hapana mutsara mumwe chete, mukuru kana muduku, wakanga wakakwirira kudarika virtuoso acumen yake.

Nhaka yaArtur Schnabel inoramba iripo. Nokufamba kwemakore, zvakawanda zvakarekodhwa zviri kutorwa mudura zvoitwa kuti zviwanikwe kune vakawanda vanoda mimhanzi, zvichisimbisa ukuru hweunyanzvi hwemuimbi.

Lit.: Smirnova I. Arthur Schnabel. - L., 1979