André Grétry |
Andre Gretry
Muimbi wechiFrench opera wezana ramakore rechi60. A. Gretry - akararama panguva imwe chete uye chapupu cheChimurenga cheFrance - aive munhu akanyanya kukosha muimba yeopera yekuFrance panguva yeChiedza. Kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, apo gadziriro dzepfungwa dzemhirizhonga dzechimurenga dzakanga dzichiitika, apo pfungwa uye kuravira zvakapesana mukurwisana kwakakomba, hazvina kudarika opera kana: kunyange pano hondo dzakatanga, mapato evatsigiri veumwe kana mumwe munyori, rudzi kana gwara rakamuka. Maopera aGretry (c. XNUMX) akasiyana zvakanyanya muzvidzidzo uye mhando, asi iyo comic opera, iyo yakanyanya democracy rudzi rwemitambo yemitambo yemitambo, inotora nzvimbo yakakosha pabasa rake. Magamba ayo akanga asiri vamwari vekare uye magamba (sezvakaita munhamo yenziyo, yekare panguva iyoyo), asi vanhuwo zvavo uye kazhinji vamiririri venzvimbo yechitatu).
Gretry akaberekerwa mumhuri yemuimbi. Kubva pazera remakore 9, mukomana anodzidza pachikoro chechikoro, anotanga kunyora mimhanzi. Pazera remakore 17, akanga atova munyori wemabasa akawanda emweya (misa, motets). Asi kwete marudzi aya anozova iwo makuru muhupenyu hwake hwekuwedzera hwekusika. Kudzoka kuLiege, panguva yekushanya kwechikwata cheItaly, semukomana wemakore gumi nematatu, akatanga kuona mitambo yeopera buffa. Gare gare, achivandudza muRoma kwemakore mashanu, akakwanisa kuzivana nemabasa akanaka emhando iyi. Achifemerwa nemimhanzi yaG. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, muna 5 Gretry akagadzira opera yake yekutanga, The Grape Picker. Ipapo akagamuchira rukudzo rukuru rwekusarudzwa senhengo yeBologna Philharmonic Academy. Chakakosha pakubudirira mune ramangwana muParis yaive musangano naVoltaire muGeneva (1765). Yakanyorwa pachirongwa chaVoltaire, opera Huron (1766) - munyori wekutanga weParisian - akamuunzira mukurumbira uye kuzivikanwa.
Sekutaura kwakaita munyori wemumhanzi G. Abert, Gretry aive “nepfungwa dzinochinja-chinja uye dzine shungu, uye pakati pevaimbi vepaParisian panguva iyoyo aive nenzeve inoteerera kune zvakawanda zvinodaidzwa nevese Rousseau neveEncyclopedist pamberi pedanho rekuimba…” Gretry akaita kuti mimhanzi yechiFrench ive yakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana munyaya dzezvidzidzo: opera Huron inoita (mumweya waRousseau) hupenyu hwemaIndia ekuAmerica husina kubatwa nebudiriro; mamwe ma opera, akadai sa "Lucille", anoratidza dingindira rekusaenzana kwevanhu uye anoswedera kune opera-seria. Gretry akanga ari pedyo zvikuru nekasekedhi “yemisodzi,” achipa vanhuwo zvavo manzwiro akadzama, epachokwadi. Ane (kunyangwe zvishoma) anonyatsosetsa, anopenya nekunakidzwa, ma opera mumweya waG. Rossini: "Two Miserly", "Talking Picture". Gretry aifarira zvikuru nyaya dzakanaka, dzengano ("Zemira naAzor"). Iyo exoticism, ruvara uye kunaka kwemimhanzi mumitambo yakadai inovhura nzira yerudo opera.
Gretry akagadzira maopera ake epamusoro muma80s. (manheru chaiwo echimurenga) tichibatsirana nemunyori akasununguka - munyori wemitambo M. Seden. Iyi ndiyo nhoroondo-yenhoroondo opera "Richard the Lionheart" (rwiyo kubva pairi rwakashandiswa naP. Tchaikovsky mu "The Queen of Spades"), "Raul the Bluebeard". Gretry anowana mukurumbira wepan-European. Kubva 1787 akava mutarisiri wemitambo yeComedie Italienne; kunyanya kwaari, nzvimbo yeumambo censor yemimhanzi yakasimbiswa. Zviitiko zve1789 zvakazarura peji itsva mumabasa aGretri, uyo akazova mumwe wevasiki vemimhanzi itsva, yekuchinja. Nziyo dzake nenziyo zvairira mukati memhemberero dzakakomba, dzakazara nevanhu dzakaitirwa munzvimbo dzeParis. Chimurenga chakaita zvitsva pamutambo wemitambo zvakare. Kuvengwa kwehutongi hwehumambo hwakapidigurwa hwakakonzera kurambidzwa neKomiti Yekuchengetedza Ruzhinji kwema opera ake akadai sa "Richard the Lionheart" na "Peter Mukuru". Gretry anogadzira mabasa anosangana nemweya wenguva, achiratidza chishuwo cherusununguko: "William Taura", "Tyrant Dionysius", "Republican Akasarudzwa, kana Mutambo Wekunaka". Rudzi rutsva runomuka - iyo inonzi "opera yezvinotyisa uye ruponeso" (apo mamiriro anotyisa akagadziriswa neyakabudirira denouement) - hunyanzvi hwematoni akasimba uye inopenya yemitambo yemitambo, yakafanana neye classicist pendi yaDavid. Gretry aive mumwe wekutanga kugadzira maopera emhando iyi (Lisabeth, Eliska, kana Rudo rwaAmai). Iyo Salvation Opera yakave nemhedzisiro yakakosha paBeethoven's chete opera, Fidelio.
Mumakore eHumambo hweNapoleonic, basa remunyori waGretry rakaramba, asi akatendeukira kumabasa ekunyora uye akaburitsa Memoirs, kana Essays paMumhanzi, kwaakaratidza kunzwisisa kwake matambudziko ehunyanzvi uye akasiya ruzivo rwakawanda runonakidza nezvenguva yake uye. nezvake.
Muna 1795, Gretry akasarudzwa kuve mudzidzi (nhengo yeInstitute of France) uye akagadzwa mumwe wevaongorori veParis Conservatory. Akapedza makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake muMontmorency (pedyo neParis). Zvekukosha kushoma mubasa raGretry mimhanzi yezviridzwa (symphony, concerto yenyere, quartets), pamwe chete nemaopera mumhando yenhamo yenziyo pazvidzidzo zvekare (Andromache, Cephalus naProkris). Simba retarenda raGretry riri mukunzwa kusinganzwisisike kwekufamba kwenguva, kwezvakafadza nekubata vanhu pane dzimwe nguva munhoroondo.
K. Zenkin
