Hanns Eisler |

Hanns Eisler

Pakupera kwema20s, nziyo dzevarwi dzehondo dzaHans Eisler, muimbi wemakomunisiti uyo akazotamba basa rakatanhamara munhoroondo yerwiyo rwechimurenga rwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, dzakatanga kupararira mumatunhu anoshanda eBerlin, uyezve denderedzwa rakakura reGerman proletariat. Mukubatana nevadetembi Bertolt Brecht, Erich Weinert, muimbi Ernst Busch, Eisler anosuma rudzi rutsva rwenziyo muhupenyu hwemazuva ese - rwiyo rwe sirogani, rwiyo rweposter rwunodaidzira kurwisa nyika ye capitalism. Aya ndiwo maitiro anomuka rudzi rwerwiyo, rwakawana zita rekuti "Kampflieder" - "nziyo dzekurwira." Eisler akauya kurudzi urwu nenzira yakaoma.

Hans Eisler akaberekerwa muLeipzig, asi haana kugara pano kwenguva yakareba, makore mana chete. Akapedza uduku hwake uye huduku muVienna. Zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvakatanga achiri mudiki, pazera re12 anoedza kunyora. Pasina rubatsiro rwevadzidzisi, vachidzidza chete kubva mumienzaniso yemimhanzi inozivikanwa kwaari, Eisler akanyora nziyo dzake dzokutanga, dzakaratidzwa nechitambi che dilettantism. Sejaya, Eisler anojoinha sangano revechidiki rinomukira, uye pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, anotora chikamu mukugadzira nekuparadzira mabhuku eparaganda anonangana nehondo.

Aiva nemakore 18 paakaenda kumberi ari musoja. Pano, kwekutanga, mimhanzi uye pfungwa dzekuchinja zvakapinda mupfungwa dzake, uye nziyo dzokutanga dzakamuka - mhinduro kune chokwadi chakamupoteredza.

Mushure mehondo, kudzokera kuVienna, Eisler akapinda muimba yekuchengetedza ndokuva mudzidzi waArnold Schoenberg, muumbi we dodecaphonic system, yakagadzirirwa kuparadza mazana emakore emisimboti yemimhanzi uye zvinhu zvemimhanzi aesthetics. Muchiito chekudzidzisa chemakore iwayo, Schoenberg akatendeukira kumimhanzi yechinyakare chete, achitungamira vadzidzi vake kuti vanyore zvinoenderana nemitemo yakasimba yecanonical ine tsika dzakadzama.

Makore akapedzwa mukirasi yaSchoenberg (1918-1923) akapa Eisler mukana wokudzidza hwaro hwounyanzvi hwokunyora. Mune yake piano sonatas, Quintet yezviridzwa zvemhepo, makwaya ari pamavhesi aHeine, madiki madiki ezwi, nyere, clarinet, viola uye cello, zvese maitiro ane chivimbo ekunyora uye zvikamu zvehuterogeneous pesvedzero zvinoonekwa, kutanga pane zvese, zvakajairika, pesvedzero. yemudzidzisi, Schoenberg.

Eisler anosanganidzana nevatungamiriri veamateur kwaya art, iyo yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya muAustria, uye munguva pfupi inova mumwe wevanonyanya kufarira makwikwi emhando dzedzidzo yemimhanzi munzvimbo yekushanda. Thesis "Mumhanzi uye Revolution" inova yakasimba uye isingaparadzike kwehupenyu hwake hwese. Ndosaka achinzwa kudiwa kwemukati kwekudzokorora nzvimbo dzekunaka dzakaiswa naSchoenberg nevanomuperekedza. Pakupera kwa1924, Eisler akatamira kuBerlin, uko kurova kwehupenyu hwevashandi veGerman kunorova zvakanyanya, uko kufurira kweBato reCommunist kuri kukura zuva rega rega, uko kutaura kwaErnst Thalmann kunoratidza pachena kune vanhu vanoshanda. Ndeipi njodzi izere nekuita kwakanyanya kuita, kunanga kune fascism.

Kuita kwaEisler kwekutanga semunyori kwakakonzera kunyomba chaiko muBerlin. Chikonzero chayo kwaive kuita kwekutenderera kwemazwi pazvinyorwa zvakakweretwa kubva kumapepanhau. Basa raakazvimisira Eisler raive rakajeka: nekuita nemaune prosaism, nemazuva ese, kurova "mbama pamberi pekuravira kwevanhu", zvichireva kuravira kwevagari vemutaundi, philistines, sezvakaitwa neRussia futurists mukutaura kwavo kwekunyora uye nemuromo. Vatsoropodzi vakapindura zvakakodzera pakuita kwe "Newspaper Ads", kwete stinting mukusarudza mazwi ekutuka uye epithets yekutuka.

Eisler pachake akabata chiitiko ichi ne "Zviziviso" zvinokatyamadza, achiziva kuti kufara kwebongozozo uye kunyomba mumachakwi ephilistine hakufanire kutorwa sechiitiko chakakomba. Achienderera mberi neushamwari hwaakanga atanga muVienna nevashandi vebasa, Eisler akawana mikana yakafara zvikuru muBerlin, achibatanidza mabasa ake nechikoro chevashandi veMarxist, imwe yenzvimbo dzebasa repfungwa dzakarongwa neCentral Committee yeCommunist Party yeGermany. Iko pano kuti ushamwari hwake hwekusika nevadetembi Bertolt Brecht naErich Weinert, nevanyori Karl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer hunotangwa.

Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti kupera kwe20s yaive nguva yekubudirira kwese kwejazz, chiitiko chitsva chakaonekwa muGermany mushure mehondo ye1914-18. Eisler anokwezvwa nejazz yenguva idzodzo kwete nekugomera kwetsitsi, kwete nenyama yenyama yefoxtrot inononoka, uye kwete nekumhanya mhanya kweiyo fashoni yekutamba shimmy - anotenda zvikuru kujeka kweiyo jerky rhythm, iyo isingaparadzike canvas ye. gidhi rekufamba, iro melodic pattern inomira pachena. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo nziyo dzaEisler uye mabharadhi anomuka, achiswedera mumataurirwo adzo mune dzimwe nguva kusvika kumataurirwo ekutaura, mune dzimwe - kunziyo dzechiGermany, asi nguva dzose zvichienderana nekuzviisa kwakakwana kwemuiti kune simbi inotsika (kazhinji kazhinji kufamba) , pane zvinonzwisa tsitsi, zvekutaura. Kukurumbira kukuru kunohwinwa nenziyo dzakadai se "Comintern" ("Factories, simuka!"), "Rwiyo rweSolidarity" kune chinyorwa chaBertolt Brecht:

Vanhu venyika ngavasimuke, Vabatanidze simba ravo, Vave nyika yakasununguka Nyika ngaitidye!

Kana kuti nziyo dzakadai se "Nziyo dzeCotton Pickers", "Spamp Soldiers", "Red Wedding", "Rwiyo rweStale Bread", iyo yakawana mukurumbira munyika zhinji dzepasi uye yakasangana nemagumo ehunyanzvi hwekuchinja zvechokwadi: the rudo uye rudo rwemamwe mapoka evanhu uye ruvengo rwevanopikisana navo.

Eisler anotendeukira kune imwe yakawedzera fomu, kune ballad, asi pano haakonzeri matambudziko ekutaura kumuiti - tessitura, tempo. Zvose zvinosarudzwa nechishuvo, nzira dzekududzira, hongu, pamberi pezvakakodzera zvinyorwa zvezwi. Matambiro aya ane chikwereti chikuru kuna Ernst Busch, murume akaita saEisler akazvipira kumumhanzi uye chimurenga. Mutambi anoshamisa ane mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakaitwa naye: Iago, Mephistopheles, Galileo, magamba emitambo naFriedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Shumba Feuchtwanger, Georg Buchner - aive nezwi rakasiyana rekuimba, baritone yesimbi yakakwira simbi. Kunzwa kunoshamisa kwerhythm, diction yakakwana, yakasanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwekuita zvekuedzesera, yakamubatsira kugadzira dura rose remifananidzo yemagariro mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana - kubva parwiyo rwuri nyore kuenda kune dithyramb, pamphlet, oratorical propaganda kutaura. Zvakaoma kufungidzira mutambo chaiwo pakati pechinangwa chemunyori uye embodiment yekuita kupfuura Eisler-Bush ensemble. Kutamba kwavo pamwe chete kwe "Ballad Campaign Against the Soviet Union" (Ballad iyi inozivikanwa se“Anxious March”) uye “Ballads of the Disabled War” yakaita fungidziro isingadzimiki.

Kushanya kwaEisler naBush kuSoviet Union mumakore makumi matatu, misangano yavo nevaimbi veSoviet, vanyori, nhaurirano na AM Gorky yakasiya fungidziro yakadzika kwete mumemoirs chete, asiwo mukuita chaiko kwekusika, sezvo vatambi vazhinji vakagamuchira maitiro anoratidza kududzirwa kwaBush. , uye vanyori - Eisler maitiro chaiwo ekunyora. Nziyo dzakasiyana dzakadai se "Polyushko-munda" naL. Knipper, "Heino varwi vari kuuya" naK. Molchanov, "Buchenwald alarm" naV. Muradeli, "Kana vakomana venyika yose" naV. Solovyov-Sedoy , nemavambo awo ose, akagara nhaka maumbirwo aEisler, mutinhimira, uye akati wandei.

Kuuya kwevaNazi pamasimba kwakatara mutsara munhoroondo yehupenyu hwaHans Eisler. Kune rimwe divi raive iro chikamu chayo chaive chakabatana neBerlin, aine makore gumi ebato rakasimba uye muimbi chiitiko, kune rimwe - makore ekudzungaira, makore gumi nemashanu ekutama, kutanga muEurope uyezve muU.SA.

Muna 1937 maRepublican Republicans pavakasimudza mureza wekurwa vachipokana nemapoka echifascist aMussolini, Hitler nechimurenga chavo chaivo, Hans Eisler naErnst Busch vakazviwana vari pakati pemauto eRepublican vakabatana nemapfudzi nevazvipiri vakamhanya vachibva kunyika dzakawanda. kubatsira hama dzokuSpain. Pano, mumigero yeGuadalajara, Campus, Toledo, nziyo dzichangonyorwa naEisler dzakanzwika. Yake "Kurume yeChishanu Regiment" uye "Rwiyo rwaNdira 7" dzakaimbwa nevese Republican Spain. Nziyo dzaEisler dzainzwika sokusachinja zvakafanana nedzaDolores Ibarruri dzinoti: “Zviri nani kufa wakamira pane kugara wakapfugama.”

Uye apo mauto akabatanidzwa efascism akadzipa Republican Spain, apo tyisidziro yehondo yenyika yakava chaiyoiyo, Eisler akatamira kuAmerica. Pano anopa simba rake kune pedagogy, mitambo yekonzati, kugadzira mimhanzi yefirimu. Mumhando iyi, Eisler akatanga kushanda zvakanyanya mushure mekutamira kunzvimbo huru yeAmerican cinema - Los Angeles.

Uye, kunyangwe mimhanzi yake yaifarirwa zvakanyanya nevagadziri vemafirimu uye yakatowana mibairo yepamutemo, kunyangwe Eisler ainakidzwa nerutsigiro rwehushamwari rwaCharlie Chaplin, hupenyu hwake muNyika hwakanga husina kutapira. Munyori wechikominisiti haana kumutsa kunzwira tsitsi kwevakuru vakuru, kunyanya pakati peavo, pabasa, vaifanira “kutevera pfungwa.”

Kushuva Germany kunoratidzwa mune mazhinji emabasa aEisler. Zvichida chinhu chakasimba chiri murwiyo ruduku "Germany" kune mavhesi eBrecht.

Kupera kwenhamo yangu Waenda zvino mambakwedza akafukidzwa neDenga nderenyu. Zuva idzva richauya Unorangarira kanopfuura kamwe Rwiyo rwakaimbwa nenhapwa Muawa inovava

Rwiyo rwerwiyo rwuri pedyo nengano dzechiGermany uye panguva imwe chete kune nziyo dzakakurira patsika dzeWeber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. Kujeka kwakajeka kwemutinhimira uyu kunosiya pasina mubvunzo kubva paudzame hwemweya urwu rukova rwunoyerera rwakayerera.

Muna 1948, Hans Eisler akabatanidzwa mumazita e“vatorwa vasingadiwi,” ndiyo yaiva mhosva. Sokutaura kunoita mumwe muongorori, “Mumwe mukuru weMcCarthyist akamudaidza kuti Karl Marx wemimhanzi. Muimbi wacho akasungwa.” Uye mushure menguva pfupi, pasinei nekupindira uye kuedza kwaCharlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso nevamwe vazhinji vevanyori vakuru, "nyika yekusununguka uye democracy" yakatumira Hans Eisler kuEurope.

Vakuru veBritain vakaedza kufambirana nevanoshanda navo mhiri kwemakungwa uye vakaramba kugamuchira vaEisler. Kwenguva yakati Eisler anogara muVienna. Akatamira kuBerlin muna 1949. Misangano naBertolt Brecht naErnst Busch yaifadza, asi yainyanya kufadza yakanga iri musangano nevanhu vaiimba nziyo dzekare dzaEisler hondo isati yatanga nenziyo dzake itsva. Kuno muBerlin, Eisler akanyora rwiyo rwemashoko aJohannes Becher "Tichasimuka kubva mumatongo uye kuvaka ramangwana rakajeka", iyo yaiva National Anthem yeGermany Democratic Republic.

Eisler's 1958th zuva rekuzvarwa rakapembererwa zvine mutsindo muna 60. Akaramba achinyora mimhanzi yakawanda yetheater nemabhaisikopo. Uye zvakare, Ernst Busch, uyo akapukunyuka nenzira inoshamisa mumakomba emisasa yevasungwa yeNazi, akaimba nziyo dzeshamwari yake uye shamwari yake. Panguva ino "Kuruboshwe Kurume" kune ndima dzeMayakovsky.

Pana September 7, 1962, Hans Eisler akafa. Zita rake rakapihwa kuChikoro Chepamusoro cheMumhanzi muBerlin.

Haasi mabasa ese anopihwa mazita murondedzero pfupi iyi. Chinonyanya kukosha chinopiwa rwiyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, Eisler's chamber uye symphonic mimhanzi, hurongwa hwake hwehuchenjeri hwemimhanzi yemitambo yaBertolt Brecht, uye mimhanzi yemafirimu akawanda yakapinda kwete chete Eisler's biography, asiwo nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemhando idzi. Nzira dzekuva vagari venyika, kuvimbika kune zvinangwa zvechimurenga, kuda uye tarenda yemunyori, uyo anoziva vanhu vake uye anoimba pamwe chete navo - zvose izvi zvakapa kusadzivirirwa kune nziyo dzake, chombo chine simba chemunyori.