Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "The Special Litany" kubva ku "Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

Nekufamba kwemakore, ndakawedzera kusimbiswa mukuziva kwekudanwa kwangu kwechokwadi, uye mubasa iri ndakaona basa rangu rehupenyu ... A. Grechaninov

Ikoko kwakanga kune chimwe chinhu chisingagoni kuparadzwa cheRussia muchimiro chake, munhu wose akasangana naA. Grechaninov akacherechedza. Akanga ari rudzi rwemunyanzvi weRussia chaiye - ane simba, blond, akapfeka magirazi, ane ndebvu "Chekhov"; asi kupfuura zvose - kuchena kunokosha kwemweya, kusimba kwekutenda kwetsika kwakagadzirisa hupenyu hwake uye nzvimbo yekusika, kuvimbika kune tsika dzechiRussian musical culture, kushingaira hunhu hwekuishumira. Iyo yekusika nhaka yeGrechaninov yakakura - approx. 1000 mabasa, kusanganisira 6 operas, bhareti yevana, 5 symphonies, 9 huru symphonic mabasa, mimhanzi ye 7 mitambo inoshamisa, 4 tambo quartets, akawanda ezviridzwa uye mazwi enziyo. Asi chikamu chakakosha chenhaka iyi mimhanzi yekwaya, dzerudo, kwaya uye piano inoshandira vana. Mimhanzi yaGrechaninov yakanga yakakurumbira, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov akazviita achida. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Zvisinei, iyo yekugadzira biography yemunyori yakanga yakaoma.

“Ndakanga ndisiri wevaya vane rombo rakanaka vane mararamiro akazara nemaruva. Nhanho imwe neimwe yebasa rangu rokudhirowa yakanditorera nhamburiko inoshamisa.” Mhuri yemutengesi weMoscow Grechaninov akafanotaura kuti mukomana wacho aizotengesa. "Pandakanga ndava nemakore gumi nemana pandakaona piyano kekutanga ... Kubva ipapo, piyano yave shamwari yangu yenguva dzose." Kudzidza zvakaoma, Grechaninov muna 14, pachivande kubva kuvabereki vake, akapinda muMoscow Conservatory, kwaakadzidza naV. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Akafunga kuti Historical Concerts yaA. Rubinstein uye kukurukurirana nemimhanzi yaP. Tchaikovsky kuva zviitiko zvikuru zvehupenyu hwake hwekuchengetedza. "Ndichiri mukomana, ndakakwanisa kuva pamitambo yekutanga yeEugene Onegin uye The Queen of Spades. Kweupenyu hwangu hwose, ndakaramba ndiine murangariro mukuru wandakaitwa nenziyo idzi. Muna 1881, nekuda kwekusawirirana naArensky, uyo akaramba Grechaninov kugadzira mano, aifanira kubva kuMoscow Conservatory ndokuenda kuSt. Pano munyori wechidiki akasangana nekunzwisisa kwakakwana uye kutsigirwa kwemutsa kwaN. Rimsky-Korsakov, kusanganisira kutsigirwa kwezvinhu, izvo zvaive zvakakosha kune jaya rinoshaiwa. Grechaninov akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory muna 1890, achipa cantata "Samson" sedhipuroma basa, uye gore rakatevera akapiwa mubayiro pamakwikwi eBelyaevsky eFirst String Quartet. (Makota eChipiri neChitatu akazopihwa mibairo yakafanana.)

Muna 1896, Grechaninov akadzokera kuMoscow semunyori anozivikanwa, munyori weFirst Symphony, akawanda erudo uye makwaya. Nguva yeinonyanya kushanda yekugadzira, pedagogical, yemagariro chiitiko yakatanga. Sezvo ave pedyo naK. Stanislavsky, Grechaninov anogadzira mimhanzi yemitambo yeMoscow Art Theater. Mumhanzi wemumhanzi weA. Ostrovsky's play "The Snow Maiden" wakave wakabudirira zvakanyanya. Stanislavsky akadana mimhanzi iyi yakanaka.

Muna 1903, munyori akaita chikwata chake paBolshoi Theater ne opera Dobrynya Nikitich, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwaF. Chaliapin naA. Nezhdanova. Opera yakawana mvumo yeruzhinji uye vatsoropodzi. "Ndinozviona semupiro wakanaka kumimhanzi yeOpera yeRussia," Rimsky-Korsakov akanyorera munyori. Mumakore aya, Grechaninov akashanda zvakanyanya mumhando dzemimhanzi tsvene, achizvigadzirira chinangwa chekuunza pedyo ne "mweya wevanhu". Uye kudzidzisa pachikoro chehanzvadzi dzeGnessin (kubvira 1903) kwakashanda sechikuchidziro chekunyora mitambo yevana. "Ndinoda vana ... Nevana, ndaigara ndichinzwa ndakaenzana navo," akadaro Grechaninov, achitsanangura nyore kwaakaita mimhanzi yevana. Kune vana, akanyora akawanda kwaya kutenderera, kusanganisira "Ai, doo-doo!", "Cockerel", "Brook", "Ladushki", nezvimwewo; kuunganidzwa kwepiyano "Album yeVana", "Beads", "Ngano", "Spikers", "Panzvimbo yakasvibira". Maopera eElochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox (1921) akanyatsogadzirirwa maitiro evana. Zvose izvi zvinyorwa zvine melodic, zvinonakidza mumutauro wemimhanzi.

Muna 1903, Grechaninov akabatanidzwa musangano reMusical Chikamu cheEthnographic Society paYunivhesiti yeMoscow, muna 1904 akabatanidzwa mukusikwa kwePeople's Conservatory. Iri basa rinokurudzira pakudzidza nekugadzirisa nziyo dzevanhu - Russian, Bashkir, Belarusian.

Grechaninov akatanga basa rakasimba panguva yekumukira kwa1905. Pamwe chete nemutsoropodzi wemimhanzi Y. Engel, akanga ari muvambi we "Declaration of Moscow Musicians", akaunganidza mari kumhuri dzevashandi vakafa. Kumariro eE. Bauman, izvo zvakaguma nekuratidzira kwakakurumbira, akanyora "Funeral March". Tsamba dzemakore aya dzizere nekutsoropodza kunoparadza kwehurumende yetsarist. “Inga nyika ine nhamo! Hwaro hwakasimba hwavakazvivakira ivo kubva murima nekusaziva kwevanhu… "Maitiro eruzhinji akauya mushure mekukundwa kwechimurenga airatidzwa mune imwe basa raGrechaninov: mumitambo yezwi "Maruva Ezvakaipa" (1909) ), "Mashizha Akafa" (1910), mune opera "Hanzvadzi Beatrice" mushure meM. Maeterlinck (1910), mafungiro asina tariro anonzwika.

Mumakore ekutanga esimba reSoviet, Grechaninov akashanda nesimba muhupenyu hwemimhanzi: akaronga makonti uye hurukuro dzevashandi, akatungamira kwaya yekoroni yevana, akapa zvidzidzo zvekwaya pachikoro chemimhanzi, chakaitwa mumakonzati, akaronga nziyo dzechivanhu, uye akanyora rwiyo. zvakawanda. Zvisinei, muna 1925 munyori akaenda kunze kwenyika uye haana kudzokera kunyika yake. Kusvikira 1939, aigara muParis, kwaakapa makonzati, akagadzira nhamba huru yemabasa (yechina, yechishanu symphonies, 2 mas, 3 sonatas yezviridzwa zvakasiyana, ballet yevana "Forest Idyll", nezvimwewo), yaakagara. akatendeka kutsika dzechiRussian classical, achipikisa basa rake kune Western musical avant-garde. Muna 1929, Grechaninov, pamwe chete nemuimbi N. Koshyts, vakashanyira New York nekubudirira kwekukunda uye muna 1939 vakatamira kuUnited States. Makore ose ekugara kwake kunze kwenyika, Grechaninov akanzwa kushuva kukuru kwenyika yake, achigara achiedza kuonana nenyika yeSoviet, kunyanya panguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Akatsaurira symphonic nhetembo "To Victory" (1943), zvinyorwa zvaakatumira kuSoviet Union, uye "Elegiac Poem in Memory of Heroes" (1944) kune zviitiko zvehondo.

Musi waOctober 24, 1944, zuva rekuzvarwa kwaGrechaninov rechi80 rakapembererwa zvine mutsindo muGreat Hall yeMoscow Conservatory, uye mimhanzi yake yakaitwa. Izvi zvakakurudzira munyori zvakanyanya, zvakakonzera kuwedzera kutsva kwemasimba ekugadzira.

Kusvikira pamazuva okupedzisira Grechaninov akarota kudzokera kunyika yake, asi izvi zvakanga zvisina kurongerwa kuitika. Anenge matsi nemapofu, ari muurombo hwakanyanya uye kusurukirwa, akafira kune imwe nyika pazera remakore 92.

O. Averyanova