Pierre Rode |
Pierre Rode
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX muFrance, iyo yaipfuura munguva yemhirizhonga munharaunda, chikoro chinoshamisa chemaviolinists chakaumbwa, icho chakazivikanwa pasi rese. Vamiririri varo vakajeka vaiva Pierre Rode, Pierre Baio naRodolphe Kreuzer.
Maviolinists emhando dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi, vaive nezvakawanda zvakafanana munzvimbo dzekunaka, izvo zvakabvumira vanyori venhoroondo kuti vabatanidze pasi pezita rechikoro cheFrench violin chikoro. Vakarerwa mumhepo ye pre-revolutionary France, vakatanga rwendo rwavo nekuyemura maencyclopedist, uzivi hwaJean-Jacques Rousseau, uye mumhanzi vaive vatevedzeri veViotti vane shungu, avo vakadzora zvakanaka uye panguva imwe chete vachinzwisa tsitsi. mutambo vakaona muenzaniso wemaitiro echinyakare mumitambo yemitambo. Vakanzwa Viotti sababa vavo vomudzimu nomudzidzisi, kunyange zvazvo Rode bedzi akanga ari mudzidzi wake wakananga.
Zvese izvi zvakavabatanidza nebapiro redemocracy yeFrench tsika nhamba. Pesvedzero yepfungwa dzeva encyclopedist, pfungwa dzechimurenga, inonyatso kunzwikwa mu "Methodology of the Paris Conservatory" yakagadziridzwa naBayot, Rode naKreutzer, "umo mumhanzi uye dzidziso pfungwa dzinoona uye dzinokanganisa ... dzidziso dzevechiduku vechiFrench bourgeoisie.”
Nekudaro, yavo yedemocratism yaive yakaganhurirwa kunyanya kune nzvimbo yeaesthetics, iyo yehunyanzvi, mune zvematongerwo enyika vaive vasina hanya. Vakanga vasina chido ichocho chemoto chepfungwa dzechimurenga, iyo yakasiyanisa Gossek, Cherubini, Daleyrac, Burton, uye naizvozvo vakakwanisa kugara pakati pehupenyu hwemimhanzi hweFrance mukushanduka kwose kwevanhu. Nomuzvarirwo, aesthetics yavo haina kuramba isina kuchinjwa. Shanduko kubva mukumukira kwa1789 kuenda kuhumambo hweNapoleon, kudzoreredzwa kwedzinza reBourbon uye, pakupedzisira, kune bourgeois monarchy yaLouis Philippe, zvakachinja mweya wetsika dzeFrance, uko vatungamiriri vayo vaisagona kuramba vasina hanya. Hunyanzvi hwemumhanzi hwemakore iwayo hwakabva kune classicism kuenda ku "Empire" uyezve kuenda kurudo. Iyo yaichimbova gamba-hurumende yehudzvinyiriri motifs munguva yeNapoleon yakatsiviwa nerunyerekupe rwekushamisira uye kungwara kwemhemberero dze "Empire", kutonhora kwemukati uye zvine musoro, uye tsika dzechinyakare dzakawana hunhu hwemudzidzi akanaka. Mukati megadziriro yacho, Bayo naKreutzer vanopedza basa ravo rehunyanzvi.
Pazere, ivo vanoramba vari vechokwadi kune classicism, uye chaizvo muchimiro chayo chedzidzo, uye vatorwa kune inobuda yerudo gwara. Pakati pavo, mumwe Rode akabata rudo nemanzwiro enziyo dzemimhanzi yake. Asi zvakadaro, mumasikirwo emashoko, akaramba ari muteveri waRousseau, Megul, Grétry naViotti kupfuura mushambadzi wekunzwa kutsva kwerudo. Mushure mezvose, hazvina kuitika kuti pakauya maruva erudo, mabasa eRode akarasikirwa nemukurumbira. Romantics haina kunzwa mavari consonance nesystem yavo yekunzwa. Kufanana neBayo naKreutzer, Rode zvachose aive wenguva yeclassicism, iyo yakatemesa hunyanzvi hwake uye hunhu hwekunaka.
Rode akaberekerwa muBordeaux musi waFebruary 16, 1774. Kubva pazera remakore matanhatu, akatanga kudzidza violin naAndré Joseph Fauvel (mukuru). Kuti Fauvel aive mudzidzisi akanaka zvakaoma kutaura. Kukurumidza kupera kwaRode semuiti, iyo yakava dambudziko rehupenyu hwake, inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekukuvadzwa kwakaitwa kuhunyanzvi hwake nedzidziso yake yekutanga. Imwe nzira kana imwe, Fauvel aisakwanisa kupa Rode hupenyu hurefu hwekuita.
Muna 1788, Rode akaenda kuParis, kwaakanoridza imwe yemakonti eViotti kune aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo mutambi weviolinist Punto. Akarohwa netarenda remukomana, Punto anomuendesa kuViotti, uyo anotora Rode semudzidzi wake. Zvidzidzo zvavo zvinotora makore maviri. Rode arikufambira mberi zvinokatyamadza. Muna 1790, Viotti akasunungura mudzidzi wake kekutanga mune imwe konzati yakazaruka. Iyo yekutanga yakaitika paTheatre yehama yaMambo panguva yekupindira kwekuita kweopera. Rode akaridza Viotti's Thirteenth Concerto, uye kuita kwake kunotyisa, kunoshamisa kwakafadza vateereri. Mukomana ane makore 16 chete, asi, nenhoroondo dzose, ndiye akanakisa violinist muFrance mushure meViotti.
Mugore rimwe chetero, Rode akatanga kushanda mune yakanakisa orchestra yeFeydo Theatre semuperekedzi wechipiri violin. Panguva imwecheteyo, chiitiko chake chekonzati chakaitika: pavhiki yeIsita 1790, akaita kutenderera kwakakura kwenguva idzodzo, achitamba makontikiti mashanu eViotti akateedzana (Chechitatu, chegumi nenhatu, chegumi nechina, chegumi nenomwe, chegumi nesere).
Rode anopedza makore ese anotyisa echimurenga muParis, achitamba munhandare yeFeydo. Muna 1794 chete akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga konzati pamwe chete nemuimbi ane mukurumbira Garat. Vanoenda kuGermany uye vanoridza muHamburg, Berlin. Kubudirira kwaRohde kunoshamisa, Berlin Musical Gazette yakanyora nechido kuti: “Unyanzvi hwekuridza kwake hwakasangana nezvose zvaitarisirwa. Wese munhu akanzwa mudzidzisi wake ane mukurumbira Viotti anobvumirana kuti Rode akanyatsogona maitiro emudzidzisi akanakisa, achipa kupfava uye kunyorova.
Ongororo inosimbisa divi renziyo remaitiro aRode. Hunhu hwekutamba kwake uhwu hunosimbiswa nguva dzose mumitongo yevaakararama navo. "Kunaka, kuchena, nyasha" - epithets yakadaro inopiwa kuita kwaRode neshamwari yake Pierre Baio. Asi nenzira iyi, matambiro aRode sezviri pachena aisiyana zvakanyanya neaViotti, nekuti aive asina hugamba-hunonzwisa tsitsi, hunhu hwe "oratorical". Sezviri pachena, Rode akakwezva vateereri nekuwirirana, kujeka kwechinyakare uye nziyo, uye kwete nemufaro unonzwisa tsitsi, simba remurume iro rakasiyanisa Viotti.
Pasinei nekubudirira, Rode anoshuva kudzokera kunyika yake. Amira makonzati, anoenda kuBordeaux negungwa, sezvo kufamba nenyika kune ngozi. Nekudaro, anotadza kusvika kuBordeaux. Dutu rinoputika uye rinotyaira chikepe chaanofamba achienda kumahombekombe eEngland. Haana kumboora moyo. Rode anomhanyira kuLondon kunoona Viotti, anogara ikoko. Panguva imwecheteyo, anoda kutaura kuruzhinji rweLondon, asi, nhamo, maFrench muguta guru reChirungu vane hanya zvikuru, vachifungira munhu wese Jacobin manzwiro. Rode anomanikidzwa kuzvivharira kuti atore chikamu mukonzati yerudo achifarira chirikadzi nenherera, uye nekudaro anobva kuLondon. Nzira yekuFrance yakavharwa; mutambi weviolin anodzokera kuHamburg uye kubva pano achipfuura neHolland anoenda kunyika yake.
Rode akasvika muParis muna 1795. Yakanga iri panguva iyo Sarret akatsvaga kubva kuChibvumirano mutemo pamusoro pekuvhurwa kwekuchengetedza - nzvimbo yekutanga yenyika, apo dzidzo yemimhanzi inova nyaya yeruzhinji. Pasi pemumvuri weiyo Conservatory, Sarret inounganidza ese epamusoro emimhanzi mauto aive panguva iyoyo muParis. Catel, Daleyrak, Cherubini, cellist Bernard Romberg, uye pakati pevanoridza violinists, akwegura Gavignier uye wechidiki Bayot, Rode, Kreutzer vanogamuchira kukokwa. Mamiriro ekunze ari munzvimbo yekuchengetedza anogadzira uye ane shungu. Uye hazvisi pachena kuti sei, ndave muParis kwenguva pfupi. Rode anodonhedza zvese oenda kuSpain.
Hupenyu hwake muMadrid hunozivikanwa nekuda kwehushamwari hwake hukuru naBoccherini. Mutambi mukuru haana mweya mujaya rinopisa reFrench. Iyo inoshingaira Rode inoda kuumba mimhanzi, asi ine isina kunaka kuraira kwezviridzwa. Boccherini anoda kuita basa iri kwaari. Ruoko rwake runonzwika zvakajeka mukunaka, kureruka, nyasha dze orchestral inoperekedza akati wandei emakonsati aRode, kusanganisira yakakurumbira Sixth Concerto.
Rode akadzokera kuParis muna 1800. Panguva yekusavapo kwake shanduko inokosha yezvematongerwo enyika yakaitika muguta guru reFrance. General Bonaparte akava mumiriri wekutanga weFrench Republic. Mutongi mutsva, zvishoma nezvishoma achirasa hunyoro hwerepublic uye demokrasi, akatsvaga "kupa" "dare" rake. Pa "dare" rake chiridzwa chechiridzwa uye orchestra zvakarongwa, uko Rode anokokwa seanoimba ari ega. Iyo Paris Conservatory inomuvhurirawo zvine hushamwari magonhi ayo, uko kuyedza kunoitwa kugadzira zvikoro zvemaitiro mumapazi makuru edzidzo yemimhanzi. Iyo violin chikoro-nzira yakanyorwa naBaio, Rode naKreutzer. Muna 1802, Chikoro ichi (Methode du violon) chakaburitswa chikagashira kuzivikanwa pasi rese. Zvisinei, Rode haana kutora chikamu chikuru zvakadaro mukusikwa kwayo; Baio ndiye aive munyori mukuru.
Pamusoro peiyo Conservatory uye Bonaparte Chapel, Rode zvakare ari soloist paParis Grand Opera. Munguva iyi, aidiwa neveruzhinji, ari pakakwirira mukurumbira uye anonakidzwa nechiremera chisina mubvunzo chemutambi weviolin wekutanga muFrance. Uye zvakare, hunhu hwekusagadzikana haamubvumiri kuti arambe ari munzvimbo. Anyengerwa neshamwari yake, munyori wenziyo weBoildieu, muna 1803 Rode akaenda kuSt.
Kubudirira kweRode muguta guru reRussia kunonakidza zvechokwadi. Akapiwa kuna Alexander I, anogadzwa soloist wedare, ane muhoro usina kunzwika we5000 esirivha rubles pagore. Ari kupisa. St. Petersburg high society vari kukwikwidzana vachiedza kuwana Rode mumasaroni avo; anopa ega makonzati, anotamba mumaquartets, ensembles, ari ega muimbi opera; nziyo dzake dzinopinda muhupenyu hwemazuva ese, mimhanzi yake inoyemurwa nevadikani.
Muna 1804, Rode akaenda kuMoscow, kwaakapa konzati, sezvinopupurirwa nechiziviso muMoskovskie Vedomosti: “Mr. Rode, mutambi wekutanga weviolinist weHumambo Hwake, ane rukudzo rwekuzivisa veruzhinji kuti achapa konzati musi waApril 10, Svondo, mukufarira kwake muhoro hombe yePetrovsky Theatre, umo acharidza zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana. kuumbwa kwake. Rode akagara muMoscow, sezviri pachena kwenguva yakati rebei. Saka, muSP Zhikharev's "Notes" tinoverenga kuti mu salon yemukurumbira wemumhanzi weMoscow VA Vsevolozhsky muna 1804-1805 pakanga pane quartet umo "gore rapera Rode akabata violin yekutanga, uye Batllo, viola Frenzel uye cello achiri Lamar. . Ichokwadi, ruzivo rwakataurwa naZhikharev haruna kururama. J. Lamar muna 1804 aisakwanisa kutamba mu quartet naRode, nokuti akasvika muMoscow chete munaNovember 1805 neBayo.
Kubva kuMoscow, Rode akaenda zvakare kuSt. Ari munzira, akashanyira zvakare kuMoscow, kwaakasangana neshamwari dzekare dzeParisian dzaigara ikoko kubva 1808 - violinist Bayo uye cellist Lamar. MuMoscow, akaita konzati yokuonekana. “Mr. Rode, wekutanga violinist weKammera yeHukuru Hwake Emperor weAll Russia, achipfuura nemuMoscow kunze kwenyika, neSvondo, Kukadzi 1808, achave nerukudzo rwekupa konzati yekubatsira kwake muhoro yeDance Club. Zviri mukati mekonzati: 1805. Symphony yaVaMozart; 23. VaRode vacharidza konzati yenziyo yavo; 1. Huge Overture, Op. guta reKerubhini; 2. VaZoon vacharidza Flute Concerto, Op. Kapellmeister VaMiller; 3. VaRode vacharidza konzati yekuumbwa kwavo, inopiwa kuMukuru Wake Emperor Alexander Pavlovich. Rondo inonyanya kutorwa kubva kune dzakawanda nziyo dzeRussia; 4. Yekupedzisira. Mutengo wacho 5 rubles kune imwe tikiti, iyo inogona kuwanikwa kubva kuna VaRode pachake, anogara paTverskaya, muimba yaVaSaltykov naMadame Shiu, uye kubva kumuchengeti weimba yeDance Academy.
Nekoniti iyi, Rode akaonekana kuRussia. Achisvika muParis, akakurumidza kupa konzati muhoro yeOdeon theatre. Zvisinei, kutamba kwake hakuna kuita kuti vateereri vafarire. Ongororo inoodza mwoyo yakabuda muGerman Musical Gazette: “Pakudzoka kwake kubva kuRussia, Rode aida kupa mubairo vokwake nokuda kwokuvanyima mufaro wokufarikanya tarenda rake rinoshamisa kwenguva refu. Asi panguva ino, akanga asina rombo rakanaka. Sarudzo yekonsati yekuita yakaitwa naye zvakanyanya zvisina kubudirira. Akainyora muSt. Petersburg, uye zvinoita sokuti kutonhora kweRussia hakuna kuramba kusina pesvedzero paichi chinyorwa. Rode akaita fungidziro shoma. Tarenda yake, yakapedzwa zvachose mukukura kwayo, ichiri kusiya zvakawanda zvingadiwa maererano nemoto uye hupenyu hwemukati. Roda ainyanya kurwadziwa nekuti takanzwa Lafon ari pamberi pake. Uyu ndiye mumwe wevanofarira violin pano. "
Ichokwadi, kuyeuka hakusati kwataura nezvekudzikira kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwaRode. Muongorori haana kugutsikana nesarudzo yekonisheni "inotonhora" uye kushaikwa kwemoto mukuita kwemuimbi. Sezviri pachena, chinhu chikuru chaive kuravira kwakashandurwa kwevaParisians. Iyo "classic" maitiro eRode akarega kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neveruzhinji. Zvikuru aive zvino afadzwa nehunhu hwakanaka hwaLafont mudiki. Tsika yekuda kwezviridzwa zvakanaka yainge yave kutoita kuti inzwe, izvo zvaizokurumidza kuve chiratidzo cheiyo nguva inouya yerudo.
Kukundikana kwekonzati kwakabata Rode. Zvichida kwaive kuita uku kwakamukonzera kushungurudzika kusingagadzirisiki, kwaasina kumbopora kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake. Pakanga pasisina mutsara wakasara wekushamwaridzana kwaRode. Anodzokera maari uye kusvikira 1811 amira kutaura pachena. Chete mudenderedzwa repamba neshamwari dzekare - Pierre Baio uye cellist Lamar - anoridza mimhanzi, achitamba quartets. Zvisinei, muna 1811 anosarudza kutangazve konzati basa. Asi kwete muParis. Kwete! Anoenda kuAustria neGermany. Makonzati anorwadza. Rode arasikirwa nekuvimba: anotamba achitya, anotanga "kutya nhandare." Achimunzwa muVienna muna 1813, Spohr anonyora, kuti: “Ndaitarisira, kunenge nokudedera kukuru, kutanga kwomutambo weRode, uyo makore gumi ndisati ndarangarira muenzaniso wangu mukurusa. Nekudaro, mushure meiyo yekutanga solo, zvakaita kwandiri kuti Rode akange atora nhanho kumashure panguva iyi. Ndakawana achitamba zvake achitonhora uye ari mumusasa; akanga asina ushingi hwake hwekare munzvimbo dzakaoma, uye ndakanzwa kusagutsikana kunyange pashure paCantabile. Ndichiri kuita misiyano yeE-dur yandakanzwa kubva kwaari makore gumi apfuura, ndakazogutsikana kuti akanga arasikirwa nezvakawanda mukutendeka kwehunyanzvi, nekuti haana kungorerutsa ndima dzakaoma, asi akaita kunyange ndima dzakareruka nehumbwende uye zvisizvo.
Maererano nenyanzvi yemimhanzi yokuFrance, munyori wenhau dzakaitika Fetis, Rode akasangana naBeethoven muVienna, uye Beethoven akamunyorera Romance ( F-dur, op. 50) ye<em>violin ne<em>orchestra, “ndiko kuti, Romance iyoyo,” anowedzera Fetis, “iyo panguva iyoyo. nezvakadaro zvakabudirira kuitwa naPierre Baio mumakonzati ekuchengetedza. Zvisinei, Riemann, uye pashure pake Bazilevsky vanopokana chokwadi ichi.
Rode akapedza rwendo rwake muBerlin, kwaakagara kusvikira 1814. Akavharirwa pano nebhizimisi rake pachake - kuroorana kwake nemukadzi wechidiki weItaly.
Kudzokera kuFrance, Rode akagara muBordeaux. Makore anotevera haapi muongorori chero zvinyorwa zvehupenyu. Rode haaiti chero kupi zvako, asi, sezvingabvira, ari kushanda nesimba kudzorera hunyanzvi hwake hwakarasika. Uye muna 1828, kuedza kutsva kuonekwa pamberi pevanhu - konzati muParis.
Kwaiva kukundikana zvachose. Rode haana kutsungirira. Akarwara uye pashure pokurwara kwamakore maviri kunorwadza, pana November 25, 1830, akafira mutaundi reChâteau de Bourbon pedyo neDamazon. Rode akanwa zvakazara mukombe unovava wemugadziri kubva kwaari mugumo wakatora chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu - art. Uye zvakadaro, kunyangwe nguva pfupi yakawandisa yekugadzira maruva, kuita kwake kwakasiya mucherechedzo wakadzama paFrance uye pasi rose mumhanzi art. Akanga akakurumbirawo somunyori, kunyange zvazvo zvaaigona kuita panyaya iyi zvakanga zvishoma.
Nhaka yake yekusika inosanganisira 13 makontikiti eviolin, bow quartets, violin duets, misiyano yakawanda pamadingindira akasiyana uye 24 caprices ye solo violin. Kusvikira pakati pezana ramakore re1838, mabasa aRohde akabudirira pasi rose. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti Paganini akanyora yakakurumbira Concerto muD huru maererano nehurongwa hweFirst Violin Concerto naRode. Ludwig Spohr akabva kuRode nenzira dzakawanda, achigadzira makonti ake. Rode pachake ari konzati Genre akatevera Viotti, ane basa raiva muenzaniso kwaari. Makonsati aRode anodzokorora kwete chimiro chete, asiwo chimiro chakazara, kunyange chimiro chenyika chemabasa aViotti, akasiyana chete mumutauro mukuru. Rwiyo rwe "zvakareruka, rusina mhosva, asi ruzere nemanzwiro enziyo" rwakacherechedzwa naOdoevsky. Mutsara wenziyo cantilena wenziyo dzaRode waiyevedza zvekuti misiyano yake (G-dur) yaisanganisirwa mune repertoire yevaimbi vakatanhamara venguva iyoyo Catalani, Sontag, Viardot. Pakushanya kwekutanga kwaVieuxtan kuRussia muna 15, muchirongwa chekonzati yake yekutanga munaKurume XNUMX, Hoffmann akaimba akasiyana eRode.
Mabasa eRode muRussia aifarira rudo rukuru. Iwo aiitwa nevanenge vese vanoridza violin, nyanzvi uye maamateurs; vakapinda mumatunhu eRussia. Zvinyorwa zveVenevitinovs zvakachengetedza zvirongwa zvemakonzati epamba akaitwa paLuizino estate yeVielgorskys. Manheru aya, maviolinists Teplov (muridzi wevhu, muvakidzani weVielgorskys) uye serf Antoine vakaita makonti naL. Maurer, P. Rode (wechisere), R. Kreutzer (wegumi nemapfumbamwe).
Pakazosvika 40s yezana remakore rechi24, zvinyorwa zveRode zvakatanga kunyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune repertoire konzati. Makonsati matatu chete kana mana chete akachengetedzwa mune yedzidzo tsika yevaviolin panguva yechikoro yekudzidza, uye XNUMX caprices anoonekwa nhasi seyechinyakare kutenderera kweetude genre.
L. Raaben
