Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky |

Alexander Dargomyzhsky

Dargomyzhsky. "Old Corporal" (Spanish: Fedor Chaliapin)

Handidi kudzikisa…mimhanzi kuti inakidze. Ndinoda kuti inzwi ritaure shoko racho zvakananga. Ndinoda chokwadi. A. Dargomyzhsky

Pakutanga kwa1835, mumwe murume wechidiki akaonekwa muimba yaM. Glinka, uyo akazova munhu anoda zvemimhanzi. Mupfupi, kunze zvisingashamisi, akachinja zvachose papiyano, achifadza avo vakamupoteredza nekutamba kwemahara uye kuverenga kwakanaka kwezvinyorwa kubva pabepa. Yaiva A. Dargomyzhsky, munguva yemberi iri pedyo mumiririri mukuru weRussia classical music. Nhoroondo dzevanyori vaviri ava dzine zvakawanda zvakafanana. Uduku hwaDargomyzhsky hwakapedzerwa paimba yababa vake isiri kure neNovospassky, uye akanga akakomberedzwa nemhando imwechete uye mararamiro ehupenyu seGlinka. Asi akauya kuSt. Petersburg pazera rekutanga (mhuri yakatamira kuguta guru paaiva nemakore 4), uye izvi zvakasiya mararamiro ezvokunakidza uye zvakatsunga kufarira kwake mumhanzi wehupenyu hwemaguta.

Dargomyzhsky akagamuchira dzidzo yepamusha, asi yakafara uye yakasiyana-siyana, umo nhetembo, mitambo, uye mimhanzi zvakatora nzvimbo yekutanga. Pazera remakore 7, akadzidziswa kuridza piyano, violin (gare gare akatora zvidzidzo zvekuimba). Chido chekunyora mimhanzi chakawanikwa kare, asi hazvina kukurudzirwa nemudzidzisi wake A. Danilevsky. Dargomyzhsky akapedza dzidzo yake yepiyano naF. Schoberlechner, mudzidzi weI. Hummel akakurumbira, achidzidza naye muna 1828-31. Mumakore aya, aiwanzoita semupiyano, aitora chikamu manheru equartet uye airatidza kufarira kuri kuwedzera. Kunyange zvakadaro, munzvimbo iyi Dargomyzhsky akaramba ari mudzidzisi. Kwakanga kusina zivo yerondedzero yakakwana, kunze kwokudaro, jaya racho rakanyura mudutu guru roupenyu hwenyika, “raiva mukupisa kwoupwere nomumafaro. Chokwadi, kunyange ipapo pakanga pasina varaidzo chete. Dargomyzhsky anopinda mumhanzi uye manheru manheru mumasaroni eV. Odoevsky, S. Karamzina, anoitika mudenderedzwa revadetembi, vanyori, vanyori, vaimbi. Zvisinei, kuzivana kwake naGlinka kwakaita shanduko yakakwana muupenyu hwake. “Dzidzo imwe cheteyo, rudo rwakafanana rwekudhirowa rwakabva rwatiswededza pedyo ... Nenguva isipi takasangana uye takava shamwari dzechokwadi. ... Kwemakore makumi maviri nemaviri akateedzana taigara tiri mupfupi, hukama hwehukama naye, "Dargomyzhsky akanyora mune chinyorwa chehupenyu.

Yaiva panguva iyo Dargomyzhsky kwekutanga akatarisana chaizvo nemubvunzo wezvinorehwa nekusika kwemunyori. Akanga aripo pakuzvarwa kweyekutanga classical opera yeRussia "Ivan Susanin", akatora chikamu mumitambo yekudzidzira uye akaona nemaziso ake kuti mimhanzi haingori kungofadza uye kuvaraidza. Kuita mimhanzi mumasaroni kwakasiiwa, uye Dargomyzhsky akatanga kuzadza zvipingamupinyi mune ruzivo rwake rwemimhanzi uye dzidziso. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Glinka akapa Dargomyzhsky 5 mabhuku ezvinyorwa ane zvinyorwa zvehurukuro neGermany theorist Z. Dehn.

Mukuedza kwake kwekutanga kwekusika, Dargomyzhsky akatoratidza kusununguka kukuru kweunyanzvi. Akakwezvwa nemifananidzo ye "akanyadziswa uye akagumburwa", anotsvaka kudzokorora mumhanzi zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu, achivadziya netsitsi dzake uye tsitsi. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kusarudzwa kwekutanga opera. Muna 1839 Dargomyzhsky akapedza opera Esmeralda kuFrench libretto naV. Hugo kubva mubhuku rake rinonzi Notre Dame Cathedral. Kutanga kwayo kwakaitika muna 1848 chete, uye "izvi makore masere kumirira pasina,” akanyora kudaro Dargomyzhsky, “zvinoisa mutoro unorema pamabasa angu ose ounyanzvi.”

Kukundikana kwakaperekedzawo basa guru rinotevera - cantata "The Triumph of Bacchus" (paSt. A. Pushkin, 1843), yakagadziridzwa zvakare muna 1848 kuita opera-ballet uye yakaitwa chete muna 1867. "Esmeralda", iyo yaiva iyo Kuedza kwekutanga kuratidza mutambo wepfungwa "vanhu vadiki", uye "Kukunda kwaBacchus", kwakaitika kekutanga sechikamu chebasa rakakura remhepo ine nhetembo dzaPushkin, pamwe nekusakwana kwese. nhanho yakakomba yakananga ku "Mermaid". Dzakawanda dzerudo dzakavhurawo nzira. Yakanga iri mumhando iyi iyo Dargomyzhsky neimwe nzira nyore uye yakasununguka yakasvika kumusoro. Aida kugadzira mimhanzi yezwi, kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake aiita zvekudzidzisa. "... Ndichitaura nguva dzose ndiri pamwe chete nevaimbi nevaimbi, ndakakwanisa kudzidza zvese zviri zviviri maitiro uye kubhenda kwemanzwi evanhu, uye hunyanzvi hwekuimba kunoshamisa," Dargomyzhsky akanyora. Muhuduku hwake, munyori aiwanzopa mutero kumashoko e salon, asi kunyange murudo rwake rwekutanga anosangana nemisoro yebasa rake. Saka rwiyo rwevaudeville runofadza "Ndinoreurura, babamunini" (Art. A. Timofeev) inotarisira nziyo dzinonyadzisa-mifananidzo yenguva inotevera; dingindira remusoro werusununguko rwekunzwa kwevanhu rinowanikwa mubhallad "Wedding" (Art. A. Timofeev), saka inodiwa gare gare naVI Lenin. Mukutanga 40s. Dargomyzhsky akatendeukira kunhetembo dzaPushkin, achigadzira hunyanzvi hwakadai serudo "ndaikuda", "jaya nemhandara", "Night marshmallow", "Vertograd". Nhetembo dzaPushkin dzakabatsira kukurira pesvedzero yeanonzwa salon dhizaini, yakakurudzira kutsvaga kwekuwedzera kujeka kwemimhanzi kutaura. Hukama huri pakati pemashoko nemimhanzi hwakaramba huchiswedera pedyo, zvichida kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzose, uye chokutanga, rwiyo. Inzwi remumhanzi, kugadzirisa macurves ekutaura kwevanhu, kwakabatsira kugadzira chifananidzo chaicho, chipenyu, uye izvi zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwemhando nyowani dzerudo muDargomyzhsky's chamber vocal work - lyrical-psychological monologues ("Ndiri kusuwa", " Zvose zvakasuruvara uye zvinosuruvarisa "paSt. M. Lermontov), ​​yemitambo yemitambo-yezuva nezuva romances-sketches ("Melnik" paPushkin Station).

Basa rinokosha mukugadzira biography yeDargomyzhsky rakaitwa nerwendo kune dzimwe nyika pakupera kwa1844 (Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Paris). Mhedzisiro yaro huru ndeyekudikanwa kusingadzivisiki kwe "kunyora muchiRussia", uye nekufamba kwemakore chido ichi chave chichiwedzera uye chakajeka kugarisana, kuratidzira pfungwa uye tsvakiridzo yehunyanzvi yenguva. Mamiriro echimurenga muEurope, kusimba kwekuita kwezvematongerwo enyika muRussia, mhirizhonga yevarimi iri kukura, maitiro ekurwisa serfdom pakati pechikamu chepamberi chenharaunda yeRussia, kufarira kuri kuwedzera kwehupenyu hwevanhu mukuratidzwa kwayo kwese - zvese izvi zvakakonzera shanduko yakakomba munharaunda. Tsika yeRussia, kunyanya mumabhuku, uko pakati pe40s. icho chinonzi "chikoro chechisikigo" chakaumbwa. Rutivi rwayo rukuru, mukuwirirana naV. Belinsky, rwakanga rwuri “muwirirano yapedyo nepedyo zvikuru noupenyu, nouchokwadi, pedyo zvikuru nekukura nourume. Madingindira uye zvirongwa zve "chikoro chechisikigo" - hupenyu hwekirasi iri nyore muhupenyu hwayo husina kuvharwa hwezuva nezuva, psychology yemunhu mudiki - yainyatsoenderana naDargomyzhsky, uye izvi zvakanyanya kuoneka mu opera "Mermaid", inopomera mhosva. romances ekupedzisira 50s. ("Worm", "Titular Advisor", "Old Corporal").

Mermaid, iyo Dargomyzhsky akashanda nguva nenguva kubva muna 1845 kusvika muna 1855, akazarura nzira itsva muRussia opera art. Uyu ndiwo mutambo wemazuva ese wepfungwa, mapeji ayo anoshamisa akatambanudzwa ensemble zviitiko, apo vanhu vakaoma kunzwisisa vanopinda muukama hwekunetsana uye vanoburitswa nesimba guru rinosiririsa. Kuridzwa kwekutanga kweThe Mermaid musi waMay 4, 1856 muSt. Petersburg kwakamutsa kufarira kwevanhu, asi nzanga yepamusoro haina kukudza opera nehanya yavo, uye vatungamiriri vedzimba dzemitambo dzakaibata zvisina kunaka. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja pakati pema60s. Yakatangwazve pasi pekutungamirirwa naE. Napravnik, "Mermaid" yakanga iri kubudirira kwechokwadi, inocherechedzwa nevatsoropodzi sechiratidzo chokuti "maonero evanhu ... achinja zvakanyanya." Shanduko idzi dzakakonzerwa nekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yese yemagariro, demokrasi yemhando dzese dzehupenyu hweveruzhinji. Maonero kuna Dargomyzhsky akava akasiyana. Mumakore gumi apfuura, chiremera chake munyika yemimhanzi chakawedzera zvikuru, kumativi ake akabatanidza boka revanyori vechidiki rinotungamirirwa naM. Balakirev naV. Stasov. Muimbi wenziyo uye mitambo yemagariro akawedzerawo. Pakupera kwema50s. akatora chikamu mubasa remagazini inonzi satirical "Iskra", kubva muna 1859 akazova nhengo yekomiti yeRMO, akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwegwaro rekunyora kweSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Saka muna 1864 Dargomyzhsky akatora rwendo rutsva kune dzimwe nyika, ruzhinji rwekune dzimwe nyika mumunhu wake rwakagamuchira mumiririri mukuru wetsika yemimhanzi yeRussia.

Muma60s. yakawedzera huwandu hwezvido zvekugadzira zvemunyori. Iyo symphonic inotamba Baba Yaga (1862), Cossack Boy (1864), Chukhonskaya Fantasy (1867) yakaonekwa, uye pfungwa yekuvandudza iyo operatic genre yakawedzera kusimba. Kuitwa kwayo kwaive opera The Stone Guest, iyo Dargomyzhsky anga achishanda kwemakore mashoma apfuura, iyo yakanyanya kusimba uye inopindirana embodiment yemusimboti wehunyanzvi wakagadzirwa nemunyori: "Ndinoda kuti ruzha rutaure izwi zvakananga." Dargomyzhsky anoramba pano mafomu eopera akasimbiswa, anonyora mimhanzi kune chinyorwa chepakutanga chenhamo yaPushkin. Vocal-speech intonation inoita basa rinotungamira mune iyi opera, ichiva nzira huru yekuratidza vatambi uye hwaro hwekusimudzira mimhanzi. Dargomyzhsky akanga asina nguva yekupedzisa opera yake yekupedzisira, uye, maererano nechishuvo chake, yakapedzwa naC. Cui naN. Rimsky-Korsakov. "Kuchkists" vakakoshesa zvikuru basa iri. Stasov akanyora nezvake se "basa rinoshamisa rinopfuura mitemo yese uye kubva mumienzaniso yese," uye muDargomyzhsky akaona munyori we "zvinoshamisa zvinoshamisa uye simba, akasika mumhanzi wake ... uye Pushkinian.” M. Mussorgsky akadana Dargomyzhsky "mudzidzisi mukuru wezvokwadi yemimhanzi".

O. Averyanova