Vincenzo Bellini (Vincenzo Bellini) |

Vincenzo bellini

… Akapfuma mupfungwa yekusuwa, manzwiro ega ega, ari maari oga! J. Verdi

Muimbi weItaly V. Bellini akapinda munhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi senyanzvi inoshamisa yebel canto, zvinoreva kuimba kwakanaka muchiItaly. Kuseri kweimwe yemenduru dzendarama dzakapiwa munguva youpenyu hwomunyori mukukudzwa kwake, mashoko mapfupi aiti: “Musiki wenziyo dzeItaly.” Kunyangwe shasha yaG. Rossini yaisagona kuvhara mukurumbira wake. Chipo chinoshamisa chemhanzi chaive naBellini chakamubvumira kuti agadzire manzwi ekutanga azere nenziyo dzepachivande, inokwanisa kupesvedzera huwandu hwakakura hwevateereri. Mimhanzi yeBellini, pasinei nekushayikwa kweunyanzvi hwese-yakapoteredza mairi, yaidiwa naP. Tchaikovsky naM. Glinka, F. Chopin naF. Liszt vakagadzira mabasa akawanda pazvinyorwa kubva kumitambo yevanyori veItaly. Vaimbi vakatanhamara vakadai vomuzana ramakore rechi 1825 saP. Viardot, hanzvadzi dzeGrisi, M. Malibran, J. Pasta, J. Rubini A. Tamburini nevamwe vakapenya mumabasa ake. Bellini akaberekerwa mumhuri yevaimbi. Akawana dzidzo yake yemimhanzi paNeapolitan Conservatory yeSan Sebastiano. Mudzidzi wemunyori akakurumbira panguva iyoyo N. Tsingarelli, Bellini nokukurumidza akatanga kutsvaga nzira yake pachake mune unyanzvi. Uye makore ake mapfupi, gumi chete (35-XNUMX) ekugadzira chiitiko akave peji yakakosha muItari opera.

Kusiyana nevamwe vanyori vekuItaly, Bellini aive asina hanya zvachose neopera buffa, iyi yaidiwa nyika mhando. Nechekare mubasa rokutanga - opera "Adelson naSalvini" (1825), iyo yaakaita debut yake panguva Conservatory Theater of Naples, tarenda rwiyo rwiyo rwemunyori wakaratidzwa zvakajeka. Zita raBellini rakawana mukurumbira wakakura mushure mekugadzirwa kwe opera "Bianca naFernando" neNeapolitan theatre San Carlo (1826). Zvadaro, nekubudirira kukuru, mitambo yekutanga yeThe Pirate (1827) uye Outlander (1829) inoitwa paLa Scala Theatre muMilan. Kuita kwaCapuleti naMontecchi (1830), kwakatanga kuratidzwa pachikuva cheVenetian Fenice Theatre, kunokwazisa vateereri nechido. Mumabasa aya, pfungwa dzekuda nyika dzakawana kutaura kwakasimba uye kwechokwadi, kunoenderana nefungu idzva rebato rerusununguko renyika rakatanga muItari muma30s. zana remakore rapfuura. Nokudaro, mitambo yakawanda yemitambo yeBellini yakaperekedzwa nekuratidzira kwekuda nyika, uye nziyo dzemabasa ake dzakaimbwa mumigwagwa yemaguta eItaly kwete chete nevanoenda kumitambo, asiwo nemhizha, vashandi, uye vana.

Mukurumbira wemunyori wakawedzera kusimbiswa mushure mekusikwa kwema operas La sonnambula (1831) uye Norma (1831), inopfuurira mberi kweItaly. Muna 1833 munyori akaenda kuLondon, uko akabudirira kuita nziyo dzake. Maonero akaitwa nemabasa ake paIV Goethe, F. Chopin, N. Stankevich, T. Granovsky, T. Shevchenko anopupurira nzvimbo yavo yakakosha muhunyanzvi hweEurope hwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Nguva pfupi asati afa, Bellini akatamira kuParis (1834). Ikoko, kuItaly Opera House, akasika basa rake rekupedzisira - opera I Puritani (1835), iyo yekutanga yakapiwa kuongorora kwakajeka naRossini.

Maererano nehuwandu hwema operas akagadzirwa, Bellini yakaderera kuna Rossini naG. Donizetti - munyori akanyora 11 mimhanzi yepamhanzi inoshanda. Haana kushanda zviri nyore uye nekukurumidza sezvaiita vanhu vekwake vane mbiri. Izvi zvakanyanya kukonzerwa nemaitiro eBellini ebasa, ayo anotaura nezvayo mune imwe yetsamba dzake. Kuverenga libretto, kupinda mukati me psychology yevatambi, kuita hunhu, kutsvaga kutaura uyezve mimhanzi kutaura kwemanzwiro - iyi ndiyo nzira inotsanangurwa nemunyori.

Mukugadzira mutambo wemimhanzi werudo, mudetembi F. Romani, uyo akazova musununguri wake wechigarire, akazova munhu wechokwadi weBellini ane pfungwa dzakafanana. Mukubatana naye, munyori akawana hunhu hwekumisikidzwa kwemazwi ekutaura. Bellini ainyatsoziva matauriro ezwi remunhu. Zvikamu zvezwi zvema opera ake zvakasikwa zvakanyanya uye zviri nyore kuimba. Ivo vakazadzwa nehupamhi hwekufema, kuenderera mberi kwe melodic development. Iko hakuna kushongedza kusingakoshi mavari, nekuti munyori akaona zvinorehwa nemimhanzi yezwi kwete mune virtuoso mhedzisiro, asi mukutapurirana kwehupenyu manzwiro evanhu. Tichifunga nezvekugadzirwa kwenziyo dzinonakidza uye kutaura kunonzwika sebasa rake guru, Bellini haana kunyanya kukosha kune orchestral ruvara uye symphonic kukura. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, munyori akakwanisa kusimudza mutauro weItaly lyric-dramatic opera kusvika kune imwe nhanho yeunyanzvi, mune zvakawanda zvakatarisira kubudirira kweG. Verdi uye verists veItaly. Mufoyer yeMilan's La Scala theatre pane mufananidzo wemarble weBellini, munyika yake, muCatania, imba yeopera ine zita remunyori. Asi chivako chikuru kwaari chakasikwa nemunyori pachake - akanga ari maopera ake anoshamisa, ayo nanhasi asingasiyi matanho emitambo yakawanda yemimhanzi yenyika.

I. Vetlitsyna

• Opera yeItaly mushure meRossini: basa raBellini naDonizetti →

Mwanakomana waRosario Bellini, mukuru wechapel uye mudzidzisi wemimhanzi mumhuri dzevakuru veguta, Vincenzo akapedza kudzidza kubva kuNaples Conservatory "San Sebastiano", achiva muridzi wayo wekufunda (vadzidzisi vake vaive Furno, Tritto, Tsingarelli). Paimba inochengeterwa zvinhu, anosangana naMercadante (shamwari yake huru yeramangwana) naFlorimo (munyori wake weramangwana). Muna 1825, pakupera kosi, akapa opera Adelson uye Salvini. Rossini aifarira opera, iyo isina kusiya chikuva kwegore. Muna 1827, opera yaBellini The Pirate yakabudirira paLa Scala theatre muMilan. Muna 1828, muGenoa, munyori akasangana naGiuditta Cantu kubva kuTurin: hukama hwavo hwaizogara kusvika 1833. Muimbi akakurumbira akakomberedzwa nenhamba huru yevateveri, kusanganisira Giuditta Grisi naGiuditta Pasta, vanyori vake vakuru. MuLondon, "Sleepwalker" uye "Norma" pamwe nekutora chikamu kweMalibran akabudirira zvakare. MuParis, munyori anotsigirwa naRossini, anomupa mazano akawanda panguva yekuumbwa kwe opera I Puritani, iyo yakagamuchirwa nechido chisingawanzoitiki muna 1835.

Kubva pakutanga, Bellini akakwanisa kunzwa kuti chii chinoumba hunhu hwake hunokosha: chiitiko chemudzidzi che "Adelson naSalvini" chakapa kwete chete mufaro wekubudirira kwekutanga, asiwo mukana wekushandisa mapeji mazhinji eiyo opera mumadhirama emimhanzi anotevera. ("Bianca naFernando", "Pirate", Outlander, Capulets uye Montagues). Mu opera Bianca e Fernando (zita regamba rakashandurwa kuva Gerdando kuti asagumbura mambo weBourbon), chimiro, chichiri pasi pesimba raRossini, chakanga chatokwanisa kupa musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wezwi nemimhanzi, zvinyoro zvavo, kuwirirana kwakachena uye kusingadzorwi, kunocherekedza uye kutaura kwakanaka. Kufema kwakafara kwearias, hwaro hunovaka hwezviitiko zvakawanda zverudzi rumwe rwechimiro (somuenzaniso, magumo echiito chekutanga), kuwedzera kutekenyedzwa kwemutinhimira sezvo manzwi aipinda, achipupurira kufemerwa kwechokwadi, atova nesimba uye anokwanisa. raramisa jira remimhanzi.

Mu "Pirate" mutauro wemimhanzi unowedzera kudzika. Yakanyorwa pahwaro hwedambudziko rerudo raMaturin, mumiriri anozivikanwa zvikuru we "horror mabhuku", iyo opera yakaitwa nekukunda uye yakasimbisa Bellini's reformist tendencies, iyo yakazviratidza mukuramba kuoma kwekudzokorora nearia yaive zvachose. kana kuti zvakanyanya kusunungurwa kubva kune yakajairwa yekushongedza uye branched nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichiratidza kupenga kwe heroine Imogen, zvekuti kunyange manzwi aive pasi pezvinodiwa zvemufananidzo wekutambura. Pamwe chete nechikamu chesoprano, chinotanga nhevedzano yeanozivikanwa "anopenga arias", chimwe chiitiko chakakosha cheiyi opera chinofanira kucherechedzwa: kuzvarwa kwegamba remutambi (Giovanni Battista Rubini akaita basa rake), akatendeseka, akanaka, asingafari, akashinga. uye zvisinganzwisisike. Maererano naFrancesco Pastura, anoyemura uye munzveri webasa romunyori wacho, “Bellini akatanga kugadzira mimhanzi yeopera neshingairo yomurume anoziva kuti ramangwana rake rinotsamira pabasa rake. Hapana mubvunzo kuti kubva panguva iyoyo akatanga kuita maererano nehurongwa, hwaakazoudza shamwari yake kubva kuPalermo, Agostino Gallo. Munyori wacho akaziva ndima dzacho nomusoro uye, achizvivharira mukamuri rake, akadzidzokorora zvinonzwika, “achiedza kuchinja kuva munhu anotaura mashoko aya.” Sezvaaidzokorora, Bellini akanyatsoteerera kwaari; shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana mukutaura zvishoma nezvishoma dzakashanduka kuita manotsi emimhanzi ... "Mushure mekubudirira kunogutsa kwePirate, yakafumiswa neruzivo uye yakasimba kwete muhunyanzvi hwake chete, asiwo muhunyanzvi hweanosunungura - Romani, akabatsira kune libretto, Bellini akaunzwa mukati. Genoa remake yeBianchi naFernando uye vakasaina chibvumirano chitsva neLa Scala; asati ajairana neribretto itsva, akanyora zvimwe zvinyorwa achitarisira kuti aizozvigadzira “zvinoshamisa” mumutambo wacho. Panguva ino sarudzo yakawira paPrevost d'Harlincourt's Outlander, yakagadziridzwa naJC Cosenza kuita mutambo wakaitwa muna 1827.

Opera yaBellini, yakaitwa padariro yeimba yemitambo yakakurumbira yeMilan, yakagamuchirwa nechido, yakaita seyakakwirira kupfuura The Pirate uye yakakonzera kukakavara kwenguva refu panyaya yemimhanzi inoshamisa, kudzokorora kwenziyo kana kuimba kwekutaura maererano nehukama hwavo nemaitiro echinyakare. mafomu akachena. Mutsoropodzi webepanhau reAllgemeine Musicalische Zeitung akaona muOutlander mhepo yakadzokororwa yeGerman, uye maonero aya anosimbiswa nekushoropodzwa kwemazuva ano, achisimbisa kuswedera kweopera kune rudo rweThe Free Gunner: kuswedera pedyo uku kunoratidzwa mune chakavanzika che munhu mukuru, uye mukuratidza hukama pakati pemunhu nemasikirwo, uye mukushandiswa kwechiyeuchidzo motifs inoshandira chinangwa chemunyori "kuita kuti tambo yechirongwa igare ichibatika uye inowirirana" (Lippmann). Mataurirwo ezvinyaudzosiro ane kufema kwakakura anopa mafomu akasimuka, manhamba ega ega anonyungudika mumimhanzi yedialogic inogadzira kuyerera kunoenderera, "kune melodic yakawandisa" kutevedzana (Kambi). Kazhinji, pane chimwe chinhu chekuedza, Nordic, kunonoka classical, pedyo ne "toni kune etching, yakakandwa mhangura nesirivheri" (Tintori).

Mushure mekubudirira kwema operas Capulets e Montagues, La sonnambula naNorma, kukundikana kusina mubvunzo kwakatarisirwa muna 1833 ne opera Beatrice di Tenda zvichienderana nedambudziko reCremonese romantic CT Fores. Tinocherechedza zvingangoita zvikonzero zviviri zvekukundikana: kukurumidza mubasa uye kuronga kwakashata. Bellini akapa mhosva musununguri Romani, uyo akapindura nekupopotera munyori, izvo zvakakonzera kupesana pakati pavo. Opera, zvakadaro, haina kukodzera kutsamwa kwakadaro, sezvo ine zvakakosha. Iwo ensembles nemakwaya anosiyaniswa nemhando yavo yakanakisa, uye solo zvikamu zvinosiyaniswa neyakajairwa runako rwekudhirowa. Kusvika pamwero wakati, ari kugadzirira opera inotevera - "The Puritani", mukuwedzera kune imwe yeanonyanya kutarisira tarisiro yeVerdi maitiro.

Mukupedzisa, tinotsanangura mazwi aBruno Cagli - anoreva La Sonnambula, asi zvaanoreva zvakanyanya uye zvinoshanda kune basa rose remunyori: "Bellini akarota kuva mutsivi waRossini uye haana kuvanza izvi mutsamba dzake. Asi aiziva kuti zvakaoma sei kusvika kune yakaoma uye yakagadziridzwa fomu yemabasa emushakabvu Rossini. Akanyanya kuoma kunzwisisa kupfuura zvazvinoita kufungidzira, Bellini, atova mumusangano naRossini muna 1829, akaona daro rose richivaparadzanisa uye akanyora kuti: “Kubva zvino ndichazvinyora ndoga, maererano nepfungwa dzakanaka, kubvira mukupisa kwouduku. Ndakaedza zvakakwana. " Uyu mutsara wakaoma zvakadaro unotaura zvakajeka nezvekurambwa kwehunyoro hwaRossini kune iyo inonzi "pfungwa", ndiko kuti, kureruka kwechimiro.

VaMarchese

Opera:

"Adelson naSalvini" (1825, 1826-27) "Bianca naGernando" (1826, pasi pezita rokuti "Bianca naFernando", 1828) "Pirate" (1827) "Mutorwa" (1829) "Zaira" (1829) " Capulets naMontecchi (1830) "Somnambula" (1831) "Norma" (1831) "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) "The Puritans" (1835)