Bohuslav Martinů |

Bohuslav Martinů

Art inogara iri hunhu hunobatanidza zvinangwa zvevanhu vese mumunhu mumwe. B. Martin

Mumakore achangopfuura, zita remunyori weCzech B. Martinu rave richiwedzera kutaurwa pakati pevatenzi vakuru vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Martinou muimbi wenziyo ane hunyoro uye nhetembo maonero epasirese, muimbi ane erudite ane rupo rwekufungidzira. Mimhanzi yake inoratidzirwa nekupenya kwemavara emifananidzo yerudzi rwevanhu, uye mutambo unosuruvarisa wakazvarwa nezviitiko zvenguva yehondo, uye kudzika kweiyo lyric-huzivi chirevo, chaisanganisira kufunga kwake nezve "matambudziko ehushamwari, rudo uye rufu. ”

Sezvo apukunyuka kushanduka kwakaoma kwehupenyu kwakabatana nekugara kwemakore akawanda kune dzimwe nyika (France, America, Italy, Switzerland), munyori akachengeta mweya wake nekusingaperi uye ndangariro yakadzika uye inoremekedza yenyika yake, kuzvipira kune iyo kona yepasi. kwaakatanga kuona chiedza. Akazvarwa mumhuri yebhero ringer, shoemaker uye amateur theatre-goer Ferdinand Martin. Chiyeuchidzo chakachengetedza maonero ehuduku akapedza pashongwe yakakwirira yeChechi yeSt. “… Denga iri nderimwe remaonerwo akadzama ehudiki, kunyanya ndichiziva zvakasimba uye, sezviri pachena, ndichiita basa guru mumafungiro angu ose ekuumba ... Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yandinogara ndiinayo pamberi pemaziso angu uye iyo, inoratidzika kwandiri. , ndinogara ndichitsvaga pabasa rangu.

Nziyo dzevanhu, ngano, dzakanzwika mumhuri, dzakadzika zvakadzika mupfungwa dzemuimbi, achizadza nyika yake yemukati nemafungiro chaiwo uye ekufungidzira, akaberekwa nemafungiro evana. Vakavhenekera mapeji akanakisisa emimhanzi yake, akazadzwa nekufungisisa kwenhetembo uye pfungwa yehuwandu hwenzvimbo yekurira, kupenya kwebhero kwenzwi, kudziya kwerwiyo rweCzech-Moravian rwiyo. Muchakavanzika chefungidziro dzenziyo dzemuimbi, uyo akadana Sixth Symphony yake yekupedzisira "Symphonic fantasies", ine mavara-mavara, anoyevedza palette, anonyepa, maererano naG. Rozhdestvensky, "iyo mashiripiti anokosha anokwezva muteereri kubva mazariro ekutanga ekurira kwemimhanzi yake. "

Asi munyori anouya kuzvakazarurwa zvenziyo uye zvehuzivi munguva yakakura yekusika. Pachave pachine makore ekudzidza paPrague Conservatory, kwaakadzidza semuimbi weviolinist, oganist uye munyori wenziyo (1906-13), zvidzidzo zvinobudirira naI. Suk, achava nemukana unofadza wekushanda mu orchestra yakakurumbira V. .Talikh uye mune orchestra yeNational Theatre. Nokukurumidza achaenda kuParis kwenguva refu (1923-41), awana bhezari yehurumende kuti avandudze unyanzvi hwake hwokunyora achitungamirirwa naA. Roussel (uyo pazuva rake rokuberekwa rechi60 achati: “Martin achava mbiri yangu!” ) Panguva ino, mafungiro aMartin akange atotemwa maererano nemadingindira enyika, kune impressionistic ruzha ruvara. Atova munyori wenhetembo dze symphonic, iyo ballet "Ndiani ane simba munyika?" (1923), cantata "Czech Rhapsody" (1918), mazwi uye piyano madiki. Zvisinei, zvinoonekwa zvemamiriro ekunze eParis, maitiro matsva muunyanzvi hwe20-30s, izvo zvakapfumisa chimiro chekugamuchira chemunyori, uyo akanyanya kutakurwa nekuvandudzwa kwaI. Stravinsky neFrench "Six. ”, yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura pane yekugadzira biography yaMartin. Pano akanyora cantata Bouquet (1937) pamagwaro echiCzech, opera Juliette (1937) maererano nechirongwa cheFrench surrealist playwright J. Neve, neoclassical opus - Concerto grosso (1938), Three ricercaras for orchestra (1938) , bhareti nekuimba kwe "Stripers" (1932), zvichibva pakutamba kwevanhu, tsika, ngano, Fifth String Quartet (1938) uye Concerto yemaokestra maviri etambo, piyano uye timpani (1938) nemhepo yavo inoshungurudza isati yatanga. . Muna 1941, Martino, pamwe chete nomudzimai wake wokuFrance, vakamanikidzwa kutamira kuUnited States. Muimbi, ane nziyo dzakabatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvavo naS. Koussevitzky, S. Munsch, akagamuchirwa nerukudzo rwakakodzera maestro akakurumbira; uye kunyangwe zvaive zvisiri nyore kubatanidzwa mune rwiyo rutsva uye nzira yehupenyu, Martin ari kupfuura nepakati peimwe yakanyanyisa nhanho yekusika pano: anodzidzisa kuumbwa, anozadza ruzivo rwake mundima yezvinyorwa, uzivi, aesthetics, Natural science. , psychology, inonyora zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi uye zvekushongedza, inonyora zvakawanda. Manzwiro emunyori wekuda nyika akaratidzwa nesimba rakasarudzika nehunyanzvi hwake hwekuita "Monument to Lidice" (1943) - iyi imhinduro kune njodzi yemusha weCzech, wakaputswa kubva pasirese nemaNazi.

Mumakore ekupedzisira e6 mushure mokudzokera kuEurope (1953), Martinu anogadzira mabasa ekudzika kunoshamisa, kutendeseka uye uchenjeri. Iwo ane kuchena uye kujeka (kutenderera kwema cantatas padingindira renyika-yenyika), kumwe kunatsiridzwa kwakakosha uye nhetembo yepfungwa yemimhanzi (iyo orchestral "Parables", "Frescoes naPiero della Francesca"), simba nekudzika kwemazano (the opera "Chido cheGreek", oratorios "Gomo reZviedza Zvitatu" uye "Gilgamesh"), kuboora, mazwi emutauro (Concerto for oboe uye orchestra, Fourth and Fifth Piano Concertos).

Basa raMartin rinoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwekufananidzira, rudzi uye stylistic renji, rinosanganisa rusununguko rwekufunga uye rationalism, kugona hunyanzvi hutsva hwenguva yake uye nekufunga patsva kwechinyakare, nzira dzevagari uye inodziya inodziya inzwi renziyo. Imwe nyanzvi yehunyanzvi, Martinu akaona basa rake mukushandira zvinangwa zvevanhu.

N. Gavrilova