The yakasimba dissonance

Chii chinonzi dissonance? Mumashoko akapfava, mubatanidzwa usingafadzi, usingafadzi wemanzwi akasiyana-siyana. Sei kusanganiswa kwakadaro kuripo pakati penguva uye chords? Dzakabva kupi uye nei dzichidiwa?

Rwendo rweOdysseus

Sezvatakaona mune yapfuura chinyorwa, panguva yeAntiquity, iyo Pythagorean system yakatonga. Mariri, manzwi ose ehurongwa anowanikwa nekungoparadzanisa tambo mu 2 kana 3 zvikamu zvakaenzana. Kucheka kwepakati kunongoshandura ruzha neoctave. Asi kupatsanurwa netatu kunomutsa manotsi matsva.

Mubvunzo wakakodzera unomuka: rini patinofanira kumisa kupatsanurwa uku? Kubva pane imwe neimwe nyowani nyowani, kupatsanura tambo ne3, tinogona kuwana imwe. Saka, tinogona kuwana 1000 kana 100000 manzwi mumhanzi system. Tinofanira kumira papi?

Apo Odysseus, gamba renhetembo yekare yechiGiriki, akadzokera kuIthaca yake, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvakamumirira munzira. Zvino umwe neumwe wavo wakanonoka parwendo rwake, kusvikira awana zvekuita.

Panzira yekukudziridzwa kwemitambo yemimhanzi, zvakare, pakanga pane zvipingamupinyi. Kwenguva yakati vakadzora maitiro ekuonekwa kwezvinyorwa zvitsva, zvino vakavakunda ndokuenderera mberi nechikepe, kwavakasangana nechipingamupinyi chinotevera. Zvipingamupinyi izvi zvaive zvisingawirirani.

Ngatiedzei kunzwisisa kuti dissonance chii.

Tinogona kuwana tsananguro chaiyo yechiitiko ichi patinonzwisisa chimiro chechimiro chezwi. Asi iye zvino hatichada kururama, zvakakwana kuti tizvitsanangure nemashoko ari nyore.

Saka tine tambo. Tinogona kuzvipatsanura kuita 2 kana 3 zvikamu. Nokudaro tinowana octave uye duodecim. Octave inonzwika zvakanyanya, uye izvi zvinonzwisisika - kupatsanurwa ne 2 kuri nyore pane kupatsanurwa ne 3. Zvakare, duodecima inonzwika zvakanyanya kupfuura tambo yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu 5 (kuparadzanisa kwakadaro kuchapa chetatu mushure memaoctaves maviri), nekuti kupatsanura na3 kuri nyore, pane kupatsanura ne5.

Zvino ngatirangarirei kuti, semuenzaniso, cheshanu chakavakwa sei. Takaparadzanisa tambo muzvikamu zvitatu, uye takawedzera hurefu hunoguma ne3 nguva (Fig. 2).

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuvaka chechishanu, hatifaniri kutora imwe chete, asi nhanho mbiri, uye, naizvozvo, yechishanu inonzwika zvishoma kudarika octave kana duodecime. Nenhanho imwe neimwe, tinoita setiri kufamba tichienda kure kure netsamba yekutanga.

Tinogona kugadzira mutemo wakapfava wekuona consonance:

nhanho shoma dzatinotora, uye nekureruka nhanho idzi pachadzo, ndiko kuwedzera kwekonzonendi yepakati.

Ngatidzokere kukuvaka.

Saka, vanhu vakasarudza yekutanga ruzha (kuti zvive nyore, isu tichafunga kuti izvi to, kunyange zvazvo vaGiriki vekare pachavo havana kuzvidana izvozvo) uye vakatanga kuvaka mamwe manotsi nekupatsanura kana kuwedzera urefu hwetambo ne3.

Kutanga akagamuchira manzwi maviri, ayo to ndivo vaive pedyo F и munyu (Mufananidzo 2). munyu inowanikwa kana kureba kwetambo kunoderedzwa ne3 nguva, uye F - pane zvinopesana, kana yakawedzera ne3 nguva.

Iyo π index ichiri kureva kuti isu tiri kutaura nezve zvinyorwa zvePythagorean system.

Kana iwe ukafambisa zvinyorwa izvi kune imwechete octave iyo iyo noti iripo to, ipapo nhambo dziri pamberi padzo dzichanzi yechina (do-fa) neyechishanu (do-sol). Iyi inguva mbiri dzinoshamisa zvikuru. Munguva yekuchinja kubva kuPythagorean system kusvika kune yakasikwa, apo inenge nguva dzose dzakashanduka, kuvakwa kwechina uye chechishanu kwakaramba kusina kuchinja. Kuumbwa kwe tonality kwakaenda nekubatanidzwa kwakananga kwezvinyorwa izvi, zvaive pavari izvo zvakakura uye zvakadzika zvakavakwa. Nguva idzi dzakazove dzakaita semakonzonendi zvekuti dzakatonga mimhanzi kusvika panguva yerudo, uye kunyangwe mushure mekunge vapihwa basa rakakosha.

Asi isu tinosiyana kubva kune dissonances. Kuvaka hakuna kumira pamanotsi matatu aya. Sruna yakaramba ichikamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu uye duodecyma mushure me duodecyma kugamuchira mitsva uye mitsva.

Chipingamupinyi chekutanga chakamuka padanho rechishanu, apo to (chinyorwa chekutanga) re, fa, sol, la chinyorwa chakawedzerwa E (Mufananidzo 3).

Pakati pezvinyorwa E и F imwe nhambo yakaumbwa yairatidzika kuva isina kugadzikana zvikuru kuvanhu venguva iyoyo. Nguva iyi yaive sekondi diki.

Diki yechipiri mi-fa - harmonic

*****

Sezvo tasangana nenguva iyi, takasarudza zvokubatanidza E iyo sisitimu haichakoshi, iwe unofanirwa kumira pa5 manotsi. Saka yekutanga system yakave 5-noti, yakanzi pentatonic. Zvose zvinopindirana mariri zvinopindirana zvikuru. Chiyero chepentatonic chichiri kuwanikwa mumimhanzi yevanhu. Dzimwe nguva, sepende yakakosha, inowanikwawo mumakirasi.

Nekufamba kwenguva, vanhu vakajaira kurira kwesekondi diki uye vakaona kuti kana ukaishandisa zvine mwero uye kusvika padanho, saka unogona kurarama nayo. Uye chipingamupinyi chinotevera chaiva danho nhamba 7 (Fig. 4).

Chinyorwa chitsva ichi chakave chisina kuwirirana zvekuti vakatosarudza kusachipa zita rayo, asi vakaridaidza F inopinza (inoratidzwa f#). Chaizvoizvo inopinza uye zvinoreva nguva yakaumbwa pakati pezvinyoro zviviri izvi: F и F inopinza. Zvinonzwika seizvi:

Iyo nguva F uye F-yakapinza ndeye harmonic

*****

Kana tikasaenda "kupfuura kwakapinza", tinobva tawana 7-noti system - diatonic. Mazhinji echinyakare uye emazuva ano mimhanzi masisitimu 7-nhanho, kureva kuti, ivo vanogara nhaka yePythagorean diatonic mune izvi.

Pasinei nekukosha kukuru kwe diatonicism, Odysseus akaenderera mberi nechikepe. Akunda chipingamupinyi muchimiro chekupinza, akaona nzvimbo yakavhurika yaunogona kutaipa akawanda se12 manotsi muhurongwa. Asi yechi13 yakagadzira kusawirirana kunotyisa - Pythagorean comm.

Pythagorean comma

*****

Zvichida tinogona kutaura kuti comma yaive Scylla naCharybdis vakakungurutswa mune imwe. Hazvina kutora makore kana kunyange mazana emakore kuti akunde chipingamupinyi ichi. Makore zviuru zvinoverengeka gare gare, muzana ramakore rechigumi nembiri AD, vaimbi vakanyatsotendeukira kune microchromatic system, ine zvinyorwa zvinopfuura 12. Zvechokwadi, mukufamba kwemazana emakore aya, kuedza kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe kuwedzera mamwe manzwi mashoma kune octave, asi kuedza uku kwaityisa zvokuti, zvinosuruvarisa, munhu haagoni kutaura nezvekubatsira kwavo kukuru kune tsika dzemimhanzi.

Kuedza kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kunganzi kwakabudirira zvizere here? Iine microchromatic systems yasvika mukushandiswa kwemimhanzi? Ngatidzokei kumubvunzo uyu, asi zvisati zvaitika tichatarisa mamwe mashoma dissonances, haasisiri kubva kuPythagorean system.

mhumhi nadhiyabhorosi

Patakataura nguva dzisina kunaka kubva kuPythagorean system, taive nehungwaru zvishoma. Kureva kuti paive nesekondi diki neinopinza, asi vakazonzwa zvishoma zvakasiyana.

Icho chokwadi ndechekuti mimhanzi yekare yaive yakawanda yemonodic warehouse. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, noti imwe chete yakarira panguva, uye yakamira - musanganiswa umwechete wemanzwi akati wandei - haina kumbobvira yashandiswa. Naizvozvo, vadi vemimhanzi vekare, sekutonga, vakanzwa zvese sekondi diki uye inopinza inopinza seizvi:

Diki yechipiri mi-fa - melodic

*****

Semitone F uye F inopinza - melodic

*****

Asi nekuvandudzwa kweinomira, harmonic (yakatwasuka) nguva, kusanganisira dissonant, yakanzwika kuzere.

Yekutanga munhevedzano iyi inofanirwa kudanwa triton.

Izvi ndizvo zvinoita tritone inonzwika

*****

Inonzi tritone, kwete nekuti inoratidzika seamphibian, asi nekuti ine matani matatu chaiwo kubva paruzha rwepasi kusvika kune repamusoro (kureva, semitones matanhatu, makiyi epiyano matanhatu). Sezvineiwo, muchiLatin inonziwo tritonus.

Iyi nguva inogona kuvakwa zvese muPythagorean system uye mune zvakasikwa. Uye pano neapo zvichanzwika zvisina kunaka.

Kuti uivake muPythagorean system, iwe uchafanirwa kugovera tambo muzvikamu zvitatu katanhatu, uyezve kaviri iyo inoguma yakareba ka3. Zvinoitika kuti kureba kwetambo kucharatidzwa sechikamu 6/10. Hazvina maturo kutaura, nematanho akawanda, hapana chikonzero chekutaura nezve consonance.

Mukugadzirisa kwechisikigo, mamiriro acho ari nani zvishoma. A natural tritone inogona kuwanikwa sezvinotevera: kugovera kureba kwetambo ne3 kaviri (kureva, kupatsanura ne9), wozoparadzanisa neimwe 5 (yakazara kupatsanura nezvikamu makumi mana nemashanu), uyezve kaviri ka45. Somugumisiro, kureba kwetambo kuchava 5/32, iyo, kunyange zvishoma zvishoma, haivimbisi consonance.

Maererano nerunyerekupe rwemuMiddle Ages, nguva iyi yainzi “dhiyabhorosi mumimhanzi.”

Asi imwe consonance yakave yakakosha pakuvandudza mimhanzi - mhumhi yechishanu.

Wolf Quint

*****

Nguva iyi inobva kupi? Nei zvichidiwa?

Ngatitii tinotaipa manzwi muchimiro chechisikigo kubva panoti to. Ine chinyorwa re zvinozoitika kana tikakamura rune muzvikamu zvitatu kaviri (tinotora nhanho mbiri duodecimal kumberi). Chinyorwa A akaumba zvishoma zvakasiyana: kuti tiwane, tinoda kuwedzera tambo katatu (tora nhanho imwe kumashure pamwe chete ne duodecims), uye woparadzanisa urefu hwetambo hunoguma muzvikamu zvishanu (kureva, kutora chetatu chechisikigo, icho chisina kungoita. iripo muPythagorean system). Somugumisiro, pakati pehurefu hwetambo dzezvinyorwa re и A hatiwane chiyero chakareruka che2/3 (chakachena chechishanu), asi chikamu che40/27 (mhumhi yechishanu). Sezvatinoona kubva muhukama, konsonanti iyi haigone kuve ikonzonendi.

Tadii tanyora A, icho chingave chakachena cheshanu che re? Chokwadi ndechekuti ipapo tichava nemanotsi maviri A - "quint kubva ku re" uye "zvakasikwa". Asi ne "quint" A achava nematambudziko akafanana re - iye achada yake yechishanu, uye isu tichatova nemanotsi maviri E.

Uye maitiro aya haamiswe. Panzvimbo yemusoro mumwe we hydra, maviri anooneka. Nekugadzirisa dambudziko rimwe chete, tinogadzira idzva.

Mhinduro yedambudziko remhumhi yechishanu yakave yakasimba. Vakagadzira hurongwa hwakaenzana, apo "yechishanu" A uye "zvakasikwa" zvakatsiviwa nenoti imwe - kushatirwa A, iyo yaipa zvishoma kunze kwepakati tune dzimwe nguva nemamwe manotsi, asi kunze kweiyo tune kwakange kusingaonekwe, uye zvisiri pachena sezvakaita mumhumhi yechishanu.

Saka mhumhi yechishanu, semhumhi yegungwa ine ruzivo, yakatungamirira chikepe chemimhanzi kumahombekombe asingatarisirwi zvikuru - maitiro akafanana ane hasha.

Nhoroondo Pfupi yeKusawirirana

Nhoroondo pfupi yekusanzwisisana inotidzidzisei? Chiitiko chipi chinogona kutorwa murwendo rwemazana emakore anoverengeka?

• Kutanga, sezvazvakazoitika, dissonances munhoroondo yemimhanzi haina kuita basa shoma pane consonances. Pasinei nokuti vakanga vasingadi uye vakarwa navo, ndivo vaiwanzopa kukurudzira kubuda kwemitemo mitsva yemimhanzi, yakashanda sechinhu chinokonzera zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi.
• Chechipiri, maitiro anonakidza anogona kuwanikwa. Nekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, vanhu vanodzidza kunzwa consonance mumisanganiswa yakawanda yakaoma yemanzwi.

Vashoma vanhu zvino vangatora sekondi diki senguva isina kugadzikana, kunyanya mukurongeka. Asi makore anenge zviuru zviviri nehafu zvapfuura zvakanga zvakadaro. Uye iyo triton yakapinda mumitambo yemimhanzi, mabasa mazhinji emimhanzi, kunyangwe mumhanzi anozivikanwa, anovakwa nekunyanya kubatanidzwa kweiyo tritone.

Somuenzaniso, kuumbwa kunotanga ne tritones Jimi Hendrix Purple Haze:

Zvishoma nezvishoma, ma dissonances akawanda anoenda muchikamu che "kwete saka dissonances" kana "inenge consonances". Hakusi kuti kunzwa kwedu kwadzikira, uye hatisi kunzwa kuti ruzha rwenguva dzakadaro uye manzwi ane hasha kana kuti anosembura. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti ruzivo rwedu rwemumhanzi rwuri kukura, uye isu tinogona kutoona zvakaoma-matanho ekuvaka seasina kujairika, anoshamisa uye anonakidza nenzira yavo.

Kune vaimbi kune iyo mhumhi yechishanu kana commas inoratidzwa mune ino chinyorwa ichaita senge inotyisa, ivo vanovabata serudzi rwezvinhu zvakaomarara zvaunogona kushanda nazvo mukugadzira zvakaenzana zvakaoma uye zvepakutanga mimhanzi.

Munyori - Roman Oleinikov Maodhiyo akarekodhwa - Ivan Soshinsky