Tact |

German Takt, kubva lat. tactus - kubata

Kubva muzana remakore rechi17, chikamu chekutanga chemita mumhanzi, chikamu chemumhanzi chinotanga nezwi rakasimba remetrical. Munziyo dzenziyo, T. dzinosiyaniswa nemitsetse yakatwasuka yakamira pamberi pezvitsigiro izvi - mitsara yemabhawa. Nhoroondo, T. inobva kumabhangi anoperekedza. mimhanzi yemhando yekutamba yeuniform beats, nguva dziri pakati payo dziri pedyo nepakati-beat intervals of a normal pulse, inonyanya kufungidzirwa muhukuru nekuona kwakananga. Munziyo dzevarume, “kurova T” kwekare kwakadaro. akapa zvisikwa. chiyero chenguva yenoti (Latin mensura, saka Italian misura uye French mesure, zvichireva T.). Mu ars antiqua, longa raienderana nechiyero ichi; gare gare maererano nechisumo chepolyphonic. mimhanzi yenguva shoma shoma, kukosha kwakakwana kwakawedzera, basa rechikamu chekuyera rinopfuura kune brevis; muzana remakore rechi16, apo izwi rokuti tactus rinotanga kushandiswa, rinofananidzwa nehukuru hwemazuva ose hwesemibrevis. Sezvo kuwedzera uye kuderera ("zviyero") zvinogona kuchinja nguva yezvinyorwa zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwavo hwemazuva ose (integer valor), pamwe chete na T. alla semibreve paiva neT. alla breve (nekuda kwehafu, brevis yakanga yakaenzana nehuwandu hwehutano hwe semibrevis) uye alla minima (kana yakapetwa kaviri). Muzana ramakore rechi 17, apo T. yakanga ichiumbwa munguva dzazvino uno. pfungwa, semibrevis, iyo yave "chinyorwa chose", inoramba iri chidimbu chinoenderana nekukosha kweyakajairika T.; imwezve kuwedzera kwenguva yayo, zvisinei, inobatanidzwa nekutambanudza kweiyo T., to-ry inorasikirwa nekukosha kwetsanangudzo. zviyero zvenguva. New T. inowanzopatsanurwa nemazwi asina kusimba kuita migove (kazhinji 4) kana kuverenga nguva (German Zdhlzeiten), paavhareji, inenge inoenderana nenguva kune mensural T., asi b. maawa, anoratidzwa sezvikamu zvechikamu chenoti rose (=semiminima).

T.'s shanduko kubva muchikamu chekuverenga kuva boka rekuverenga zvikamu (Gruppentakt, muchirevo cheH. Schunemann) uye kuchinja kwemazuva ano mensural notation kwakaratidza kubuda kweimwe rhythm, iyo yaibatanidza nekuparadzaniswa kwemimhanzi kubva. zvine hukama, kuvandudzwa kwe instr. mimhanzi uye instr. escort ku wok. mimhanzi uye kuchinja kukuru mumimhanzi. mutauro. Wed-century. polyphonic kufunga kwakapa nzira kune chordal, iyo yakawana yekunze. kutaura mune notation muchimiro chezvibodzwa, izvo zvakatsiva muzana remakore rechi17. nzira yekare yekunyora otd. manzwi, uye mukubuda muzana remakore rechi17 rimwe chete. kuenderera mberi - basso continuo. Ichi chiperekedzo chinoratidza zvakajeka maitiro ekutaura kaviri kwemimhanzi mitsva; pamwe chete nemataurirwo emumhanzi anoita sekutaura muzvikamu zvakazadzwa netsanangudzo. kuwirirana, kunotanga panguva dzakasimba, kazhinji kuchienderana nemagumo ezvikamu zvemutinhimira. Aya matauriro anodzorwa nemimhanzi mitsva. mita - T., iyo isingadimburi mimhanzi, asi, senge bass inoenderera, inoitsanangura. Metric signifier. mutsara webhawa (unowanikwa pano neapo muhurongwa hwesangano kubva muzana ramakore rechi 14, asi wakazoshandiswawo zvawo muzana ramakore rechi 17) hauratidzi kumira kana kuti kumbomira (semuganhu wemutsara wevhesi), asi mutsara wemetriki chete. accent (kureva, nzvimbo yakajairika yechitsidzo, iyo, semundima dzemhando yechimiro chechimiro, matauriro chaiwo anogona kusapindirana). Kusiyana nemhando dzese dzemavhesi mita (zvese zvine chekuita nemimhanzi uye saizi yemataurirwo akaparadzaniswa kubva pairi, apo nhamba yezvidzvanyiriri inogara ichibatsira kuona kuyerwa kwevhesi kana mutsara), mune zvakananga muses. Mumita , chiyero chinongoreva mataurirwo uye haataridzi saizi yezvirevo nenhambo. Asi metric. kusimbisa mumhanzi kwakaoma kupfuura munhetembo: panzvimbo yekupikisa nyore kwemetrically yakasimbiswa (yakasimba) uye isina kusimbiswa (isina simba) syllables, T. inoumbwa nekutevedzana kwezvipingamupinyi zvinosiyana musimba. Mune 4-beat T., 1st share inosimbiswa zvakanyanya, yechitatu yakasimba, uye 3nd uye 2th haina simba. Kutevedzana kwakadaro kwekushushikana kunogona kunzwisiswa zvisinei nekuti mabhiti anotorwa seakaenzana akaenzana, kana kuti kuenzana uku kunotyorwa nemhando dzese dzegogic. kutsauka, kukwidziridzwa, kuderera, fermats, etc. Misiyano pakati pemigove inoratidzwa kwete zvakanyanya mukunzwika kukuru, asi munzira yekuchinja kwayo: kune migove yakasimba, zvakanakira hunhu. kutanga kwakasimba kunoteverwa nekuderera kwehuwandu, nekuda kwekurova kusina simba - pane zvinopesana, kuwedzera kwehuwandu (uye voltage).

The accent scheme ye T. ndiyo yakajairwa, iyo iyo chaiyo accentuation inofanira kubatanidzwa, asi mupendero unogona kusazadzikiswa mukunzwika. Kuchengetedzwa kwechirongwa ichi mukumiririra kunofambiswa nekureruka kwayo, kunyanya, kupatsanurwa kwekukosha kwenoti. Mune reshiyo-yakavakirwa mensural rhythm, juxtapositions yemhando dzisina kuenzana (1: 2) inofarirwa, uye nekudaro mahombe enoti kukosha mune yavo "yakakwana" fomu yakaenzana ne3 madiki. Kukosha kuri kukura kweiyo "isina kukwana" kupatsanurwa kwezvinyorwa muzvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana (kutanga kubva muzana ramakore regumi nemana) zvinotitendera kuti titarise nguva ino seyekuchinja kubva kumodal rhythm (ona Modus), kana mensural muchimiro chayo chakachena, kusvika wachi, apo zvose zvikuru. nguva yenoti inoumbwa nekukamura chinyorwa chose muhafu, kota, sere, gumi nematanhatu, nezvimwewo. Iyo "square" 2-beat chimiro, iyo kota inosarudza tempo yemimhanzi, inoratidza chikuru. mhando T., “saizi yakajairwa” (nguva yeChirungu), zita rekuti-rogo (C) mu mensural notation rairatidza tempus imperfectum (brevis = 14 semibreves, kusiyana ne , zvichireva tempus perfectum) uye prolatio minor (kusavapo kwedonhwe, mukusiyana ne и , yakaratidza kuti semibrevis ndeye 2, kwete 3 minimae). Vertical bar kuburikidza nehukuru notation (), zvichiratidza chidimbu chenguva dzose uye kuenzanisa brevis kune yakajairika kukosha kwesemibrevis, yakatanga kudoma T. alla breve, umo, nechikamu che4-beat, tempo unit yakava. Uye kwete . Tempo unit yakadaro ndiyo huru. kwete chete chiratidzo che "big alla breve" (4/2), asiwo zvakanyanya kufanana "small alla breve" (2/2), kureva 2-lobed T., iyo nguva isingachaenzane nebrevis, asi chinyorwa chose (semuC siginecha yenguva). Mazita emamwe saizi eT. muchimiro chezvikamu zveiyo main. hukuru hunobvawo kubva kuvarume vezviyero, izvo, zvisinei, zvakashandura zvazvinoreva. Mune mensural notation, zvikamu zvinoshandura nguva yezvinyorwa pasina kushandura kukosha kwenguva, chikwata chenguva; 3/2, semuenzaniso, zvinoreva kuti manotsi matatu akaenzana muhurefu kusvika kune maviri ezvinyorwa zvakafanana zvehukuru hwakajairika (muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano, izvi zvinoratidzwa nekatatu -

nemusiyano wekuti zita remurume harina hukama nekusimbisa uye haritsanangure chinyorwa chekutanga cheboka sechakasimba). Clock notation 1/3 zvichienzaniswa neT. 2/2 () haichinje kukosha kwekureba kwenoti, asi inowedzera T. nenguva imwe nehafu.

Sezvo mutemo, muchidimbu chinoratidza ukuru hweT., nhamba inoratidza nhamba yezvikamu, uye denominator inoratidza kukosha kwavo kwemimhanzi, asi kune zvisikwa kubva mumutemo uyu. kunze. Maererano nenhamba yezvikamu, zvinowanzosiyanisa T. iri nyore neine imwe nguva yakasimba (2- uye 3-chikamu) uye yakaoma, inosanganisira maviri kana kupfuura akareruka, ane Ch. accent (simba rakasimba) mune yekutanga yavo uye yechipiri (zvinei simba nguva) mune yasara. Kana zvikamu izvi zvakaenzana, T. akadana. symmetrical (yakaoma - nenzira yakamanikana), kana isina kuenzana - isingaenzaniswi kana yakasanganiswa. Complex (symmetry.) T. inosanganisira 4-, 6-, 9- uye 12-beat, yakasanganiswa - 5-, 7-beat, zvichingodaro. semuyenzaniso. T. 3/3, 1/3, 2/3, 4/3, 8/3 inorongwa sezvikamu gumi nematanhatu. Musiyano, zviri pachena, haurevi munguva yekuyerwa kweyero (kuna L. Beethoven, chikamu chinononoka munguva ye16/3 chinogona kuteverwa nechikamu chekutsanya munguva ye8/3, apo T. yose ipfupi. kupfuura yechisere ye tempo yapfuura), asi muhuremu hwayo (manyoro maduku, akareruka anoita). Muzana ramakore rechi 4 kusarudzwa kwenoti ukoshi nokuda kwebhiti yaiwanzoganhurirwa kuchikamu chechina ( tempo ordinario) nehafu ( tempo alla breve ); mukucherekedza saizi ine denominator ye18, nhamba yaigara yakakamurwa ne8 (3/3, 8/6, 8/9, 8/12) uye yaisaratidza huwandu hwemabhesi. migove inosarudza kumhanya, uye kubuda kwavo. kupatsanurwa ne8 (panzvimbo peyakajairika kunyange kupatsanura). Iyo bipartiteness yeT. 3/6 inooneka zvakajeka mukuenzanisa (panguva imwe chete kana kutevedzana) neT. 8/2: uchichengetedza tempo yakafanana, kazhinji.

; 9/8 uye 12/8 vane 3- uye 4-beat T. (mu classical music, nhamba yebhiti mu T. haipfuuri 4). Muna 3/8 nguva, T. yose (kufanana nevarume T.) inowanzoita seye tempo unit uye, naizvozvo, inofanira kuonekwa se monolithic (mu 3 inowanzoitwa panguva inononoka, umo maitiro emuitisi anoita. zvisingaenderane nezvikamu zvikuru, asi nezvikamu zvavo zvidimbu). Manumerari akafanana ane denominator ye4 anogona kuratidza kupatsanurwa katatu mu tempo alla breve: 6/4 is bh isiri T., asi iri nyore 2-part, triplet version . 3/4 inogona kuva zvose 3-chikamu uye monopart: muL. Beethoven's fast tempos, nyaya yekutanga inoratidzwa mu fugue kubva ku sonata op. 1 ( = 144), wechipiri - mune scherzo symphonic ( . = kubva pa96 kusvika pa132). Kuenzana T. 3/4 uye mune scherzo yeBeethoven's 3rd uye 9th symphonies ( ... = = 116) inoratidza kuti T. inogonawo dzimwe nguva kunzwisiswa semonocot. Nenzira imwecheteyo, ndakashandisa notation AP Borodin muchikamu chechipiri chechipiri chesymphony; muchibodzwa, ed. NA Rimsky-Korsakov uye AK Glazunov yakatsiviwa ne 2/1. Monocotyledonous uye mamwe maT ari nyore anowanzo kuiswa mu "T. kurongeka kwepamusoro” (dzimwe nguva izvi zvinoratidzwa nemashoko emunyori, semuenzaniso “ritmo a tre battute” mu scherzo kubva munziyo dzepfumbamwe dzaBeethoven; ona Art. Meter).

Munguva yerudo, kusarudzwa kwemanoti kukosha kwebhiti kunowedzera kusiyanisa. Mune sonatas yekupedzisira yaBeethoven, mazita 13/16 uye 9/16 anoratidza kuti kurova kunova. ., uye 6/16 uye 12/32 munyaya yechipiri inoratidza kuti mu 2-chikamu T., apo mabhiti ari echisere, kupatsanurwa katatu kunotsiviwa nekamwe chete (shanduko imwechete mu intralobar pulsation mu 3- chikamu T. chinogona kudomwa se4/8 mushure me8/12, semuenzaniso muLiszt's Preludes). Iko kuwedzera kwakasiyana-siyana kunoshandawo kune nhamba yezvikamu, izvo zvisisiri zvishoma kune zvina. 8/6 inogona kuva yakaoma chaiyo T., inosanganisira zvose zviviri 4-zvikamu uye zvitatu 3-zvikamu (zvine simba zvishoma 2rd uye 3th zvikamu; akadaro T. anowanikwa F. Liszt, SV Rachmaninov, IF Stravinsky). Yakasanganiswa (asymmetrical) saizi inoonekawo: 5/5 (iyo katatu vhezheni ndeye 4/15, semuenzaniso, muDebussy's Feasts), 8/7, nezvimwe zvakasanganiswa saizi hazviwanzo. Dzimwe nguva ari ega asymmetrical. T. akapindirana pakati peayo akaenzana sekuwedzera kana kuderedza. B. maawa akasanganiswa T. anomiririra mubatanidzwa we 4 T. (zvakakwana kuenzanisa 2/7 muLiszt's Dante Symphony uye kuchinjanisa kwe4/3 uye C muFaust Symphony yake). Nokudaro, yakavhenganiswa T. inowanzoshandura kuva mitsara, iyo iyo mutsara webhari unoshanda sechiratidzo chemiganhu, uye kwete kurohwa kwakasimba. Kukamura kwakadaro muT. kunowanzo shandiswa pakurekodha mimhanzi yemamwe maitirwo ewachi system. masystem, semuenzaniso. Russian nar. nziyo ("vanhu T." Sokalsky), mumadingindira akakweretwa nevanyori kubva kungano kana stylized saiyo (4/5 naMI Glinka, 4/11 naNA Rimsky-Korsakov, 4/9

anayo muThe Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh, nezvimwewo). T.-mitsara yakadaro inogona kuenzana muhuwandu hwezvikamu kune zvakajairwa nyore kana zvakaoma symmetries. T. (somuenzaniso, 2/4 mumagumo eTchaikovsky's 2nd symphony). Kunze kwemimhanzi yeRussia, muenzaniso ndeyekutanga kweChopin mu c-moll, apo imwe neimwe T. mutsara umo chikamu chekutanga chisingagoni kuonekwa senguva yakasimba, uye ye1 - senguva yakasimba.

References: Agarkov O., Pakukwana kwekuona kwemamita emimhanzi, mu: Musical Art uye Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; Kharlap MG, Clock system mumhanzi rhythm, muunganidzwa: Matambudziko emimhanzi rhythm, M., 1978; onawo lit. paArt. Meter, Metric.

MG Harlap