Nziyo dzevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika: kubva kuVarshavyanka kuenda kuKolyma

Vashanduri, "vasungwa vehana", vanopikisa, "vavengi vevanhu" - vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vakadanwa sezvavakaita mumazana emakore apfuura. Zvisinei, ndezvechokwadi here nezvezita racho? Pashure pezvose, munhu anofunga, ane mufungo anenge asingadzivisiki achavengwa nehurumende ipi neipi, hurumende ipi neipi. Sokutaura kwakaita Alexander Solzhenitsyn zvakarurama, “vane masimba havatyi vaya vanovapikisa, asi vaya vari pamusoro pavo.”

Zviremera zvinobata nevanopokana zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekutyisa kwakazara - "sango rakatemwa, machipisi anobhururuka", kana ivo vanosarudza, vachiedza "kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, asi kuchengetedza." Uye nzira yakasarudzwa yekuzviparadzanisa ndeyekusungwa kana musasa. Paiva nenguva apo vanhu vakawanda vanofarira vakaungana mumisasa uye nzvimbo. Paivawo nevadetembi nevaimbi pakati pavo. Aya ndiwo matangiro akaita nziyo dzevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika.

Uye hazvina basa kuti kubva kuPoland…

Imwe yekutanga shanduko yehunyanzvi hwekwakabva mutirongo ndiyo ine mukurumbira "Warshavyanka". Iri zita riri kure netsaona - zvirokwazvo, mazwi ekutanga erwiyo urwu ndeechiPolish uye ndeaVaclav Svenicki. Iyewo, akavimba ne "March yeZouave" (iyo inonzi French infantrymen vakarwa muAlgeria).

Varshavyanka

Mavara acho akashandurirwa muchiRussia ne "nyanzvi yechimurenga" uye sahwira waLenin, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky. Izvi zvakaitika paakanga ari mujeri reButyrka, muna 1897. Makore matanhatu gare gare, chinyorwa chacho chakabudiswa. Rwiyo, sezvavanotaura, rwakaenda kuvanhu: rwakadaidzira kurwisana, kune zvivharo. Yakaimbwa nemufaro kusvika pakupera kwehondo yevagari vemo.

Kubva mujeri kuenda kurusununguko rusingaperi

Hurumende yetsarist yakabata vapanduki zvakasununguka: kutapwa kunogara kuSiberia, nguva pfupi dzemujeri, kashoma chero munhu kunze kwenhengo dzeNarodnaya Volya nemagandanga akaturikwa kana kupfurwa. Apo, pashure pezvose, vasungwa vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaenda kurufu rwavo kana kuti kuona shamwari dzavo dzakawa parwendo rwavo rwokupedzisira rwokuchema, vakaimba kufora kwamariro. “Wakabatwa muhondo inouraya”. Munyori wezvinyorwa ndiAnton Amosov, uyo akaburitsa pasi pezita rekuti Arkady Arkhangelsky. Nheyo yenziyo inotaridzwa nenhetembo nedetembi ari bofu wezana remakore rechi19, akararama panguva yaPushkin, Ivan Kozlov, "Ngoma haina kurova pamberi pehondo yainetseka ...". Yakagadzirirwa mimhanzi nemunyori A. Varlamov.

Wakawira muhondo inouraya

Zvinoda kuziva kuti imwe yendima dzacho inotaura nezvenyaya yemubhaibheri yaMambo Bhershazari, uyo asina kuteerera uprofita hunotyisa hwekufa kwake uye kweBhabhironi rose. Zvisinei, chiyeuchidzo ichi hachina kuvhiringidza chero munhu - shure kwezvose, mberi mune zvinyorwa zverwiyo rwevasungwa vezvematongerwe enyika makanga mune chiyeuchidzo chinotyisa kune vadzvinyiriri vemazuva ano kuti hutsinye hwavo huchakurumidza kuwira, uye vanhu vaizova "vakuru, vane simba, vakasununguka. .” Rwiyo rwacho rwakanga rwakakurumbira zvokuti kwemakore gumi nehafu, kubva muna 1919 kusvika muna 1932. rwiyo rwarwo rwakanga rwakagadzirirwa kurira kweSpasskaya Tower yeMoscow Kremlin pakasvika pakati pousiku.

Rwiyo rwacho rwakanga rwakakurumbirawo pakati pevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika “Kutambudzwa nousungwa hwakakomba” – kuchemera shamwari yawa. Chikonzero chekusikwa kwayo kwaiva mariro emudzidzi Pavel Chernyshev, akafa nechirwere chetachiona mujeri, izvo zvakaguma nekuratidzira kukuru. Munyori wenhetembo anoonekwa seGA Machtet, kunyangwe hunyori hwake husina kumbobvira hwanyorwa - hwaingove hwakarurama sezviripo. Pane ngano yekuti rwiyo urwu rwakaimbwa vasati vaurayiwa neVarindi Vechidiki muKrasnodon munguva yechando ye1942.

Kutambudzwa neuranda hunorema

Kana pasina chekurasikirwa ...

Nziyo dzevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vekupedzisira Stalinist nguva, kutanga kune zvese, "Ndinorangarira chiteshi cheVanino chiya" и "Mhiri kweTundra". Chiteshi chengarava cheVanino chaive pamahombekombe ePacific Ocean. Yakashanda senzvimbo yekuchinjisa; zvitima zvaiva nevasungwa zvaiunzwa pano zvoiswazve muzvikepe. Uye ipapo - Magadan, Kolyma, Dalstroy uye Sevvostlag. Tichifunga nezvekuti chiteshi cheVanino chakaiswa muzhizha ra1945, rwiyo rwacho rwakanyorwa kwete pamberi pezuva rino.

Ndinorangarira chiteshi cheVanino chiya

Chero ani akatumidzwa sevanyori vezvinyorwa - vadetembi vakakurumbira Boris Ruchev, Boris Kornilov, Nikolai Zabolotsky, uye vasingazivikanwi kuvanhu vose Fyodor Demin-Blagoveshchensky, Konstantin Sarakhanov, Grigory Alexandrov. Zvingangodaro vanyori vekupedzisira - kune autograph kubva muna 1951. Zvechokwadi, rwiyo rwakaparadzana nemunyori, rwakava ngano uye rwakawana zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashoko. Chokwadika, chinyorwa chacho hachina chokuita nembavha dzechinyakare; pamberi pedu pane nhetembo dzemhando yepamusoro.

Kana ruri rwiyo "Rovedza Vorkuta-Leningrad" (rimwe zita "Mhiri kweTundra"), rwiyo rwayo rwunoyeuchidza rwiyo rwekuchema, rwerudo rweyadhi "Mwanasikana wemuchuchisi". Copyright ichangobva kuratidzwa uye yakanyoreswa naGrigory Shurmak. Kutiza kubva mumisasa kwakanga kusingawanzoitiki - vapoteri vaisagona kubatsira asi kunzwisisa kuti vakanga vakatongerwa rufu kana kuti kunonoka kuurayiwa. Uye, kunyanguvezvo, rwiyo rwacho runodetemba chishuvo chisingagumi chevasungwa chorusununguko uye rwakazadzwa noruvengo rwavarindi. Mutungamiri Eldar Ryazanov akaisa rwiyo urwu mumiromo yemhare dzefirimu "Promised Heaven". Saka nziyo dzevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika dzinoramba dziripo nhasi.

By tundra, nechitima…