Senezino (Senezino) |

Senesino

Pamusoro peimba yeopera yemuzana remakore rechi1650 paiva neprima donna (“prima donna”) uye castrato (“primo uomo”). Sezvakaitika, zvisaririra zvekushandiswa kwecastrati sevaimbi zvakatangira pamakumi maviri emakore ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye vakatanga kupinda mu opera kunosvika XNUMX. Nekudaro, Monteverdi naCavalli mumabasa avo ekutanga ekuimba vachiri kushandisa masevhisi emanzwi mana echisikigo ekuimba. Asi maruva chaiwo ehunyanzvi hwe castrati akasvika muNeapolitan opera.

Kudzingwa kwemajaya, kuti vave vaimbi, zvichida kwagara kuripo. Asi zvakangove nekuzvarwa kwepolyphony uye opera mu1588th uye XNUMXth mazana emakore iyo castrati yakave yakakosha muEurope zvakare. Chikonzero chekukurumidza cheizvi kwaive kurambidzwa kwapapa kwemakumi manomwe kwevakadzi kuimba mumakwaya echechi, pamwe nekuridza pamatanho etheater mumatunhu emapapa. Vakomana vaishandiswa kuita zvikamu zvechikadzi zvealto nesoprano.

Asi pazera apo inzwi rinoputsika, uye panguva iyoyo vanenge vachitova vaimbi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, timbre yenzwi inorasikirwa nokujeka kwayo nokuchena. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, muItaly, uyewo muSpain, vakomana vaichekwa. Kuvhiyiwa kwakamisa kukura kwelarynx, kuchengetedza kwehupenyu inzwi rechokwadi - alto kana soprano. Zvichakadaro, ribcage yakaramba ichikura, uye kunyange kupfuura mune vechidikiwo zvavo, saka castrati yaive nemhepo yakakura kwazvo yekufemerwa kupfuura kunyangwe vakadzi vane izwi resoprano. Simba uye kuchena kwemanzwi avo hazvigoni kuenzaniswa neazvino, kunyange kana ari manzwi akakwirira.

Oparesheni iyi yakaitwa pavakomana kazhinji kacho vari pakati pemakore masere kusvika gumi nematatu. Sezvo kuvhiya kwakadaro kwairambidzwa, nguva dzose kwaiitwa nefungidziro yokurwara kana kuti tsaona. Mwana akanyikwa mukugeza kwemukaka unodziya, akapiwa mushonga weopium kuti aderere marwadzo. Nheyo yechirume haina kubviswa, sezvaiitwa kuMabvazuva, asi machende aichekwa obuda. Vechidiki vakava kushaya mbereko, asi nekuvhiya kwemhando yepamusoro vaive vasina simba.

The castrati vakanyombwa kumwoyo yavo 'zviri mukati mabhuku, uye kunyanya mune buffoon opera, iyo yakakunda nesimba uye huru. Kurwiswa uku, zvisinei, kwaisareva hunyanzvi hwavo hwekuimba, asi kunyanya kubereka kwavo kwekunze, kusimba uye kusimba kusingatsungirike. Kuimba kwevakanda (castrati), uko kwainyatsobatanidza kutinhira kwenzwi romukomana uye simba remapapu omunhu mukuru, kwakanga kuchiri kurumbidzwa sechikuru chebudiriro dzose dzokuimba. Vatambi vakuru vari chinhambwe kubva kwavari vakateverwa nevanyori venzvimbo yechipiri: imwe kana kupfuura tenor uye manzwi echikadzi. Prima donna uye castrato vakaita chokwadi chekuti vaimbi ava vaisanyanya kukura uye kunyanya mabasa ekutenda. Mabhesi echirume zvishoma nezvishoma akanyangarika kubva kune yakakomba opera kare seVenetian nguva.

Chiverengero chevaimbi veOpera vekuItaly-vakakandira vasvika pakukwirira kwepamusoro muhunyanzvi hwekutaura uye hwekuita. Pakati pe "Muziko" uye "Wonder" mukuru, sekudanwa kwevaimbi ve castrato muItaly, ndiCaffarelli, Carestini, Guadagni, Pacciarotti, Rogini, Velluti, Cresentini. Pakati pekutanga zvakakosha kucherechedza Senesino.

Zuva rinofungidzirwa rekuzvarwa kwaSenesino (zita chairo reFratesco Bernard) ndeye 1680. Zvisinei, zvinowanzoitika kuti iye chaizvoizvo muduku. Mhedziso yakadaro inogona kutorwa kubva pakuti zita rake rinotaurwa mumazita evatambi chete kubva muna 1714. Zvadaro muVenice, akaimba mu "Semiramide" naPollarolo Sr. Akatanga kudzidza kuimba kweSenesino muBologna.

Muna 1715, impresario Zambekkari anonyora nezve maitiro emuimbi:

"Senesino achiri kuita zvisinganzwisisike, anomira asingapfakanyiki sechifananidzo, uye kana dzimwe nguva akaita chimwe chimiro, zvinonyatsopesana nezvinotarisirwa. Kudzokorora kwake kwakaipa sezvakaitwa naNicolini, uye kana ari arias, anozviita zvakanaka kana ari muzwi. Asi nezuro manheru, mune yakanakisa aria, akaenda mabhawa maviri pamberi.

Casati haatombotsungiririki, uye nekuda kwekuimba kwake kusingafadzi, uye nekuda kwekuzvikudza kwake, akabatana naSenesino, uye havana rukudzo kune chero munhu. Nokudaro, hapana munhu anogona kuvaona, uye vanenge vose veNeapolitans vanovaona (kana vachifungidzirwa zvachose) sevarume vaviri vanozviruramisa ngomwa. Havana kumboimba neni, kusiyana nevakawanda vairidza castrati vaiimba muNaples; vaviri ava chete handina kumbovakoka. Uye zvino ndinogona kunyaradzwa muidi rokuti munhu ari wose anovabata zvakashata.

Muna 1719, Senesino anoimba panhandare yedare muDresden. Kwapera gore, muimbi ane mukurumbira Handel akauya pano kuzotora vatambi veRoyal Academy of Music, yaakanga agadzira muLondon. Pamwe chete naSenesino, Berenstadt naMargherita Durastanti vakaendawo kumahombekombe e "foggy Albion".

Senesino akagara muEngland kwenguva yakareba. Akaimba nekubudirira kukuru paacademy, achiimba mabasa ekutungamira mumaopera ese naBononcini, Ariosti, uye pamusoro pezvose naHandel. Kunyange zvazvo mukururama kunofanira kutaurwa kuti ukama huri pakati pemuimbi nemunyori hwakanga husiri hwakanakisisa. Senesino akava mutambi wekutanga wezvikamu zvikuru muhuwandu hwemitambo yeHandel: Otto naFlavius ​​(1723), Julius Caesar (1724), Rodelinda (1725), Scipio (1726), Admetus (1727) ), "Cyrus" uye "Ptolemy" (1728).

Musi waMay 5, 1726, mutambo weHandel's opera Alexander wakaitika, izvo zvakabudirira zvikuru. Senesino, uyo aitamba chinzvimbo, aive pachinhanho chemukurumbira. Kubudirira kwakagovaniswa naye nema prima donnas maviri - Cuzzoni naBordoni. Nehurombo, maBritish akaumba misasa miviri yevasingawirirane vanoyemura veprima donnas. Senesino akanga aneta nokukakavadzana kwevaimbi, uye, ataura kuti akanga achirwara, akaenda kunyika yake—kuItaly. Nechekare mushure mekuputsika kweiyo academy, muna 1729, Handel pachake akauya kuSenesino kuzomukumbira kuti adzoke.

Saka, pasinei nekusawirirana kwose, Senesino, kutanga muna 1730, akatanga kuita muboka duku rakarongwa neHandel. Akaimba mune maviri emabasa matsva emunyori, Aetius (1732) uye Orlando (1733). Zvisinei, kupesana kwakave kwakanyanyisa uye muna 1733 pakanga pane kupera kwekupedzisira.

Sezvakaratidzwa nezviitiko zvakazotevera, kupopotedzana uku kwakava nemigumisiro inosvika kure. Akava chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei, mukupesana neboka reHandel, iyo "Opera yevakuru" yakagadzirwa, inotungamirwa naN. Porpora. Pamwe chete naSenesino, mumwe "muziko" akatanhamara - Farinelli akaimba pano. Kusiyana nezvaitarisirwa, vakagarisana zvakanaka. Zvichida chikonzero ndechekuti Farinelli isopranist, nepo Senesino aine contralto. Kana kuti pamwe Senesino aingoyemura nemoyo wese hunyanzvi hwemumwe mudiki waanoshanda naye. Mukufarira yechipiri inyaya yakaitika muna 1734 pamutambo wekutanga weOpera yaA. Hasse "Artaxerxes" paRoyal Theatre muLondon.

Mune opera iyi, Senesino akaimba kekutanga naFarinelli: akaita basa remudzvinyiriri akatsamwa, uye Farinelli - gamba rinosuruvarisa rakasungwa. Nekudaro, neaa yake yekutanga, akabata moyo wakaoma wemudzvinyiriri akashatirwa zvekuti Senesino, akanganwa basa rake, akamhanyira kuna Farinelli ndokumumbundira.

Heino maonero emunyori I.-I. Quantz akanzwa muimbi muEngland:

"Aive ane simba, akajeka uye anonakidza contralto, aine matauriro akanaka uye matrills akanaka. Kuimba kwaaiita kwaiva neunyanzvi, matauriro aaiita haana kuenzana nawo. Pasina kuwandisa adagio nezvishongo, akaimba manotsi makuru nekunatsa kunoshamisa. Allegroes ake akanga akazara nemoto, ane zvakajeka uye anokurumidza caesuras, aibva muchipfuva, akazviita nekutaura kwakanaka uye tsika dzinofadza. Aizvibata zvakanaka pachikuva, majeti ake ese aive echisikigo uye airemekedzwa.

Unhu hwose uhwu hwakazadzikiswa nomukurumbira; chitarisiko chake nechimiro chake zvakanga zvakafanira zvikuru kumutambo wegamba kupfuura kumudiwa.”

Kukwikwidzana pakati pedzimba mbiri dzeopera kwakaguma nokuparara kwezvose zviri zviviri muna 1737. Pashure paikoko Senesino akadzokera kuItaly.

Castrati yakakurumbira yakagamuchira muripo mukuru kwazvo. Iti, muma30s muNaples, muimbi ane mukurumbira akagamuchira kubva ku600 kusvika ku800 Spanish doubloons pamwaka. Mari yacho yaigona kunge yakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuderedzwa kubva mumabasa ekubatsira. Aive 800 doubloons, kana 3693 ducats, iyo Senesino, uyo akaimba muna 1738/39 paSan Carlo Theatre, akagamuchira pano kwemwaka.

Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti vateereri vemunzvimbo iyi vakapindura zvaiitwa nemuimbi uyu pasina rukudzo rwakafanira. Kubatanidzwa kwaSenesino hakuna kuvandudzwa mwaka unotevera. Ikoku kwakashamisa nyanzvi yenziyo yakadai saDe Brosse: “Senesino huru yakaita rutivi rukuru, ndakafadzwa nokuravira kwokuimba nokuridza kwake. Zvisinei, ndakaona nokushamisika kuti vanhu vomunyika yake vakanga vasingafariri. Vanonyunyuta kuti anoimba nemusambo wekare. Hechino chibvumikiso chokuti kuno kuravira nziyo kunochinja makore gumi oga oga.”

Kubva kuNaples, muimbi anodzokera kumusha wake weTuscany. Kuita kwake kwekupedzisira, sezviri pachena, kwakaitika mumaopera maviri naOrlandini - "Arsaces" uye "Ariadne".

Senesino akafa muna 1750.