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kubva kuGreek xoros - kutamba kwakatenderera nekuimba; lat. chorus, ital. coro, utachiona. Chor, French choeur, eng. kwaya, korasi

1) Boka reboka rechitendero rinotamba nokuimba (dzimwe nguva kutamba kweround), kazhinji kunoperekedzwa neaulos, kifara, mbira muDr. Greece, uyewo muDr. Judhiya.

2) Munguva dzekare, munhu anosungirwa anobatanidzwa mumatambudziko uye makomedhi, achifananidzira inzwi revanhu uye kazhinji achizvimiririra. mutambi.

3) Boka revaimbi vanoita pamwe chete wok. prod. pamwe ne instr. ane kana pasina anoperekedza (kwaya a cappella). X. yakauya kure kure nhoroondo. kukura uye kuita decomp. mabasa. Kuumbwa kwayo, misimboti yekukamura kuita manzwi, yakashanduka, nhamba yevatambi yakashanduka (ona mimhanzi yeChoral). Mukutanga kweMiddle Ages (c. 4th century), apo kubva kuchechi. nharaunda yakabuda Prof. X. (kliros), akanga achiri asina mutsauko. Mumakore 10-13. kusiyanisa kwekutanga kwemanzwi nemarejista kunotanga. Gare gare (zvichida kubva muzana remakore rechi14-15), nekuvandudzwa kwepolyphony, pfungwa yekorasi yakasimbiswa. mapato, rimwe nerimwe rawo rinogona kuitwa pamwe chete kana kukamurwa kuita akati wandei. mavhoti (anonzi divisi). Munguva iyi, kupatsanurwa mumanzwi kwakatemwa nebasa ravo mumimhanzi. machira. Mutsindo mukuru izwi racho raive tenor; mamwe manzwi - motet, triplum, quadruplum - akaitwa ebetsero. basa. Nhamba yemapati ekwaya uye ukuru hwekwaya yaienderana nemimhanzi. maitiro enguva imwe neimwe. Kwemakore 14-15. 3-4 zvinangwa hunhu. makwaya, muRenaissance nhamba yemanzwi yakawedzera kusvika 6-8 kana kupfuura, panguva imwe chete kaviri uye katatu X nziyo dzakaonekwa. Kubuda kwehurongwa hwekushanda harmonics. kufunga kwakakonzera kupatsanurwa kwekwaya kuita 4 cores. mapato: treble (kana soprano), alto, tenor, bass (chikamu ichi chekwaya chinoramba chiripo nhasi).

Nekuuya kwe opera, X. inova chinhu chayo chakakosha uye zvishoma nezvishoma inowana dramaturgy yakakura mune mamwe marudzi e opera. zvinoreva. Kunze kwekereke. uye kwaya dzeopera, munziyo. Culture Zap. MuEurope, imwe nzvimbo yakatanhamara yakagarwa namakwaya enyika. chapels. Kutaura kwekuzvimirira kwe X. nenzira. dhigirii rakabatana nekuvandudzwa kweiyo oratorio genre, pamwe nekwaya chaiyo. conc. mhando (semuenzaniso, chorus cantatas). Munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeRussia X. yakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru, nokuti muchiRussia. music folklore choir. kuimba kwakadzora, uye prof. Mimhanzi yeRussia kusvika muzana remakore rechi18. yakagadzirwa ch. arr. kuchiteshi chekwaya (ona mimhanzi yeRussia, mimhanzi yeChechi); tsika dzakapfuma dzekwaya. tsika dzakachengetwa munguva dzakatevera.

Modern Choreology inosiyanisa X. maererano nekuumbwa kwemanzwi - homogeneous (mukadzi, murume, vana), yakavhenganiswa (inosanganisira manzwi akasiyana-siyana), isina kukwana yakasanganiswa (pasipo rimwe remapato makuru mana), uyewo nenhamba ye vatori vechikamu. Nhamba shoma yevanoimba i4 (chamber choir), 12 nhengo imwe neimwe. kumapoka ekwaya, yakawanda - kusvika kumaawa 3-100. (makwaya akabatanidzwa anosvika 120 vanhu kana kupfuura anotamba muSoviet Baltic republics paMtambo Wenziyo).

4) Mimhanzi. chigadzirwa chakaitirwa kwaya. team. Inogona kuzvimiririra kana kuverengerwa sechinhu chakakosha mubasa rakakura.

5) MuWestern Europe mimhanzi yeopera yezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18. zita rinopera. zvikamu zve "duets of consent" uye trios.

6) Boka retambo dzemumhanzi mumwe. chiridzwa (lute, fp.), chakatunhidzwa pamwe chete kuwedzera kana kupfumisa inzwi netimbre. Munhengo iboka repotion potion inoshandiswa nekiyi imwe.

7) Muimba yekuimba - ruzha rweboka rezviridzwa zvine homogeneous (cello choir, nezvimwewo).

8) Mutsara. nzvimbo yevaimbi muByzantine, Romanesque uye Gothic machechi. architecture; mumachechi echiRussia - "makwaya".

References: Chesnokov P., Choir uye maneja, M.-L., 1940, 1961; Dmitrevsky G., Zvidzidzo zvekwaya uye manejimendi ekwaya, M.-L., 1948, 1957; Egorov A., Dzidziso uye tsika yekushanda nekwaya, L.-M., 1951; Sokolov V., Shanda nekwaya, M., 1959, 1964; Krasnoshchekov V., Mibvunzo yezvidzidzo zvekwaya. M., 1969; Levando P., Matambudziko ezvidzidzo zvekwaya, L., 1974. Onawo lit. paArt. Mumhanzi wekwaya.

EI Kolyada