Fret mabasa |

Fret mabasa - zvinorehwa nemanzwi nemakonzonenzi mukuwirirana (altitude system).

F. l. inomiririra kuratidzwa kwemumhanzi-semantic kubatana, kuburikidza iyo inonzwisisika uye kubatana kwemuse kunowanikwa. yakazara. Muchinyakare cheRussia terminology modhi inowanzo dudzirwa sechikamu chakazara maererano nemhando dzese dzepitch masisitimu (kubva yekare, yekumabvazuva, nzira dzechinyakare kusvika kune akasiyana uye akaomarara makwikwi emimhanzi yehunyanzvi yezana ramakore rechi20). Saizvozvowo, pfungwa yeF.l. ndiyowo yakajairika, yakabatana neyakaora zvakanyanya. mhando dzemimhanzi-semantic zvinoreva manzwi nemakonzonenzi, kunyangwe ivo vachibvumira kududzirwa mune imwe yemhando (zvazvinoreva mumodal masisitimu - akakosha "modhi" yemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi14-15, mukupesana nehunhu, semuenzaniso, iyo harmonic tonality yezana remakore rechi18-19 semhando yakakosha ye modal system). Sezvo mafomu ekumisikidzwa kweiyo modhi achichinjika nhoroondo, ipapo F. l. kuti hukama chaihwo hwezwi hunoshanduka sei munhoroondo, uye shanduko kune yakagadziridzwa uye yakaoma mhando dzeph. pakupedzisira inoratidza kufambira mberi kwemamuse. kufunga.

Systematics F. l. zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvesangano repamusoro-soro, iro mukuumbwa kwaro rinogamuchira zvimwe zvinoreva, uye pamhando dzemimhanzi (inzwi) kutaura kwezvinonzwisisika. hukama pakati pezvinhu zve modal (altitude) system. Zvese zvinhu zveiyo modhi zvinogashira kukosha kwehurongwa, zvese zviri nyore (padanho rekutanga rezvinyorwa) uye composite (pamwero wepamusoro wekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zviri nyore muzvikamu zvakaomarara). Zvinhu zviri nyore - otd. manzwi (“monads”), intervals, manzwi maviri (“dyads”), triads (“triads”), mamwe machords sechinhu chegadziriro. Musanganiswa - Zvita. rudzi rwe "microlads" mukuumbwa kweiyo modhi (semuenzaniso, tetrachords, pentachords, trichords mukati meiyo yakawanda voluminous monodich. modes; mamwe mapoka echord, subsystems, chord ine manzwi ari pedyo kana makonzonenzi, nezvimwewo mumapolygonal modes. ) Vamwe F. l. kuwana, semuenzaniso, c.-l. mahombe modal mayuniti (imwe kana imwe tonality, system) maererano nemamwe akafanana mukati mehombe imwe chete yakakura (iyo tonality yechipiri dingindira yakafanana D kune iyo huru tonic, nezvimwewo). Muz.-zvinonzwisisika. hukama mumunda wemodhi inoratidzwa mukukamurwa kwezvinhu zve modal kuita huru (pakati) uye pasi (peripheral), zvino mune yakadzama semantic kusiyanisa kwekupedzisira; nokudaro basa rinokosha rechikamu chenheyo sepakati F. l. mukusiyana kwayo kugadziridzwa (ona Lad). Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwakakwana (kunzwa) kwemimhanzi kunofungidzira kufunga muzvikamu zveavo F. hurongwa (semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweWestern-European system yevakuru nevadiki nemagiramufomu avo ekugadzirisa nziyo dzechiRussia dzekare, kududzirwa kwese mapitch system kubva pakuona kwekuwirirana kweWestern-European kwezana 18-19th neF yayo. .l., nezvimwewo).

Izvo zvakakosha kune F. l. musiyano 2 chikuru. mhando dzemodal (sound) masisitimu zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvavo - monophonic kana polyphonic (muzana remakore rechi20 zvakare sonorant). Saka kupatsanurwa kwakanyanya kwemhando dzeF.l. mune monodic uye chord-harmonic. P. l. mumazana akasiyana ekare, epakati pemakore. uye Nar. monodic. modes (kureva, monodic F. l.) typologically vane zvakawanda zvakafanana kune mumwe nemumwe. To simple monodich. F. l. (kureva, modal values ​​dzemanzwi emunhu uye makonzoni) anonyanya kusanganisira kukosha kweCh. fret inotsigira: pakati. toni (kumira, toni yereferensi, tonic; chinangwa chayo kuve tsigiro yemumhanzi mutsigiro), toni yekupedzisira (finalis; kazhinji inopindirana nenzwi repakati, iro rinobva radaidzwa kunzi finalis), yechipiri referensi toni. (repercussion, toni yekudzokorora, confinalis, toni inotonga, inotonga; kazhinji inopetwa neyekupedzisira); zvakare zvitsigiro zvemuno (nzvimbo dzenzvimbo, nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana; kana zvitsigiso zvichifamba kubva kumatoni makuru eiyo modhi kuenda kune mamwe parutivi), toni yekutanga (initialis, yekutanga; 1st ruzha rwerwiyo; kazhinji inopindirana neyekupedzisira). To composite monodich. F. l. sanganisira tsika dzakatemwa. melodic revolutions, nziyo - mhedziso dzakajairwa. mafomula, zvirevo (mune zvimwe zviitiko, toni dzawo dzinewo mabasa ezvimiro, semuenzaniso, yekupedzisira, penultima uye antepenultima; ona Cadence), matendeuko ekutanga ekutanga (kutanga, kutangisa), mafomula echiRussia ekare. chants, Gregorian melodies. Ona, semuenzaniso, kusiyanisa F. l. centre. toni (as1) uye toni yekupedzisira (es1) mumuenzaniso paSt. Ancient Greek modes (column 306), finalis uye repercussions - paArt. Medieval frets; ona kuchinja kwezvitsigiso zvepanzvimbo (e1, d1, e1) murwiyo rwokuti “Ishe ndakachema” pana st. Sound system (column 447), musiyano F. l. matani ekutanga uye ekupedzisira murwiyo "Antarbahis" paSt. Mumhanzi weIndia (column 511). Onawo modal values ​​​​(kureva F. l.) yakajairika melodic. mabhindauko (semuenzaniso, ekutanga, ekupedzisira) muunyanzvi. Medieval modes (column 241), Melody (column 520), Full cadence (column 366), Znamenny chant (columns 466-67), Melody (column 519).

Zvirongwa F. l. mupolygon frets, synthesizing fret zvinhu zvemhando mbiri (imwe-musoro uye yakawanda-musoro), ine maviri-dimensional (interdimensional) hunhu. Mumanzwi anorira, kunyanya mune chikuru (ona Melody), anooneka monodich. F. l.; vanopinda mukudyidzana kwakaoma naF. l. vertical consonances (ona. Harmony), ichigadzira, kunyanya, kukosha kwezvinhu zveimwe layer yeF. zvine chekuita nezvinhu zveimwe (semuenzaniso, melodic tones zvine chekuita nechords, kana zvinopesana; "interlayer", interdimensional phlebotomy, inomuka kubva mukudyidzana kwe monodic uye chord-harmonic phlebodies). Nokudaro unyanzvi. hupfumi F. l. mumhanzi wepolyphony yakagadzirwa. Kufungidzira kwechord-harmonic. F. l. rwiyo runokanganiswa nekuwanda kwekurira kwekurira (kusvetuka), kunoonekwa sechinhu chimwe-chinoshanda (ivo vanopikiswa sekushanda kusiyanisa "mafambiro" anopfuura uye ebetsero manzwi), mukuderera kwekukosha kwechinhu chekutanga chemutsara tension (yakakwirira - zvakanyanya zvakanyanya) mukufarira harmonic-inoshanda (kukura kushushikana paunenge uchisiya nheyo, kuderera - kana uchidzokera kunheyo), mukutsiva melodic basso continuo ne zigzag jump line basse fondamentale, etc. Kufuridzirwa kwe monodic F. l. pane chord-harmonic inoratidzwa mune izvo pfungwa dzeiyo huru. tonal mabasa (yepakati toni - yepakati chord, tonic; repercussion - dominant chord), uye mhedzisiro yavo pakutevedzana kwechord inoratidzwa mumutemo kuburikidza nehombe. nhanho dzinonzwika (magiramufomu avo e-monophonic) esarudzo uye zvinoreva semantic yezviyero zvinowiriranisa rwiyo (semuenzaniso, mune yekupedzisira cadence yekwaya "Kubwinya" kubva kune opera "Ivan Susanin" - kukosha kwekuwirirana kwemusana we manzwi anotsigira erwiyo:

cf. Digital system), mune inoreva. Harmonic kuzvimiririra kweiyo modal complexes yerwiyo mukati mechimiro chepolyphony (semuenzaniso, mukunzwa kwekubatana kwakabatana kweiyo modal yakaoma yemusoro-musoro dingindira mukati me polygonal jira re fugue, dzimwe nguva kunyangwe mukupokana nePh. l. yemamwe manzwi). Interdimensional functional hukama hunowanikwa mune zviitiko zvekubvisa kubva kunormative F. l. manzwi nemakonzonenzi ehurongwa hwakapihwa pasi pesimba rekudyidzana kweheterogeneous (monodic uye chord-harmonic) F. l. Hongu, monodic. F. l. mumutinhimira uri pasi pekare F. l. D 7, inoshandurwa kusvika pakutendeuka kwakazara kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi (somuenzaniso, ruzha rwedanho rekutanga rinopinda mu1, nezvimwewo); kuzviisa pasi kwechord kuna F. l. manzwi enziyo mafomu, semuenzaniso, basa rekudzokorora (mu faubourdon, yekutanga organum, mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi7, ona, semuenzaniso, zvakare nhanganyaya yepiyano yaC. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").

Iyo modal kuwirirana kweMiddle Ages uye Renaissance (kunyanya mu15th-16th mazana emakore) inoratidzirwa nechiyero chemonodic. uye chord harmonic. F. l. (kazhinji mutsara-polyphonic kufunga); zvinoratidza ndiyo mitemo yekusarudza modhi uye inotonga F. l. “nezwi rimwe nerimwe; seruzha rwekuparara kwekonzonenzi. matanho anotevedzana zvakasununguka, uye anotsanangurwa. hapana chakajeka kusarudzwa kwechords seyo huru mukuwirirana; kunze kwemazwi, "tonal connection inogona kushaikwa zvachose, uye chord yega yega ... inogona kuteverwa neimwe kurira" (SI Taneev, 1909; ona, semuenzaniso, sampuli dzemimhanzi yaJ. Palestrina muSt. Polyphony, makolamu 347, 348, Josquin Despres - muchinyorwa Canon, chikamu 692).

Tonal kuwirirana (17-19 mazana emakore) inoratidzwa nehukuru hwechord-harmonic. F. l. pamusoro pe monodic (ona Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, Variable function, Relationship of keys). Sezvakangoita maviri-fret "harmonic. tonality "West-Europe. mimhanzi ndeyekugadzira. modal system yemhando yakakosha, yayo yakasiyana yeF.l. kune yakakosha. mhando yavo, inonzi "tonal mabasa" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Classic mabasa (T, D, S) inoshanda pahwaro hwehukama hwepamusoro hwechisikigo - iyo quintal kubatana pakati peiyo huru. toni dzematanho pamatanho eIV-IV - zvisinei zvisinei nechero imwe kana imwe yemaitiro avo modal (semuenzaniso, kana tonic yakakura kana idiki); saka zviri specific apa. izwi rekuti "tonal mabasa" (rinoenderana neizwi rekuti "modal mabasa"), uye kwete general "F. l." (kubatanidza zvose). harmonic tonality inoratidzirwa nekunyanya kushanda kukwezva pakati. chord (tonic), ichipinda muchimiro chese chefret, yakanyatso siyanisa kuzivikanwa kweharmonics. mabasa ekonsonanti yega yega uye otd. kupindirana kwenzwi. Nekuda kwesimba rekushanda kwetoni, "tonality yerimwe dhipatimendi inokanganisa tonality yeimwe, kutanga kwechidimbu kunokanganisa mhedziso yayo" (SI Taneev, 1909).

Shanduko kuenda kumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20 inotaridzwa nekuvandudza yekare. kushanda (kushanda semuenzaniso mukuru kune mazhinji masisitimu ehukama hwehukama), kusikwa kwezvimiro zvitsva zvenzwi kubva kune yechinyakare. uye yakagadziridzwa tonal zvinhu. Nokudaro, nzira yekushanda inversion ("kutendeuka" uye kuwedzera kuberekwazve kwe tonal gravity) yakapararira: kutungamira kwekufamba kubva pakati kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo (R. Wagner, sumo kune opera "Tristan naIsolde"), kubva pakumira kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo. isina kugadzikana (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Tale yeGuta Risingaonekwi reKitezh uye Maiden Fevronia", kupera kwe3 d.; AN Skryabin, kuwirirana mukugadzirwa op. 40-50), kubva kuconsonance kuenda ku dissonance uye, mberi, tsika yekunzvenga consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), kubva pachord kuenda kune isiri-chord kuumbwa (kuonekwa kwe toni dzeparutivi muchord semhedzisiro yekugadzirisa kunonoka, ebetsero uye mamwe manzwi asiri e-chord mukati mayo. chimiro). Nekuzvarwa patsva kwetsika. yekare F.l. nenzira iyi, semuenzaniso, dissonant tonality inomuka (Scriabin, late sonatas ye pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st act, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, ona muenzaniso wemimhanzi muArt. Accord, column 82, 1st chord - T ), derivative modes (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 2, Kurume kubva kuopera "Rudo rwemaOrange matatu" - kubva kuC-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st kufamba, kutanga kwechikamu chedivi chekuratidzwa - se -moll sechinhu chinobva kuT kubva kuG-dur), atonic structures (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6th symphony, 1st chikamu, chikamu chikuru chechikamu chechikamu; tonic chord Fis-dur inongowanikwa muchikamu chekupedzisira). Pane imwe nheyo itsva, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemodhi zvinomutsiridzwa; maererano, zvakasiyana-siyana zveF. l. (system mabasa, zvinoreva manzwi nemakonzonenzi mukati meiyo yakapihwa system).

Mumhanzi mutsva wezana remakore rechi20. pamwe chete nemhando dzechinyakare F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, kunyanya tonal) mamwe mabasa ehurongwa anoratidzwawo, anoratidza zvinoreva semantic yezvinhu, kunyanya muhunyanzvi hwepakati ("kukudziridza kusiyanisa" sekudzokororwa kwakagadziriswa kwakagadziriswa kwevakasarudzwa. boka renzwi, sokunge zvakadaro, mutsauko pairi). Center mabasa akakosha. urefu (high-altitude abutment) nenzira ye otd. inzwi (inzwi repakati, maererano neIF Stravinsky - "poles"; semuenzaniso, mumutambo wepiyano "Signs on White", 1974, toni a2 naEV Denisov; onawo muenzaniso muArt. Dodecaphony, column 274, central tone es. ), pakati. consonances (eg polychord Fis-dur + C-dur munheyo ye2nd scene yeStravinsky's ballet "Petrushka", ona muenzaniso muArt. Polychord, column 329), pakati. nzvimbo dzenhevedzano (somuenzaniso, nhevedzano iri pachinzvimbo ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis muA. Webern's vocal cycle op. 25, ona muenzaniso muchinyorwa Pointillism). Paunenge uchishandisa sonno-harmonic. unyanzvi, pfungwa yechokwadi ye-high-altitude abutment inogoneka pasina kuburitsa pachena zvakajeka. tones (kuguma kwekupedzisira kwechipiri piano concerto naRK Shchedrin). Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweshoko rokuti “F. l." maererano nezviitiko zvakawanda zvekubatana muzana remakore rechi2. zvinoita sezvinonetsa (kana kuti hazvigoneke), tsananguro yavo inoda kugadzirwa kwemazwi akanyatsojeka.

References: ona pasi pezvinyorwa zvataurwa.

Yu. N. Kholopov