Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

Chero kuwanikwa kutsva kwaive kwaari mufaro wechokwadi, mufaro, uye akatakura naye, mukufuridzira kunopisa, shamwari dzake dzese. V. Stasov

M. Balakirev aiva nebasa rakasiyana-siyana: kuzarura nguva itsva mumhanzi weRussia uye kutungamirira nzira yose mairi. Pakutanga, hapana chakafanotaura zvaizoitika kwaari. Hudiki nehudiki zvakapfuura kubva kuguta guru. Balakirev akatanga kudzidza mimhanzi achitungamirirwa naamai vake, avo, vachigutsikana nemano anoshamisa emwanakomana wavo, vakanyanya kuenda naye kubva kuNizhny Novgorod kuenda kuMoscow. Pano, mukomana ane makore gumi okuberekwa akatora zvidzidzo zvakawanda kubva kumudzidzisi aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, piano uye muimbi A. Dubuc. Zvakare, Nizhny, kufa kwekutanga kwaamai vake, achidzidzisa paAlexander Institute achibhadhara vakuru vomunharaunda (baba vake, mukuru wehurumende, vakaroora kechipiri, vaiva muurombo nemhuri huru) ...

Kukosha kwakasimba kuna Balakirev kwaiva kuzivana kwake naA. Ulybyshev, mumiriri, uyewo nyanzvi huru yemimhanzi, munyori wezvinyorwa zvitatu zveWA Mozart. Imba yake, uko kwakaungana nzanga inofadza, makonzati akaitwa, yakava kuna Balakirev chikoro chaicho chekugadzirwa kweunyanzvi. Pano anoitisa orchestra yemamateur, muchirongwa chemitambo ine mabasa akasiyana-siyana, pakati pavo Beethoven's symphonies, anoita sepiyano, ane basa rake rakapfuma raibhurari yemimhanzi, umo anopedza nguva yakawanda achidzidza zvibodzwa. Kukura kunouya kumuimbi wechidiki kukurumidza. Kunyoresa muna 1853 paFaculty of Mathematics yeKazan University, Balakirev anoisiya gore rinotevera kuti azvipire kumimhanzi chete. Panguva ino, yekutanga yekusika kuyedza ndeye: piano nziyo, dzerudo. Achiona kubudirira kunoshamisa kwaBalakirev, Ulybyshev anomutora kuSt. Petersburg uye anomuzivisa kuna M. Glinka. Kukurukurirana nemunyori we "Ivan Susanin" uye "Ruslan naLyudmila" yakararama kwenguva pfupi (Glinka akakurumidza kuenda kune imwe nyika), asi zvine musoro: kubvumirana nezvakaitwa naBalakirev, munyori mukuru anopa mazano pamusoro pekutsvaga, kutaura nezvemimhanzi.

MuSt. Petersburg, Balakirev anokurumidza kuwana mukurumbira semuiti, anoenderera mberi nekunyora. Ane chipo chakajeka, asingagutsikani muruzivo, asinganeti mubasa, akanga achishuva kubudirira kutsva. Nokudaro, zvinowanzoitika kuti apo hupenyu hwakamuunza pamwe chete naC. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, uye gare gare naN. Rimsky-Korsakov naA. Borodin, Balakirev akabatana uye akatungamirira boka duku remimhanzi, iro rakadzika munhoroondo yemimhanzi. pasi pezita rokuti "Mighty Handful" (akapiwa kwaari naB. Stasov) uye" Balakirev denderedzwa ".

Vhiki imwe neimwe, vaimbi pamwe chete naStasov vakaungana paBalakirev. Vaitaura, vachiverenga zvinonzwika zvakawanda pamwe chete, asi vaipedzera yakawanda yenguva yavo kumimhanzi. Hapana wevanyori vekutanga akawana dzidzo inokosha: Cui aiva injiniya wemauto, Mussorgsky mukuru akarega basa, Rimsky-Korsakov mufambisi wengarava, Borodin kemisitiri. "Tichitungamirirwa naBalakirev, kuzvidzidzisa kwedu kwakatanga," Cui akazoyeuka. “Takadzokorora mumaoko mana zvese zvakanyorwa pamberi pedu. Zvose zvakatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya, uye Balakirev akaongorora maitiro ekugadzira uye unyanzvi hwemabasa. Mabasa akapiwa pakarepo ane mutoro: kutanga zvakananga ne symphony (Borodin uye Rimsky-Korsakov), Cui akanyora operas ( "Musungwa weCaucasus", "Ratcliffe"). Nziyo dzese dzakaitwa pamisangano yedenderedzwa. Balakirev akaruramisa uye akapa mirairo: "... mutsoropodzi, kureva muongorori wehunyanzvi, aishamisa," akanyora Rimsky-Korsakov.

Panguva ino, Balakirev pachake akanyora 20 romances, kusanganisira nyanzvi dzakadai "Huya kwandiri", "Selim's Song" (zvose - 1858), "Goldfish Song" (1860). Zvese zverudo zvakaburitswa uye zvakakosheswa zvakanyanya naA. Serov: "... Maruva matsva ane hutano pahwaro hwemimhanzi yeRussia." Basa reSimphonic raBalakirev rakaitwa pamakonzati: Overture pamusoro pemadingindira enziyo nhatu dzeRussia, Overture kubva mumimhanzi kuenda kunjodzi yaShakespeare King Lear. Akanyorawo zvidimbu zvepiyano zvakawanda uye akashanda pane symphony.

Mimhanzi yaBalakirev uye yemagariro zviitiko zvakabatana neFree Music School, iyo yaakaronga pamwe chete nekwaya anoshamisa uye muimbi G. Lomakin. Pano, munhu wese aigona kujoina mumhanzi, achiita mumakonti ekwaya echikoro. Paivewo nekuimba, kuverenga mumhanzi uye makirasi esolfeggio. Kwaya yaiitwa naLomakin, uye muenzi orchestra yaiitwa naBalakirev, uyo aisanganisira nziyo nemakomuredhi ake edenderedzwa muzvirongwa zvekonzati. Muimbi aigara achiita semuteveri akatendeka weGlinka, uye imwe yemirairo yekutanga yemimhanzi yeRussia yaive yekuvimba nerwiyo rwechivanhu sechitubu chekugadzira. Muna 1866, Kuunganidzwa kweRussia Folk Songs yakanyorwa naBalakirev yakadhindwa, uye akapedza makore akawanda achishanda pairi. Kugara muCaucasus (1862 na1863) kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kujairana nengano dzekumabvazuva dzemimhanzi, uye nekuda kwerwendo rwekuPrague (1867), uko Balakirev aifanira kuitisa Glinka's operas, akadzidzawo nziyo dzechiCzech. Zvose izvi zvinoonekwa zvakaratidzwa mubasa rake: mufananidzo we symphonic pamisoro yenziyo nhatu dzeRussia "makore 1000" (1864; mumutauro wechipiri - "Rus", 2), "Czech Overture" (1887), fungidziro yekumabvazuva yepiyano. "Islamey" (1867), nhetembo symphonic "Tamara", yakatanga muna 1869 uye akapedza makore akawanda gare gare.

Kusika kwaBalakirev, kuita, zvemimhanzi uye zvemagariro zvinomuita mumwe wevaimbi vanoremekedzwa zvikuru, uye A. Dargomyzhsky, uyo akazova sachigaro weRMS, anokwanisa kukoka Balakirev panzvimbo yemutungamiri (mwaka 1867/68 uye 1868/69). Zvino mimhanzi yevanyori ve "Mighty Handful" yakanzwika mumakonzati eSosaiti, kutanga kweBorodin's First Symphony kwakabudirira.

Zvaiita sokuti hupenyu hwaBalakirev hwakanga huri kuwedzera, mberi kwaiva kukwira kune zvitsva zvitsva. Uye kamwe kamwe zvinhu zvakachinja zvinoshamisa: Balakirev akabviswa pakuitisa RMO makonti. Kusaruramisira kwezvakaitika kwaiva pachena. Kutsamwa kwakaratidzwa naTchaikovsky naStasov, avo vakataura mupepanhau. Balakirev anoshandura simba rake rose kuFree Music School, achiedza kupikisa makonti ayo kuMusical Society. Asi kukwikwidzana nesangano rakapfuma, rinotsigirwa zvikuru kwakaratidza kuva kukuru. Imwe pashure peimwe, Balakirev anotambudzwa nekukundikana, kusachengeteka kwake kwezvinhu kunoshanduka kuva kudiwa kwakanyanya, uye izvi, kana zvichidiwa, kutsigira hanzvadzi dzake duku mushure mekufa kwababa vake. Iko hakuna mikana yekusika. Asundwa kuora mwoyo, munyori wenziyo anotova nemirangariro yokuzviuraya. Hapana anomutsigira: shamwari dzake mudenderedzwa dzakatama, mumwe nomumwe akabatikana nezvirongwa zvake. Chisarudzo chaBalakirev chekuputsa nekusingaperi neunyanzvi hwemimhanzi chakanga chakaita sebhoti kubva kubhuruu kwavari. Asingateereri zvikumbiro zvavo uye kunyengetedza, anopinda muShop Office yeWarsaw Railway. Chiitiko chinotyisa chakakamura hupenyu hwemunyori kuita nguva mbiri dzakasiyana chakaitika muna Chikumi 1872 ....

Kunyange zvazvo Balakirev asina kushanda kwenguva refu muhofisi, kudzokera kwake kumimhanzi kwaiva kwenguva refu uye kwakaoma mukati. Anowana raramo nezvidzidzo zvepiyano, asi haazvigadziri, anogara ari ega uye ari ega. Chete mukupera 70s. anotanga kuoneka neshamwari. Asi uyu akanga ari mumwe munhu. Kuda uye simba rekufara remurume akagovana - kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose - pfungwa dzinofambira mberi dze60s, dzakatsiviwa nekutonga kwehutsvene, hutsvene uye hwezvematongerwo enyika, kune rumwe rutivi. Kuporeswa mushure mekutambudzika kwakaitika hakuna kuuya. Balakirev zvakare anova mukuru wechikoro chemimhanzi chaakasiya, anoshanda pakupedzisa kwaTamara (zvichibva munhetembo yezita rimwe chete naLermontov), ​​iyo yakatanga kuitwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemunyori muchirimo cha1883. Zvitsva, kunyanya zvidimbu zvepiyano, zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinoonekwa (Overture pane dingindira rekufamba kweSpanish, nhetembo yesymphonic "Rus"). Pakati pe90s. 10 dzerudo dzinogadzirwa. Balakirev anonyora zvishoma nezvishoma. Hongu, yakatanga muma60s. The First Symphony rakapedzwa chete pashure anopfuura makore 30 (1897), muna Second Piano Concerto pamuviri panguva imwe chete, munyori akanyora 2 chete kufamba (yakapedzwa S. Lyapunov), basa pamusoro Second Symphony akatambanudzira kwemakore 8 ( 1900-08). Muna 1903-04. nhevedzano yerudo rwakanaka inooneka. Pasinei nenhamo yaakasangana nayo, chinhambwe kubva kune vaimbova shamwari dzake, basa raBalakirev muhupenyu hwemimhanzi rinokosha. Muna 1883-94. akanga ari maneja weDare Chapel uye, pamwe chete naRimsky-Korsakov, asingazivikanwi akachinja dzidzo yemimhanzi ikoko, achiiisa pane unyanzvi. Vadzidzi vane zvipo zvechapel vakagadzira denderedzwa remumhanzi vakatenderedza mutungamiri wavo. Balakirev aivewo pakati peiyo inonzi Weimar Circle, iyo yakasangana neAcademician A. Pypik muna 1876-1904; apa akatamba nemapurogiramu ekonzati. Kunyorerana kwaBalakirev nevatambi vemimhanzi vekunze kwakakura uye kunoreva: nemunyori wechiFrench uye folklorist L. Bourgault-Ducudray uye mutsoropodzi M. Calvocoressi, ane Czech mimhanzi uye yeruzhinji chimiro B. Kalensky.

Balakirev's symphonic mimhanzi iri kuwedzera mukurumbira. Inonzwika kwete chete muguta guru, asiwo mumaguta emapurovhinzi eRussia, inobudirira kune dzimwe nyika - muBrussels, Paris, Copenhagen, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin. Piyano yake sonata inoridzwa naSpaniard R. Vines, "Islamea" inoitwa nemukurumbira I. Hoffman. Kukurumbira kwemimhanzi yaBalakirev, kuzivikanwa kwake kune dzimwe nyika semusoro wemimhanzi yeRussia, sezviri, kunobhadhara mhirizhonga inosuruvarisa kubva kune vakawanda munyika yake.

Nhaka yekugadzira yaBalakirev idiki, asi yakapfuma mune zvakawanikwa zvehunyanzvi zvakasimbisa mimhanzi yeRussia muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Tamara nderimwe remabasa epamusoro erudzi rwemhando yesymphonism uye yakasarudzika nhetembo yenziyo. Murudo rwaBalakirev, kune maitiro akawanda uye zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa zvakakonzera kunze kwekamuri yemimhanzi yezwi - muRimsky-Korsakov's instrumental sound writing, muBorodin's opera lyrics.

Kuunganidzwa kwenziyo dzechiRussia hakuna kungovhura danho idzva munziyo dzemimhanzi, asi zvakare kwakapfumisa Russian opera uye symphonic mimhanzi ine akawanda akanaka madingindira. Balakirev aiva mupepeti wemimhanzi akanakisisa: zvose zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveMussorgsky, Borodin uye Rimsky-Korsakov zvakapfuura nemaoko ake. Akagadzirira kudhindwa kwemaopera maviri naGlinka (pamwe chete naRimsky-Korsakov), uye zvinyorwa naF. Chopin. Balakirev akararama hupenyu hukuru, umo maive nehunyanzvi hwekusika uye kukundwa kunosuruvarisa, asi pazere hwaive hupenyu hwechokwadi innovative muimbi.

E. Gordeeva