Maurizio Pollini (Maurizio Pollini) |

Maurizio Pollini

Pakati pe-70s, vezvenhau vakaparadzira shoko pamusoro pemigumisiro yeongororo yakaitwa pakati pevatsoropodzi vemimhanzi vanotungamirira pasi rose. Ivo vanonzi vakabvunzwa mubvunzo mumwechete: ndiani wavanofunga kuti ndiye akanakisa piano wenguva yedu? Uye nehuwandu hwakawanda (mavhoti masere kubva mugumi), chanza chakapihwa Maurizio Pollini. Zvadaro, zvisinei, vakatanga kutaura kuti yakanga isiri pamusoro pezvakanakisisa, asi chete pamusoro pepiyano yakabudirira zvikuru yekurekodha yevose (uye izvi zvinoshandura zvakanyanya nyaya yacho); asi neimwe nzira kana imwe, zita remudiki weItaria rakatanga pane rondedzero, iyo yaisanganisira chete zvivheneko zvepiyano yepasirese art, uye nezera uye ruzivo zvakamupfuura. Uye kunyange zvazvo kusava nemusoro kwemibvunzo yakadaro uye kugadzwa kwe "tafura yezviyero" mune unyanzvi huri pachena, chokwadi ichi chinotaura zvakawanda. Nhasi zviri pachena kuti Mauritsno Pollini akanyatsopinda muzvikamu zvevasanangurwa ... Uye akapinda nguva refu yapfuura - kumativi ekutanga kwe70s.

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Nekudaro, chiyero chetarenda rehunyanzvi uye pianist chaPollini chaive pachena kune vakawanda kunyangwe kare. Zvinonzi muna 1960, apo mumwe muItaly muduku zvikuru, pamberi pevakwikwidzi vanenge 80, akava mukundi weMakwikwi eChopin muWarsaw, Arthur Rubinstein (mumwe waavo vane mazita akanga ari pandaza) akati: “Anototamba zviri nani kupfuura. chero isu - nhengo dzejury! Zvichida hazvisati zvamboitika munhoroondo yemakwikwi aya - kana asati apera kana mushure - pave nevateereri nevatongi vakabatana mukuita kwavo kumutambo weakakunda.

Munhu mumwe chete, sezvazvakazoitika, haana kugovera chido chakadaro - akanga ari Pollini pachake. Chero zvazvingava, haana kuita seacha“ita budiriro” uye kushandisa mikana yakafara zvikuru iyo kukunda kwakakamukana kwakamuzarurira. Mushure mekuridza makonti akati wandei mumaguta akasiyana eEurope uye akarekodha dhisiki rimwe (Chopin's E-madiki Concerto), akaramba makondirakiti anobhadhara uye nzendo huru, ndokuzomira kuita zvachose, achitaura pachena kuti aisanzwa akagadzirira basa rekonzati.

Kuchinja kwezviitiko uku kwakakonzera kuvhiringidzika uye kuora mwoyo. Mushure mezvose, kusimuka kweWarsaw kwemuiti wacho kwakanga kusingatarisirwi zvachose - zvaiita sokuti pasinei nehuduku hwake, akanga atova nekudzidziswa kwakakwana uye humwe ruzivo.

Mwanakomana wemugadziri weMilan akanga asiri mwana wechidiki, asi pakutanga akaratidza mimhanzi isingawanzoitiki uye kubva pazera remakore 11 akadzidza panzvimbo yekuchengetedza pasi pekutungamirirwa kwevadzidzisi vakakurumbira C. Lonati naC. Vidusso, vaiva nemibayiro miviri yechipiri pa International Competition muGeneva (1957 na1958) uye yekutanga - pamakwikwi anonzi E. Pozzoli muSeregno (1959). Hama, avo vakaona maari mutsivi weBenedetti Michelangeli, zvino vakanga vaodzwa mwoyo zvakajeka. Nekudaro, munhanho iyi, iyo inonyanya kukosha mhando yePollini, kugona kwekutarisa kwakadzikama, kuongororwa kwakakosha kwesimba remunhu, kwakakanganiswawo. Akanzwisisa kuti kuti ave muimbi chaiye, pakanga pachine nguva refu.

Pakutanga kwerwendo urwu, Pollini akaenda "kunodzidziswa" kuna Benedetti Michelangeli pachake. Asi kuvandudzwa kwaive kwenguva pfupi: mumwedzi mitanhatu kwaiva nezvidzidzo zvitanhatu chete, mushure mokunge Pollini, pasina kutsanangura zvikonzero, akamisa makirasi. Gare gare, paakabvunzwa kuti izvi zvidzidzo zvakamupa chii, akapindura muchidimbu kuti: “Michelangeli akandiratidza zvinhu zvinobatsira.” Uye kunyangwe nekunze, pakutanga kuona, mune yekugadzira nzira (asi kwete muchimiro cheunhu hwekugadzira) vese maartist vanoita kunge vari padyo, pesvedzero yemukuru pane mudiki yakanga isina kukosha.

Kwemakore anoverengeka, Pollini haana kuonekwa pachikuva, haana kunyora; kunze kwebasa rakadzika paari pachake, chikonzero cheizvi chaiva chirwere chakakomba chaida mwedzi yakawanda yekurapa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vadi vepiyano vakatanga kukanganwa nezvake. Asi apo pakati pe-60s muimbi akasangana zvakare nevateereri, zvakava pachena kune wese kuti kusavapo kwake nemaune (kunyangwe chikamu chekumanikidzwa) kwakazvipembedza. Imwe muimbi akura akaoneka pamberi pevateereri, kwete chete kunyatsogona basa racho, asiwo kuziva kuti chii uye sei chaanofanira kutaura kuvateereri.

Iye akaita sei - iyi Pollini itsva, iyo simba uye mavambo ake haasisina mubvunzo, ane unyanzvi nhasi inyaya yekusatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya sekudzidza? Hazvisi nyore kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Zvichida chinhu chokutanga chinouya mupfungwa pakuedza kuziva zvakanyanya hunhu hwechitarisiko chake maepithets maviri: pasi rose uye kukwana; uyezve, hunhu uhwu hwakabatanidzwa zvisingaverengeki, hunoratidzwa mune zvese - mune repertoire zvido, mukusagadzika kwehunyanzvi hwekuita, mune isinganzwisisiki stylistic flair inobvumira kuti munhu akwanise zvakaenzana kududzira zvakanyanya polar mabasa muhunhu.

Atove kutaura nezvezvakarekodhwa zvake zvekutanga (akaitwa mushure mekumbomira), I. Harden akacherekedza kuti zvinoratidzira nhanho itsva mukukura kweunhu hwenyanzvi. "Munhu wacho pachake, munhu wacho anoratidzwa pano kwete muhuwandu uye zvakanyanyisa, asi mukugadzirwa kwese, kugadzikana kwekunzwa kwezwi, mukuratidzwa kunoenderera mberi kwemusimboti wemweya unofambisa basa rega rega. Pollini anoratidza mutambo wehungwaru, usina kubatwa nehutsvina. Stravinsky's "Petrushka" inogona kunge yakaridzwa zvakanyanya, rougher, more metallic; Etudes yaChopin yakawedzera kudanana, ine mavara, nemaune zvakanyanya kukosha, asi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti mabasa aya akaitwa zvakanyanya nemweya. Dudziro mune iyi nyaya inoratidzika sechiito chekusikwa patsva pamweya. ”…

Zviri mukukwanisa kupinda zvakadzika munyika yemunyori, kuti adzorere pfungwa dzake nemanzwiro ayo ega ega ega Pollini. Hazvisi zvemasanga kuti vazhinji, kana kuti, zvinenge zvese zvinyorwa zvake zvinodaidzwa pamwe chete kutaurwa nevatsoropodzi, zvinoonekwa semienzaniso yekuverenga mimhanzi, seyakavimbika "inonzwika editions". Izvi zvinoshanda zvakaenzana kune zvinyorwa zvake uye kududzirwa kwekonzati - mutsauko pano haunyanyi kuoneka, nekuti kujeka kwemazano uye kukwana kwekuita kwavo kunenge kuenzana muhoro ine vanhu vakawanda uye mune isina vanhu studio. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumabasa emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, masitayera, eras - kubva kuBach kuenda kuBoulez. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Pollini haana vanyori vanofarira, chero vanoita "hunyanzvi", kunyangwe diki zvayo, hazvizivikanwe kwaari.

Iyo chaiyo inotevedzana yekuburitswa kwezvinyorwa zvake inotaura zvakawanda. Chopin's program (1968) inoteverwa neProkofiev's Seventh Sonata, zvimedu kubva kuStravinsky's Petrushka, Chopin zvakare (ese etudes), kozoti yakazara Schoenberg, Beethoven concertos, ipapo Mozart, Brahms, uyezve Webern ... , zvakatowanda zvakasiyana-siyana. Sonatas naBeethoven naSchubert, mazhinji ezvinyorwa naSchumann naChopin, makonsati aMozart naBrahms, mimhanzi yechikoro che "New Viennese", kunyange zvidimbu naK. Stockhausen naL. Nono - ndizvo zvakaita mararamiro ake. Uye mutsoropodzi anonyanyisa haana kumbotaura kuti anobudirira muchinhu chimwe kupfuura chimwe, kuti ichi kana kuti nharaunda yacho haigoni kudzorwa nomuridzi wepiyano.

Anoona kubatana kwenguva mumimhanzi, mukuita hunyanzvi hwakakosha kwaari, munzira dzakawanda kusarudza kwete chete chimiro cheiyo repertoire uye kuvakwa kwezvirongwa, asiwo maitiro ekuita. Chitendero chake ndeichi: "Isu, vaturikiri, tinofanira kuunza mabasa ezvinyorwa zvekare uye zverudo pedyo nekuziva kwevanhu vemazuva ano. Tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti mimhanzi yekirasi yairevei panguva yayo. Iwe unogona, taura, tsvaga dissonant chord mumhanzi weBeethoven kana Chopin: nhasi hazviiti zvakanyanya kushamisa, asi panguva iyoyo zvaive chaizvo! Tinongoda kutsvaga nzira yekuridza mumhanzi wacho nomufaro sezvawaiita kare ikako. Tinofanira 'kuishandura'.” Magadzirirwo akadaro emubvunzo pachawo haasanganisi zvachose chero mhando yemuseum, abstract dudziro; hongu, Pollini anozviona semurevereri pakati pemunyori nemuteereri, asi kwete semurevereri asina hanya, asi semunhu anofarira.

Maonero aPollini kumimhanzi yemazuva ano anokodzera hurukuro yakakosha. Muimbi haangotendeuki kune nziyo dzakagadzirwa nhasi, asi anozviona seanosungirwa kuita izvi, uye anosarudza izvo zvinonzi zvakaoma, zvisina kujairika kune muteereri, dzimwe nguva zvinopokana, uye anoedza kuburitsa chokwadi chakakodzera, manzwiro ane hupenyu anoratidza kukosha kwe. chero mimhanzi. Panyaya iyi, kududzira kwake mimhanzi yeSchoenberg, iyo vateereri veSoviet vakasangana nayo, inoratidza. "Kwandiri, Schoenberg haana chekuita nemanyorerwo aanowanzopendwa," anodaro munyori (mune imwe shanduro yakaoma, izvi zvinofanira kureva kuti "dhiyabhorosi haana kutyisa sezvaanopendwa"). Chokwadi, "chombo chekurwisa" chaPollini pakurwisa kusanzwana kwekunze chinova chimiro chakakura chePollini uye nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwePollinian palette, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana yakavanzika yemanzwiro kunaka mumhanzi uyu. Ihwo humwe hupfumi hwezwi, kusavapo kwekuoma kwemagetsi, iyo inoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha chekuita kwemimhanzi yemazuva ano, kukwanisa kupinda mukati mechimiro chakaoma, kuratidza subtext kuseri kwechinyorwa, pfungwa yekufunga inoratidzwawo. nedzimwe dudziro dzayo.

Ngatichengetedzei: mumwe muverengi angafunga kuti Maurizio Pollini ndiye mutambi wepiyano akakwana kwazvo, sezvo asina zvikanganiso, asina utera, uye zvinozoitika kuti vatsoropodzi vaive vakarurama, vachimuisa munzvimbo yekutanga mugwaro remibvunzo yakashata, uye izvi. mibvunzo pachayo ingori simbiso yemamiriro ezvinhu aripo. Chokwadi hazvisizvo. Pollini mutambi wepiyano anoshamisa, uye pamwe ndiye akanyanya kunyange pakati pevanoridza piyano vanoshamisa, asi izvi hazvireve zvachose kuti ndiye akanakisa. Mushure mezvose, dzimwe nguva kusavapo kwekuonekwa, kusasimba kwemunhu chete kunogonawo kushanduka kuita chishamiso. Tora, somuenzaniso, zvinyorwa zvake zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura zveBrahms’ First Concerto uye Beethoven’s Fourth.

Achivaonga zvikuru, nyanzvi yenziyo yokuEngland B. Morrison yakati nomutoo wakananga: “Kune vateereri vazhinji vasina ushamwari noumwe mukuridza kwaPollini; uye ichokwadi, ane katsika kekuchengeta muteereri ari kureba”… Vatsoropodzi, semuenzaniso, avo vanoziva “chinangwa” chake chekuturikira cheSchumann Concerto vanotenderana vachifarira kududzira kwaEmil Gilels kunopisa, kupfuma mupfungwa. Ndiyo yega, iyo yakaoma-yakakunda iyo dzimwe nguva inoshaya mumutambo wake wakakomba, wakadzama, wakakwenenzverwa uye wakaenzana. “Kuenzanirana kwaPollini, chokwadika, kwazova ngano,” imwe yenyanzvi dzakacherekedza pakati pema70s, “asi zviri kuramba zvichijeka kuti iye zvino ari kutanga kubhadhara mutengo mukuru nokuda kwechivimbo ichi. Hunyanzvi hwake hwakajeka hwechinyorwa hune mashoma akaenzana, kurira kwake kwesirivheri, legato inonakidza uye zvirevo zvinoyevedza zvinokwezva, asi, serwizi Leta, dzimwe nguva vanogona kukanganwa ... "

Mushoko rimwe, Pollini, sevamwe, haasi asina chivi zvachose. Asi semuongorori mukuru, anonzwa "zvisina simba" zvake, unyanzvi hwake hunochinja nenguva. Nhungamiro yekukura uku inopupurirwawo nekuongorora kwakataurwa B. Morrison kune imwe yemitambo yeLondon concerts, apo Schubert's sonatas yakaridzwa: Ndinofara kuzivisa, naizvozvo, kuti manheru ano zvose zvakachengetwa zvakanyangarika sekunge nemashiripiti. uye vateereri vakatakurwa nemimhanzi yainzwika sokunge yakanga ichangobva kusikwa neungano yavamwari paGomo reOlympus.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti kugona kwekugadzira kwaMaurizio Pollini hakuna kupera zvizere. Chinokosha kune izvi hachisi kungozvitsoropodza, asi, zvichida, kusvika pamwero mukuru, nzvimbo yake yehupenyu hunoshingaira. Kusiyana nevakawanda vaanoshanda navo, haavanze maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika, anotora chikamu muhupenyu hweveruzhinji, achiona mune unyanzvi imwe yemhando yehupenyu huno, imwe yenzira dzekuchinja nzanga. Pollini anogara achiita kwete chete mumahoro makuru enyika, asiwo mumafekitari nemafekitari muItaly, uko vashandiwo zvavo vanomuteerera. Pamwe chete navo, anorwisana nekusarongeka kwevanhu uye hugandanga, fascism uye mauto, achishandisa mikana iyo nzvimbo yemuimbi ane mukurumbira wepasi rose inomuzarurira. Mukutanga 70s, akakonzera dutu rekutsamwa kwechokwadi pakati pevakapindura apo, panguva yemakonzati ake, akakumbira vateereri nechikumbiro chekurwisa kurwisa kweAmerica muVietnam. “Chiitiko ichi,” sokutaura kwakaita mutsoropodzi L. Pestalozza, “chakachinja pfungwa yakagara midzi yebasa remimhanzi nevaya vanoriita.” Vakaedza kumudzivisa, vakamurambidza kutamba muMilan, vakamudira madhaka mumapepanhau. Asi chokwadi chakakunda.

Maurizio Pollini anotsvaga kurudziro munzira yevateereri; anoona zvinoreva uye zviri mukati mekuita kwake mudemokrasi. Uye izvi zvinosanganisa unyanzvi hwake nemito mitsva. “Kwandiri, mhanzi huru inogara ichichinja,” anodaro. Uye hunyanzvi hwake ndehwegutsaruzhinji muhunhu hwayo - hazvisi pasina kuti haatyi kupa vateereri vanoshanda chirongwa chakaumbwa neBeethoven yekupedzisira sonatas, uye anoiridza nenzira yekuti vateereri vasina ruzivo vanoteerera kumimhanzi iyi nekufema. “Kwandiri zvinoratidzika sezvinokosha zvikuru kuwedzera vateereri vemakonzati, kukwezva vanhu vakawanda kumimhanzi. Uye ndinofunga kuti muimbi anogona kutsigira maitiro aya… Ndichitaura neboka idzva revateereri, ndinoda kuridza zvirongwa umo mimhanzi yemazuva ano inotanga, kana kuti inotaridzwa zvizere se; uye mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechishanu. Ndinoziva kuti zvinonzwika zvisina musoro kana mutambi wepiyano akazvipira kunyanya kumumhanzi mukuru wechinyakare uye werudo akataura chimwe chinhu chakadaro. Asi ndinotenda kuti nzira yedu iri munzira iyi. "

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya., 1990