Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky |

Igor stravinsky

…Ndakazvarwa panguva isiriyo. Nehunhu uye hunhu, saBach, kunyangwe pamwero wakasiyana, ndinofanira kurarama mukusajeka uye kugadzira nguva dzose yebasa rakagadzwa naMwari. Ndakapona munyika yandakaberekerwa… I. Stravinsky

… Stravinsky muimbi wekuRussia zvechokwadi… Mweya wekuRussia hauparadzike mukati memoyo wetarenda iri guru, rine mativi mazhinji, rakazvarwa nenyika yeRussia uye rakabatana nazvo… D. Shostakovich

Hupenyu hwekusika hwaI. Stravinsky inhoroondo yemimhanzi yezana ramakore re1959. Iyo, senge mugirazi, inoratidza maitiro ekuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, nekutsvaga kutsvaga nzira nyowani. Stravinsky akawana mukurumbira semuparadzi ane ushingi wetsika. Mumhanzi wake, mhando dzezvitaera dzinomuka, dzinogara dzichipindirana uye dzimwe nguva dzakaoma kurongedza, izvo munyori akawana zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "murume ane zviuru zviso" kubva kune venguva yake. Akafanana neMashiripiti kubva kubheti yake "Petrushka": anofamba akasununguka marudzi, mafomu, masitayera padanho rake rekugadzira, sekunge achivaisa pasi pemitemo yemutambo wake. Achitaura kuti "mimhanzi inogona kuzviratidza chete," Stravinsky zvisinei akaedza kurarama "con Tempo" (ndiko kuti, pamwe chete nenguva). Mu "Dialogues", yakabudiswa muna 63-1945, anoyeuka mheremhere yemugwagwa muSt. Uye muimbi akataura nezve Symphony muTatu Movements (XNUMX) sebasa rakabatana nekongiri zvinoonekwa zvehondo, nendangariro dzehutsinye hweBrownshirts muMunich, izvo iye pachake akapotsa abatwa.

Stravinsky's universalism inoshamisa. Inozviratidza muhupamhi hwekufukidzwa kwezviitiko zvetsika dzemimhanzi yenyika, mumhando dzakasiyana dzekutsvaga kwekugadzira, mukusimba kwekuita - pianistic uye conductor - chiitiko, chakatora makore anopfuura makumi mana. Hukuru hwekuonana kwake nevanhu vakatanhamara hauna kumboitika. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov, A. Glazunov, V. Stasov, S. Diaghilev, vanyori ve "World of Art", A. Matisse, P. Picasso, R. Rolland. T. Mann, A. Gide, C. Chaplin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Schoenberg, P. Hindemith, M. de Falla, G. Faure, E. Satie, vanyori vechiFrench veboka rechitanhatu - ava ndiwo mazita mamwe acho. Muhupenyu hwake hwose, Stravinsky akanga ari pakati pekucherechedza kwevanhu, pamharadzano dzenzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzeunyanzvi. Geography yehupenyu hwake inofukidza nyika dzakawanda.

Stravinsky akapedza uduku hwake muSt. Petersburg, uko, maererano naye, “kwakanga kuchifadza kurarama.” Vabereki havana kutsvaga kumupa basa remuimbi, asi mamiriro acho ose aibatsira mukusimudzira mimhanzi. Imba yacho yaigara ichirira mimhanzi (baba vomunyori F. Stravinsky aiva muimbi akakurumbira weMariinsky Theater), paiva neraibhurari huru yeunyanzvi nemimhanzi. Kubva paudiki, Stravinsky aifarira mimhanzi yeRussia. Semukomana wemakore gumi, akaita rombo rakanaka kuona P. Tchaikovsky, waakanamata, achizvitsaurira kwaari makore mazhinji gare gare opera Mavra (1922) uye bhareti The Fairy's Kiss (1928). Stravinsky akadana M. Glinka "gamba rehuduku hwangu". Akakoshesa zvikuru M. Mussorgsky, akamuona se "anonyanya kutaura chokwadi" uye akataura kuti mune zvinyorwa zvake pane maitiro e "Boris Godunov". Hushamwari hwakamuka nenhengo dzeBelyaevsky denderedzwa, kunyanya naRimsky-Korsakov naGlazunov.

Zvido zvekunyora zveStravinsky zvakatanga kare. Chiitiko chekutanga chaicho kwaari chaiva bhuku raL. Tolstoy "Childhood, kuyaruka, vechidiki", A. Pushkin naF. Dostoevsky vakaramba vari zvidhori muupenyu hwake hwose.

Zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvakatanga pazera remakore 9. Yaiva zvidzidzo zvepiyano. Zvisinei, Stravinsky akatanga zvidzidzo zvakakomba zveunyanzvi chete pashure pe1902, apo, semudzidzi pachikoro chemutemo cheSt. Petersburg University, akatanga kudzidza naRimsky-Korsakov. Panguva imwecheteyo, akava pedyo naS. Diaghilev, vanyori ve "World of Art", vakapinda "Evenings of Modern Music", makonti emimhanzi mitsva, akarongwa naA. Siloti. Zvose izvi zvakashanda sekusimudzira kwekukurumidza kukura kweunyanzvi. Stravinsky yekutanga kugadzira zviedzo - iyo Piano Sonata (1904), iyo Faun uye Shepherdess vocal uye symphonic suite (1906), iyo Symphony muE flat major (1907), iyo Fantastic Scherzo uye Fireworks yeorchestra (1908) inoratidzirwa nekurudziro. yechikoro Rimsky-Korsakov uye French Impressionists. Nekudaro, kubva panguva iyo ma ballet The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), The Rite of Spring (1913), yakagadzwa naDiaghilev yeRussia Seasons, yakaitwa muParis, kwave nehukuru hwekusika kusimuka. rudzi urwo Stravinsky muna Iye ainyanya kufarira gare gare nekuti, mumashoko ake, ballet ndiyo chete yemhando yemitambo yemitambo inoisa mabasa erunako uye hapana chimwezve sedombo rekona.

Utatu hwema ballets hunovhura yekutanga - "Russian" - nguva yekugadzira, yakatumidzwa kuti kwete yenzvimbo yekugara (kubvira 1910, Stravinsky akagara kunze kwenyika kwenguva yakareba, uye muna 1914 akagara muSwitzerland), asi nekuda kwezvakasiyana zve. Kufunga kwemimhanzi kwakaonekwa panguva iyoyo, zvakanyanya kukoshesa nyika. Stravinsky akatendeukira kungano yeRussia, iyo mitsara yakasiyana-siyana yakadzokororwa nenzira yakasarudzika mumhanzi weimwe neimwe ye ballet. Iyo Firebird inonakidza nerupo rwayo rwekunakidzwa kwemavara e orchestral, misiyano yakajeka yenhetembo yekutamba mazwi ekutamba uye matambiro anopisa. Mu "Petrushka", yakadanwa naA. Benois "ballet mule", nziyo dzeguta, dzakakurumbira pakutanga kwezana remakore, inzwi, ruzha rwemotley mufananidzo weShrovetide festivities unouya kuhupenyu, iyo inopikiswa nemunhu ari oga wekutambudzika. Petroshka. Tsika yekare yechipegani yekupira yakatemesa zvirimo mu "Sacred Spring", iyo yaisanganisira yekutanga kurudziro yekuvandudzwa kwechirimo, masimba ane simba ekuparadza nekusika. Muimbi, achinyura mukati mehupamhi hwechinyakare chekare, anovandudza zvakanyanya mutauro wemimhanzi nemifananidzo zvekuti ballet yakaita fungidziro yebhomba rinoputika kune vepanguva yake. "Giant lighthouse yezana remakore rechiXNUMX" yakaitumidza kuti munyori weItaly A. Casella.

Mumakore aya, Stravinsky akanyora zvakasimba, kazhinji achishanda pamabasa akawanda akasiyana zvachose muunhu uye maitiro panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvaive, semuenzaniso, mifananidzo yeRussia choreographic The Wedding (1914-23), iyo neimwe nzira yaitsinhira The Rite of Spring, uye muimbi wenziyo unoyevedza The Nightingale (1914). Iyo Tale pamusoro peFox, Jongwe, Katsi neGwai, iyo inomutsidzira tsika dzebuffoon theatre (1917), iri padyo neNyaya yeMurwi (1918), uko melos yeRussia yatotanga kusarerekera, ichidonha. muchikamu che constructivism uye jazz zvinhu.

Muna 1920 Stravinsky akatamira kuFrance uye muna 1934 akatora chizvarwa cheFrance. Yakanga iri nguva yezvakapfuma zvakanyanya kugadzira uye kuita chiitiko. Kune chizvarwa chechidiki chevanyori veFrance, Stravinsky akava chiremera chepamusoro, "muimbi wemimhanzi". Nekudaro, kutadza kwekumiririra kwake kuFrench Academy of Fine Arts (1936), hukama hunoramba huchisimbisa bhizinesi neUnited States, kwaakapa kaviri makonti, uye muna 1939 akapa kosi yezvidzidzo zveaesthetics paHarvard University - zvese izvi zvakaita kuti afambe pakutanga kwehondo yenyika yechipiri muAmerica. Akagara muHollywood (California) uye muna 1945 akagamuchira chizvarwa cheAmerica.

Kutanga kwe "Parisian" nguva yeStravinsky kwakabatana nekutendeuka kwakananga kune neoclassicism, kunyangwe pazere mufananidzo webasa rake waive wakasiyana. Kutanga ne ballet Pulcinella (1920) kumimhanzi yaG. Pergolesi, akasika mutsara wose wemabasa mumutauro weNeoclassical: mabheti Apollo Musagete (1928), Kutamba Makadhi (1936), Orpheus (1947); opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927); melodrama Persephone (1938); opera The Rake's Progress (1951); Octet yeMhepo (1923), Symphony yeMapisarema (1930), Concerto yeViolin uye Orchestra (1931) nevamwe. Stravinsky's neoclassicism ine hunhu hwepasirese. Muimbi anoenzanisira masitayera akasiyana emumhanzi wenguva yaJB Lully, JS Bach, KV Gluck, achivavarira kumisikidza "kutonga kwekurongeka pamusoro pemhirizhonga." Ichi ndicho chimiro chaStravinsky, uyo aigara achisiyaniswa nekuedza kwake kwekugadzirisa chirango chekusika, izvo zvisingabvumiri kuputika kwepfungwa. Hongu, uye iyo chaiyo nzira yekugadzira mimhanzi Stravinsky yakaitwa kwete pakuda, asi "zuva nezuva, nguva dzose, semunhu ane nguva yepamutemo."

Hwaive hunhu uhwu hwakasarudza kusarudzika kwechikamu chinotevera chekusika shanduko. Mumakore 50-60. muimbi anonyura mumimhanzi yenguva isati yasvika Bach, anotendeukira kubhaibheri, zvirongwa zvechitendero, uye kubva muna 1953 anotanga kushandisa nzira yakasimba inovaka dodecaphonic composing. Sacred Hym in Honor of the Apostle Mark (1955), ballet Agon (1957), Gesualdo di Venosa's 400th Anniversary Monument yeorchestra (1960), cantata-allegory Mafashamo mumweya wezvakavanzika zveChirungu zvezana ramakore re1962. (1966), Requiem ("Chants for the Dead", XNUMX) - aya ndiwo mabasa akakosha enguva ino.

Maitiro aStravinsky mavari anowedzera kunyanyisa, anovaka asina kwaakarerekera, kunyangwe iye munyori pachake achitaura nezvekuchengetedza mavambo erudzi mubasa rake: "Ndanga ndichitaura chiRussia hupenyu hwangu hwese, ndine chimiro cheRussia. Zvichida mumhanzi wangu izvi hazvikurumidzi kuoneka, asi zviri mukati mazvo, zviri muchimiro chayo chakavanzika. Imwe yenziyo dzekupedzisira dzaStravinsky yaive kanoni padingindira renziyo yeRussia "Kwete Pine paGate Yakazununguswa", iyo yakashandiswa kare mukupedzisira kweballet "Firebird".

Nokudaro, achipedzisa hupenyu hwake uye nzira yekusika, munyori akadzokera kune kwaakatangira, kumimhanzi yaifananidzira kure kure kweRussia, kushuva kwaigara kuripo pane imwe nzvimbo mukati memwoyo, dzimwe nguva kuputsa mumashoko, uye kunyanya kusimbiswa pashure. Kushanya kwaStravinsky kuSoviet Union mumatsutso a1962. Ndipo paakataura mashoko anokosha okuti: “Munhu ane nzvimbo imwe chete yokuberekerwa, nyika yokumusha—uye nzvimbo yaakaberekerwa ndicho chinhu chikuru muupenyu hwake.”

O. Averyanova

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