Fugue |

lat., ital. fuga, lit. - kumhanya, kubhururuka, kukurumidza ikozvino; English, French fugue; German Fuge

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Fugue ndiyo yakanyanya kugadziridzwa mhando yemimhanzi yekutevedzera-inopokana, iyo yakatora hupfumi hwese polyphony. Mhando yezvinyorwa zveF. haina magumo, asi chinhu chenjere chinokunda kana kuti chinogara chichinzwika mariri. F. inosiyaniswa nekuzara kwemanzwiro uye panguva imwechete kuzvidzora kwekutaura. Kubudirira muF. inofananidzwa nemusikirwo nekududzira, kune musoro. umboo hweiyo thesis yakarongwa - musoro; mune akawanda echinyakare Mumasamples, ese F. "yakakura" kubva pachinyorwa (akadaro F. anonzi akasimba, mukupesana neakasununguka, umo zvinhu zvisina hukama nedingindira zvinounzwa). Kuvandudzwa kwechimiro cheF. ndiyo nzira yekushandura mimhanzi yepakutanga. pfungwa umo kuvandudzwa kunopfuurira hakutungamiriri kune humwe hunhu hwokufananidzira; kubuda kwekusiyana kwakasiyana, mumusimboti, hakusi hunhu hwechinyakare. F. (izvo zvisinga sanganisire zviitiko apo kukwidziridzwa, symphonic muhukuru, kunotungamira pakufungazve kwakazara kwedingindira: cf., semuenzaniso, ruzha rwedingindira mukuratidzwa uye panguva yekuchinja kune coda munhengo yaBach. F. mudiki, BWV 543). Uyu ndiwo mutsauko wakakosha pakati peF. uye sonata fomu. Kana shanduko dzekufananidzira dzekupedzisira dzichifungidzira kupatsanurwa kwedingindira, ipapo muF. - chimiro chakasiyana-siyana - dingindira rinochengeta kubatana kwaro: rinoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana. makomisheni, makiyi, anoisa mune akasiyana rejista uye harmonic. Mamiriro ezvinhu, sekunge akavhenekerwa nechiedza chakasiyana, anoratidza mativi akasiyana (mumusimboti, kuperera kwedingindira hakutyorwe nekuti inosiyana-inonzwika mukutenderera kana, semuenzaniso, mune strettas, kwete zvachose; kukurudzira kuzviparadzanisa uye kupatsanuka. ) F. Kubatana kunopesana kwekugara uchivandudza uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvakatsiga: inowanzo chengetedza kuwedzeredza mumisanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana, interludes uye strettas zvinowanzosiyana zveumwe neumwe, nhamba inoramba iripo yemanzwi akaenzana inochengetedzwa, uye tempo haichinji muF. (kunze, semuenzaniso, mumabasa naL. Beethoven haawanzoitiki). F. inotora kunyatsofungisisa kwekuumbwa mune zvese zvese; chaizvoizvo polyphonic. hutsanana hunoratidzwa mumubatanidzwa wekuomarara kwakanyanyisa, kurongeka kwekuvaka nerusununguko rwekuuraya mune yega yega nyaya: panenge pasina "mitemo" yekuvaka F., uye mafomu eF. akasiyana siyana, kunyangwe akavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvishanu chete - madingindira, mhinduro, zvinopikisa, mapindiro uye mitsetse. Ivo vanoumba zvimiro uye semantic zvikamu zvehuzivi, izvo zvine expositional, kusimudzira, uye yekupedzisira mabasa. Kuzviisa kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana kunoumba marudzi emhando dzehuzivi - 2-chikamu, 3-chikamu, nevamwe. music; akatanga kuita ser. Muzana remakore rechi17, munhoroondo yaro yose yakafumiswa nezvose zvakabudirira zvemamusi. art-va uye ichiri chimiro chisina kuparadzaniswa nemifananidzo mitsva kana yazvino nzira yekutaura. F. vakatsvaga enzaniso mumaitiro ekugadzira pendi naM. K.

Dingindira reF., kana (rakapera) mutungamiri (Latin dux; ChiGerman Fugenthema, Subjekt, Fuhrer; Chinyorwa cheChirungu; Italian soggetto; French sujet), rinenge rakakwana mumimhanzi. pfungwa uye rwiyo rwakarongwa, runobatwa mu1st yemazwi anouya. Nguva yakasiyana - kubva pa1 (F. kubva kuBach's solo violin sonata Nhamba 1) kusvika ku9-10 bars - zvinoenderana nemhando yemimhanzi (themes in slow F. inowanzopfupika; mobile themes are long, homogeneous in rhythmic pattern, semuenzaniso, mukupedzisira kwe quartet op.59 No 3 naBeethoven), kubva kumuiti. zvinoreva (madingindira eorgan, choral figurines akareba kupfuura ayo eviolin, clavier). Dingindira rine mutinhimira unonakidza wemelodic. chitarisiko, nekuda kwekuti imwe neimwe yesumo yayo inonyatso kusiyanisa. Iyo yega yega yedingindira mutsauko uripo pakati peF. sechimiro chemahara maitiro uye kutevedzera. mafomu echimiro chakasimba: pfungwa yedingindira rakanga risingazivikanwe kune yekupedzisira, stretta presentation yakakunda, melodic. kudhirowa kwemazwi kwakagadzirwa mukutevedzera. Muna F. dingindira rinoburitswa kubva kumavambo kusvika kumagumo sechinhu chapihwa, chakaumbwa. Dingindira ndiro mimhanzi huru. Mufungo waF., wakaratidzirwa pamwe chete. Mienzaniso yekutanga ye F. inonyanya kuratidzwa nemadingindira mapfupi uye asina kunaka akasarudzika. Classic mhando yedingindira rakagadziridzwa mubasa reJS Bach uye GF Handel. Misoro yakakamurwa kuita mutsauko uye usiri mutsauko (homogeneous), single-toni (isina-modulating) uye modulating. Homogeneous ndiwo madingindira anoenderana nevavariro imwe (ona muenzaniso uri pazasi, a) kana zvikonzero zvepedyo zvakati wandei (ona muenzaniso uri pazasi, b); mune dzimwe nguva motif inosiyana nekusiyana (ona muenzaniso, c).

a) JS Bach. Fugue mu c-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier, dingindira. b) JS Bach. Fugue A-dur yeOrgan, BWV 536, Dingindira. c) JS Bach. Fugue fis-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier, dingindira.

Madingindira anoenderana nekupikiswa kwevavariro dzakasiyana zvine mutinhimira uye mutinhimira anotorwa seanosiyana (ona muenzaniso uri pazasi, a); kudzika kwemusiyano kunowedzera kana imwe yevavariro (kazhinji yekutanga) ine pfungwa. nguva (ona mienzaniso muArt. Free style, column 891).

Munyaya dzakadaro, zvinokosha zvinosiyana. dingindira musimboti (dzimwe nguva rinopatsanurwa nekumbomira), chikamu chebudiriro (chinowanzotevedzana), nemhedziso (ona muenzaniso uri pazasi, b). Madingindira asina-modulating anotungamira, ayo anotanga uye anopera mukiyi imwechete. Mukugadzirisa madingindira, kutungamira kwemodulation kunogumira kune ane simba (ona mienzaniso mukoromo 977).

Madingindira anoratidzirwa nekujeka kwetoni: kazhinji dingindira rinotanga nekurova kusina kusimba kweimwe yemanzwi e tonic. matatu (pakati pezvisizvo pane F. Fis-dur naB-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier; zvakare zita iri richadimburirwa, pasina kuratidza munyori - "HTK"), rinowanzopera pane yakasimba tonic nguva. . chetatu.

a) JS Bach. Brandenburg Concerto No 6, 2nd kufamba, dingindira rine manzwi anoperekedza. b) JS Bach. Fugue muC huru yeOrgan, BWV 564, Dingindira.

Mukati medingindira, kutsauka kunogoneka, kazhinji kupinda mune subdominant (muF. fis-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeCTC, zvakare mune inotonga); chromatic iri kubuda. kumwe kuferefetwa kwekujeka kwetoni hakutyoke, nekuti imwe neimwe yeinzwi radzo ine chaiyo. harmonic base. Kupfuura chromaticisms haisi yakajairika kune JS Bach's themes. Kana musoro wenyaya ukapera usati waunzwa mhinduro, ipapo codetta inosumwa kuti ibatanidze pamwe nekuwedzera (Es-dur, G-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga ye "HTK"; onawo muenzaniso uri pazasi, a). Mumadingindira mazhinji eBach anopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika dzekwaya yekare. polyphony, iyo inokanganisa mutsara wepolyphonic. melodics, mune stretta form (ona muenzaniso pazasi, b).

JS Bach. Fugue in e minor ye organ, BWV 548, nyaya uye kutanga kwemhinduro.

Nekudaro, misoro mizhinji inoratidzirwa nekutsamira pane inodzika harmonics. kutevedzana, izvo "zvinopenya kuburikidza" melodic. mufananidzo; mune izvi, kunyanya, kuvimba kweF. 17-18 mazana emakore kunoratidzwa. kubva kumumhanzi mutsva wehomophonic (ona muenzaniso muArt. Free style, column 889). Pane polyphony yakavanzika mumadingindira; inoratidzwa seyakadzika metric-reference line (ona dingindira reF. c-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK"); mune zvimwe zviitiko, manzwi akavanzika anogadzirwa zvekuti kutevedzera kunoumbwa mukati medingindira (ona mienzaniso a uye b).

harmonic kuzara uye melodic. kuzara kwepolyphony yakavanzika mumadingindira mune zvinoreva. madhigirii ndicho chikonzero chekuti F. vanyorerwe nhamba shoma yemavhoti (3-4); 6-,7-izwi muna F. rinowanzobatanidzwa nemhando yekare (kazhinji choral) yedingindira.

JS Bach. Mecca h-moll, No 6, “Gratias agimus tibi”, kutanga (kuperekedzwa kweorchestral kunosiiwa).

Rudzi rwemadingindira emumhanzi webaroque hwakaomarara, sezvo dingindira remusoro rakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma uye rakatora mutinhimira. zvimiro zveavo mafomu akatangira F. In majestic org. gadziriro, mukwaya. F. kubva kuruzhinji uye zvishuwo zveBach, chorale ndiyo hwaro hwemadingindira. Folk song thematics inomiririrwa nenzira dzakawanda. samples (F. dis-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK"; org. F. g-moll, BWV 578). Kufanana nerwiyo kunowedzerwa kana dingindira nemhinduro kana mafambiro ekutanga neretatu akafanana nemitsara yenguva (fughetta I kubva kuGoldberg Variations; org. toccata E-dur, chikamu mu1/3, BWV 3). .

a) NDEBax. Chromatic fantasy uye fugue, fugue theme. b) JS Bach. Fugue in g minor yenhengo, BWV 542, dingindira.

Bach's thematicism ine akawanda mapoinzi ekusangana nekutamba. mimhanzi: dingindira reF. c-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK" yakabatana nebourre; musoro org. F. g-moll, BWV 542, yakabva kune rwiyo-kutamba "Ick ben gegroet", zvichireva maallemandes ezana remakore rechi17. (ona Protopopov Vl., 1965, p. 88). Madingindira eG. Purcell ane mutinhimira wejig. Kashoma, madingindira aBach, ari nyore, “poster” madingindira eHandel, anopindwa naDec. mhando dzemimhanzi yeopera, semuenzaniso. recitative (F. d-moll kubva kuHandel's 2nd Ensem), inofananidzira yehugamba. arias (F. D-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga ye“HTK”; korasi yekupedzisa kubva kuoratorio “Messiah” neHandel). Mumisoro, kudzokorora mataurirwo anoshandiswa. turnovers - izvo zvinonzi. music-rhetoric. nhamba (ona Zakharova O., 1). A. Schweitzer akatsigira maonero, maererano nezvinoratidzirwa madingindira aBach. uye zvokufananidzira. zvinoreva. Yakananga pesvedzero ye thematicism yeHandel (muHaydn's oratorios, mukupera kweSimphony yaBeethoven No. 1975) uye Bach (F. in chor. op. op. 9 naBeethoven, P. yeSchumann, yeOrgan Brahms) yaive nguva dzose uye yakasimba (kusvika pakusangana: dingindira reF. cis-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yechi1 ye "HTK" muAgnus kubva kuSchubert's Mass Es-dur). Pamwe chete neizvi, hunhu hutsva hunopinzwa mumadingindira eF. anechekuita nemavambo emhando, chimiro chedimikira, chimiro, nekuwirirana. features. Nokudaro, dingindira refugue Allegro kubva pakupfuura kusvika kune opera The Magic Flute naMozart ine maitiro e scherzo; zvinofadza F. kubva kusonata yake yeviolin, K.-V. 131. Chinhu chitsva chemadingindira muzana ramakore re1 f. kwaiva kushandiswa kwenziyo. Aya ndiwo madingindira eSchubert's fugues (ona muenzaniso pazasi, a). Folk-song element (F. kubva musumo ye "Ivan Susanin"; Rimsky-Korsakov's fughettas yakavakirwa panziyo dzevanhu), dzimwe nguva romance melodiousness (fp. F. a-moll Glinka, d-moll Lyadov, mataurirwo eegym panguva kutanga kweCantata "John weDhamasiko" Taneyev) vanosiyaniswa nemadingindira eRus. masters, tsika dzayo dzakaenderera mberi naDD Shostakovich (F. kubva ku oratorio "Rwiyo rweMasango"), V. Ya. Shebalin nevamwe. Nar. mimhanzi inoramba iri manyuko ekutaura. uye kuwedzera kwemhando (402 recitatives uye fugues naKhachaturian, 19 preludes uye mutsara wepiyano nemuimbi weUzbek GA Muschel; ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa, b), dzimwe nguva pamwe chete nenzira dzekupedzisira dzekutaura (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa, c) . F. pane dingindira rejazz naD. Millau ndezvakawanda zvemunda wezvinokatyamadza ..

a) P. Schubert. Mecca No 6 Es-dur, Credo, mabara 314-21, fugue theme. b) GA Muschel. 24 preludes uye fugues yepiyano, fugue theme b-moll. c) B. Bartok. Fugue kubva kuSonata yeSolo Violin, Theme.

Muzana remakore rechi19 ne20 chengetedza zvakakwana kukosha kwekirasi. mhando dzemagadzirirwo edingindira (homogeneous - F. yeviolin solo No 1 op. 131a Reger; kusiyanisa - yekupedzisira F. kubva kucantata "John weDhamasiko" naTaneyev; 1st chikamu che sonata Nhamba 1 yepiyano Myaskovsky; se stylization - chikamu chechipiri "Symphony yeMapisarema" naStravinsky).

Panguva imwecheteyo, vanyori vanowana dzimwe (zvishoma pasi rose) nzira dzekuvaka: periodicity mumamiriro ehomophonic period (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa, a); variable motivic periodicity aa1 (ona muenzaniso pazasi, b); kudzokorora kwakasiyana-siyana aa1 bb1 (ona muenzaniso pazasi, c); kudzokorora (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa, d; uyewo F. fis-moll op. 87 naShostakovich); rhythmic ostinato (F. C-dur kubva kutenderera "24 Preludes uye Fugues" naShchedrin); ostinato muchikamu chekusimudzira (ona muenzaniso pazasi, e); inoenderera mberi yekuvandudza yeabcd (kunyanya mune dodecaphone themes; ona muenzaniso f). Nenzira yakasimba, kutaridzika kwemadingindira kunoshanduka pasi pesimba remaharmoniki matsva. pfungwa. Muzana ramakore rechi 19 mumwe wevanyori vanonyanyofunga zvikuru muiri rutivi akanga ari P. Liszt; madingindira ake ane huwandu hwakakura husati hwamboitika (fugato mu h-moll sonata ingangoita 2 octaves), anosiyana mumatauriro. kupinza..

a) DD Shostakovich, Fugue muE madiki op. 87, nyaya. b) M. Ravel. Fuga iz fp. suite "Tomb of Cuperina", dingindira. c) B. Bartok. Mimhanzi yetambo, percussion uye cello, chikamu 1, dingindira. d) DD Shostakovich. Fugue mune A chikuru op. 87, nyaya. f) P. Xindemith. Sonata.

Zvimiro zvepolyphony nyowani yezana ramakore rechi20. anooneka mune zvenharo zvichireva, rinenge dodecaphonic theme reR. Strauss kubva musymphony. nhetembo "Saka Spoke Zarathustra", uko matriad Ch-Es-A-Des anofananidzwa (ona muenzaniso pazasi, a). Misoro yezana ramakore rechi20 kutsauka uye modulations kuita makiyi ari kure anoitika (ona muenzaniso pazasi, b), kupfuura chromatisms inova chiitiko chetsika (ona muenzaniso pazasi, c); chromatic harmonic hwaro hunotungamira kune kuoma kweizwi embodiment yehunyanzvi. mufananidzo (ona muenzaniso pazasi, d). Mumisoro yeF. itsva tekinoroji. maitiro: atonality (F. muBerg's Wozzeck), dodecaphony (1st chikamu cheSlonimsky's buff concerto; improvisation uye F. yepiyano Schnittke), sonorants (fugato "In Sante Prison" kubva kuShostakovich's Symphony No. 14) uye aleatory (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa). ) migumisiro. Pfungwa yehungwaru yekugadzira F. yekutamba (3rd movement yeGreenblat's Symphony No. 4) ndeyemunda uri kunze kwechimiro cheF.

a) R. Strauss. Symphonic nhetembo "Saka Akataura Zarathustra", dingindira refugue. b) HK Medtner. Kutinhira kwepiyano. op. 53 Kwete 2, kutanga kwefugue. c) AK Glazunov. Prelude uye Fugue cis-moll op. 101 Kwete 2 yefp., fugue dingindira. d) H. Ya. Myaskovsky.

V. Lutoslavsky. Preludes uye Fugue ye13 String Zviridzwa, Fugue Theme.

Kutevedzera dingindira mukiyi yeanotonga kana ari pasi kunonzi mhinduro kana (yechinyakare) mufambidzani (Latin inouya; German Antwort, Comes, Gefährte; Chirungu mhinduro; Italian risposta; French reponse). Chero kubata dingindira mukiyi yeanotonga kana kuti subdominant mune chero chikamu chechimiro icho chikuru chinotonga kunonziwo mhinduro. tonality, pamwe chete nematanho echipiri, kana panguva yekutevedzera muyero wakafanana wedingindira uye mhinduro yakachengetedzwa sezviri mukutsanangurwa (zita rinowanzozivikanwa rekuti "octave mhinduro", rinoreva kupinda kwezwi rechipiri muoctave, harina kurongeka. , nekuti chokwadi kune yekutanga 2 sumo dzedingindira, ipapo 2 mhinduro zvakare mune octave; semuenzaniso, No 2 kubva muoratorio "Judas Maccabee" neHandel).

Mazuva ano Dzidziso inotsanangura mhinduro zvakanyanya, kureva, sekushanda muF., kureva, nguva yekushandura inzwi rekutevedzera (mune chero nguva), iyo inokosha mukuumbwa kwefomu. Mukutevedzera maitiro enguva yemaitiro akasimba, kutevedzera kwakashandiswa panguva dzakasiyana, asi nekufamba kwenguva, quarto-fifth inova yakanyanya (ona muenzaniso muArt. Fugato, column 995).

Kune mhando mbiri dzekupindura mu ricercars - chaiyo uye toni. Mhinduro inonyatso kuburitsa dingindira (danho rayo, kazhinji zvakare kukosha kwenzwi), inonzi. chaiye. Mhinduro, pakutanga iine melodic. shanduko dzinobva mukuti I danho remusoro rinoenderana neV nhanho (yekutanga toni) mumhinduro, uye V nhanho inoenderana neI nhanho, inodanwa. tonal (ona muenzaniso pazasi, a).

Pamusoro pezvo, dingindira rinoshandura mukiyi ine simba rinopindurwa nereverse modulation kubva kukiyi huru kuenda kukiyi huru (ona muenzaniso pazasi, b).

Mumhanzi wekunyora kwakasimba, pakanga pasina chikonzero chekupindura tonal (kunyangwe dzimwe nguva yaisangana: muKyrie naChriste eleison kubva kuruzhinji paL'homme armé yePalestrina, mhinduro ndeyechokwadi, muQui tollis imomo itonal. ), sezvo chromatic iwo asina kugamuchirwa. shanduko mumatanho, uye misoro midiki "inokwana" nyore mumhinduro chaiyo. Muchimiro chekusununguka nemvumo yevakuru uye vaduku, pamwe chete nemhando itsva ye instr. nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, paida polyphonic. ratidziro yeinotonga tonic-inotonga hukama hwehukama. Mukuwedzera, kusimbisa matanho, mhinduro ye tonal inochengetedza kutanga kwe F. munharaunda yekukwezva kweiyo huru. tonality.

Mitemo yekupindura toni yakateverwa zvakasimba; Kusarudzika kwakaitwa kungave kwemisoro yakapfuma muchromaticism, kana mune zviitiko apo shanduko yetoni yakakanganisa zvakanyanya mutinhimira. kudhirowa (ona, semuenzaniso, F. e-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK").

Iyo subdominant mhinduro inoshandiswa zvishoma kazhinji. Kana dingindira rakadzorwa nekunzwanana kukuru kana ruzha, ipapo mhinduro yepasi pano inosumwa (Contrapunctus X kubva muThe Art of Fugue, org. Toccata in d-moll, BWV 565, P. kubva kuSonata yeSkr. Solo No 1 muG- moll, BWV 1001, Bach ); dzimwe nguva muF. nekutumirwa kwenguva refu, marudzi ose emhinduro anoshandiswa, kureva, anotonga uye ari pasi (F. cis-moll kubva ku1st volume yeCTC; Nhamba 35 kubva ku oratorio Soromoni neHandel).

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 maererano netoni itsva uye harmonic. zvinomiririra, kutevedzera zvakajairwa zvekupindura kwetoni kwakashanduka kuita mutero kune tsika, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma yakamira kucherechedzwa ..

a) JS Bach. The art of the fugue. Contrapunctus I, musoro uye mhinduro. b) JS Bach. Fugue muC Diki pane Dingindira naLegrenzi yeOrgan, BWV 574, Nyaya uye Mhinduro.

Contraposition (German Gegenthema, Gegensatz, Begleitkontrapunkt des Comes, Kontrasubjekt; Chirungu countersubject; French contre-sujet; Italian contro-soggetto, contrassoggetto) - counterpoint to the answer (ona Countersubject).

Kupindira (kubva lat. intermedius - iri pakati; German Zwischenspiel, Zwischensatz, Interludium, Intermezzo, Episode, Andamento (iyo yekupedzisira zvakare idingindira reF. saizi yakakura); ital. mafaro, chiitiko, maitiro; франц. varaidzo, episode, andamento; Chirungu. fugal episode; mazwi okuti “chikamu”, “interlude”, “divertimento” mupfungwa ye“kupindira muF. mumabhuku muchiRussian. yaz. kusashanda; pano neapo izvi zvinoshandiswa kuratidza kupindirana nenzira itsva yekugadzira zvinhu kana pazvinhu zvitsva) muF. - kuvaka pakati pechinyorwa. Interlude pa Express. uye chimiro chechimiro chinopesana nemafambiro edingindira: kupindirana nguva dzose kuvakwa kwechimiro chepakati (budiriro), chikuru. kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yezvidzidzo muF., zvichibatsira mukuzorodza kwekurira kweiyo inopinda dingindira uye kugadzira chimiro cheF. fomu fluidity. Pane mapindiro anobatanidza mafambiro echinyorwa (kazhinji mukati mechikamu) uye chaizvo kusimudzira (kuparadzanisa maitiro). Saka, pakutsanangura, kupindirana kwakajairwa, kubatanidza mhinduro nekusumwa kwedingindira muzwi rechitatu (F. D-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri ye "HTK"), zvishoma kazhinji - dingindira rine kuunzwa kwemhinduro muzwi rechina (F. b-moll kubva pavhoriyamu yechipiri) kana nekuwedzera. kubata (F. F chikuru kubva muvhoriyamu 2). Mapindiro madiki akadaro anonzi mabundle kana macodette. Interludes Dr. mhando, semutemo, dzakakura muhukuru uye dzinoshandiswa pakati pezvikamu zvefomu (semuenzaniso, kana uchifamba kubva pakuratidzwa kuenda kuchikamu chiri kusimukira (F. C-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), kubva mairi kuenda kune reprise (F. h-moll kubva pavhoriyamu yechipiri)), kana mukati meiri kusimudzira (F. As-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri) kana kudzokorora (F. F-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu) chikamu; kuvakwa muchimiro chemusanganisi, uri kumagumo eF., kunonzi kupedzisa (ona. F. D chikuru kubva ku1st vhoriyamu «HTK»). Mapindiro anowanzoenderana nezvinangwa zvedingindira - rekutanga (F. c-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK") kana yekupedzisira (F. c-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri, kuyera 2), kazhinji zvakare pazvinhu zvevanopikisa (F. f-moll kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga), dzimwe nguva - macodette (F. Es-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga). Iye oga. mashoko anopesana nedingindira haawanike, asi mapindiro akadaro anowanzoita basa rakakosha pazvirevo. (Kyrie No 1 kubva kuBach's mass mu h-moll). Mune zviitiko zvakakosha, interludes inounzwa muF. chinhu chekuvandudza (harmonic-yekufananidzira interludes mu org. toccate mu d minor, BWV 565). Chimiro che interludes chiri chidimbu; pakati penzira dzekusimudzira, nzvimbo yekutanga inogarwa nekutevedzana - nyore (mabhawa 1-5 muF. c-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK") kana iyo canonical 1st (ibid., mabara 9-10, pamwe nekuwedzera. izwi) uye 2nd chikamu (F. fis-moll kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga, bar 1), kazhinji haipfuure 7-2 zvinongedzo nedanho rechipiri kana rechitatu. Kusarudzika kwemamotifs, kutevedzana uye kurongedzazve kwakatwasuka kunounza kupindirana kukuru padyo nebudiriro (F. Cis-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu, mabara 35-42). Mune dzimwe F. inopindirana ichidzoka, dzimwe nguva ichigadzira hukama hwesonata (cf. mitsara 33 uye 66 muF. f-moll kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK") kana iyo system ye contrapuntal akasiyana episodhi (F. c-moll uye G-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu), uye zvishoma nezvishoma kurongeka kwavo kuomarara hunhu (F. kubva ku "Tomb of Couperin" naRavel). Nemusoro "yakapfupikiswa" F. pasina interludes kana nediki interludes hazviwanzo (F. Kyrie anobva kuMozart's Requiem). Zvakadaro F. pasi peunyanzvi hwekutengesa. budiriro (yakasimba, misc. theme shanduko) inoswedera kune ricercar - fuga ricercata kana figurata (P.

Stretta - kutevedzera kwakanyanya. kuita dingindira rokuti F., umo inzwi rokutevedzera rinopinda kusvikira panoperera dingindira muzwi rokutanga; stretta inogona kunyorwa zviri nyore kana kuti canonical form. kutevedzera. Kuratidzwa (kubva lat. exposition - exposition; Nem. kuratidzwa kwekubatana, kuita kwekutanga; Chirungu, French. kusadziviririka; ital. esposizione) inonzi 1st kutevedzera. boka muna F., vol. e. Chikamu chekutanga muF., chine sumo dzekutanga dzedingindira mumanzwi ese. Monophonic kutanga kwakajairika (kunze kweF. akaperekedzwa, eg. Kyrie No 1 kubva kuhuwandu hweBach muh-moll) uye dingindira rekuchinja nemhinduro; dzimwe nguva murayiro uyu unotyorwa (F. G-dur, f-moll, fis-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK"); kwaya F., umo manzwi asiri ari pedyo anoteedzerwa mune octave (dingindira-dingindira uye mhinduro-mhinduro: (yekupedzisira F. kubva kuoratorio "The Four Seasons" naHaydn) inonzi octaves. Mhinduro inopindirwa panguva imwe chete. nekupera kwedingindira (F. dis-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK") kana shure kwayo (F. Fis-dur, ibid.); F., umo mhinduro inopinda nyaya yacho isati yapera (F. E-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga, Cis-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri ye "HTK"), inonzi stretto, yakamanikidzwa. Mune 4-chinangwa. maexpositions manzwi anowanzopinda ari maviri maviri (F. D-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), iyo yakabatana netsika dzeiyo fugue mharidzo yenguva yekunyora kwakasimba. Huru ichataura. kurongeka kwezvisumo zvine basa: kuratidzwa kunowanzo kurongwa nenzira yekuti izwi rega rega rinouya rakanyanyisa, rinonyatsosiyanisa (izvi, zvisinei, hazvisi mutemo: ona pazasi). F. g-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), iyo inonyanya kukosha muogani, clavier F., semuenzaniso. tenor - alto - soprano - bass (F. D-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"; org. F. D-dur, BWV 532), alto - soprano - tenor - bass (F. c-moll kubva ku2nd volume ye "HTK"), nezvimwewo; sumo kubva paizwi repamusoro kuenda kuzasi dzine chiremerera chimwe chete (F. e-moll, ibid.), pamwe nekurongeka kwakanyanya kwekupinda kwemanzwi - kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro (F. cis-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"). Miganhu yezvikamu muchimiro chemvura yakadai seF. vane zvimiso; kuratidzwa kunoonekwa sekupedzwa kana musoro nemhinduro zvabatwa mumanzwi ese; kupindirana kunotevera ndekwechiratidziro kana iine cadence (F. c-moll, g-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK"); kana zvisina kudaro, ndechechikamu chiri kukura (F. As-dur, ibid.). Kana iyo ratidziro ikaita kupfupika kana kunyanya kutsanangurwa kuratidzwa kunodiwa, imwe inounzwa (mune-4-musoro. F. D-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK" mhedzisiro yekusuma ye5th izwi) kana akati wandei. wedzera. yakabatwa (3 mu4-go. org F. g-moll, BWV 542). Kuwedzera kuita mumanzwi ese kunoumba ratidziro yekupikisa (F. E-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"); inofananidzira kurongeka kwakasiyana kwesumo pane mutsanangudzo uye neshure kugoverwa kwemusoro uye mhinduro nemavhoti; Bach's counter-exposures inowanzoita yekupikisa. kubudirira (muF. F-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yekutanga "HTK" - stretta, muF. G-dur - kudzoserwa kwechinyorwa). Dzimwe nguva, mukati memiganhu yekuratidzwa, shanduko inoitwa mukupindura, ndosaka mhando dzakakosha dzeF. simuka: mukutenderera (Contrapunctus V kubva kuBach's The Art of Fugue; F. XV ye24 Preludes uye F. zve fp. Shchedrin), yakaderedzwa (Contrapunctus VI kubva kuThe Art of Fugue), yakawedzerwa (Contrapunctus VII, ibid.). Kuratidzwa kwakagadzikana tonal uye chikamu chakanyanya kugadzikana chefomu; chimiro chayo chakagara kwenguva refu chakachengetedzwa (semusimboti) mukugadzirwa. 20 in. Ku19 in. zviedzo zvakaitwa kuronga kuratidzwa pahwaro hwekutevedzera mune zvisiri zvechinyakare zveF. nguva (A. Reich), zvisinei, mune zvehunyanzvi. vakatanga kudzidzira muzana remakore rechi20 chete. pasi pesimba rerusununguko rwemumhanzi mutsva (F. kubva kuquintet kana. 16 Taneeva: c-es-gc; P. mu "Thunderous Sonata" yepiyano. Metnera: fis-g; muF. B-dur kumusoro. 87 Mhinduro yaShostakovich mukiyi yakafanana; muF. muF kubva muHindemith “Ludus tonalis” mhinduro iri mudecima, muna A muchitatu; mu antonal katatu F. kubva ku2 d. “Wozzeka” Berga, takt 286, ответы в ув. nonu, malu, sextu, um. cheshanu). Chiratidziro F. dzimwe nguva akapiwa kuvandudza zvinhu, semuenzaniso. mudenderedzwa "24 Preludes and Fugues" naShchedrin (zvinoreva shanduko mumhinduro, zvakachengeta zvipikiso zvisina kururama muna F. XNUMX, XNUMX). Chikamu F., ichitevera rondedzero, inonzi kuvandudza (iyo. mutobvu nepakati, chikamu chepakati; Chirungu development section; франц. partie du devetopment; ital. partie di sviluppo), dzimwe nguva - chikamu chepakati kana budiriro, kana mapindiro arimo akashandisa hunyanzvi hweshanduko yekukurudzira. Possible contrapuntal. (yakaoma counterpoint, stretta, theme shanduko) uye tonal harmonic. (modulation, reharmonization) zvinoreva budiriro. Chikamu chinokura hachina chimiro chakanyatsogadziriswa; kazhinji ichi chivakwa chisina kugadzikana, chinomiririra nhevedzano yeimwe chete kana boka rakabata mumakiyi, to-rykh yanga isiri mukuratidzwa. Kurongeka kwekusuma makiyi mahara; pakutanga kwechikamu, parallel tonality inowanzo shandiswa, ichipa nyowani modal coloring (F. Es-dur, g-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), pakupera kwechikamu - makiyi eboka riri pasi (muF. F-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga - d-moll uye g-moll); hazvina kubviswa, nezvimwewo. akasiyana ekusimudzira tonal (semuenzaniso, muF. f-moll kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu «HTK»: As-dur-Es-dur-c-moll). Kuenda mhiri kwemiganhu ye tonality ye1st degree yehukama hunhu hweF. gare gare (F. d-moll kubva kuMozart's Requiem: F-dur-g-moll-c-moll-B-dur-f-moll). Chikamu chiri kusimukira chine mharidzo imwe chete yemusoro (F. Fis-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), asi kazhinji kune akawanda ayo; zvikwata zveboka zvinowanzovakwa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekuwirirana pakati pechinyorwa nemhinduro (F. f-moll kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), zvekuti dzimwe nguva chikamu chiri kusimukira chinofanana nekuratidzwa mune yechipiri kiyi (F. e-moll, ibid.). Muchikamu chiri kusimukira, strettas, theme shanduko inoshandiswa zvakanyanya (F.

Chiratidzo chechikamu chekupedzisira cheF. (German: SchluYateil der Fuge) kudzoka kwakasimba kune chikuru. kiyi (kazhinji, asi kwete hazvo zvine chekuita nedingindira: muF. F-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu ye "HTK" muzviyero 65-68, dingindira "rinonyungudika" mumufananidzo; muzviyero 23-24 F. D-dur 1st vavariro "yakawedzerwa" nekutevedzera, yechipiri mumabhawa 2-25 - nechords). Chikamu chinogona kutanga nemhinduro (F. f-moll, chiyero 27, kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga; F. Es-dur, chiyero 47, kubva pavhoriyamu imwechete - yakabva kune yakawedzera lead) kana mukiyi yepasi pe ch. . arr. yekubatanidza nekuvandudzwa kwekare (F. B-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga, kuyera 1; Fis-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu imwechete, chiyero 26 - yakabva kune yakawedzera lead; Fis-dur kubva pavhoriyamu yechipiri, chiyero makumi mashanu neshanu - mushure mekufananidza ne-counter-exposure), iyo inowanikwawo mune zvakasiyana zvachose. mamiriro (F. muG muHindemith's Ludus tonalis, bar 1). Chikamu chekupedzisira mumafugues aBach chinowanzo chipfupi (iyo yakagadziridzwa reprise muF. f-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri ndeyekusarudzika) pane kuratidzwa (mu 37-chinangwa F. f-moll kubva ku28st vhoriyamu ye "HTK" 2 mitambo. ) , kusvika kuhukuru hwekadhenza duku (F. G-dur kubva ku52nd volume ye "HTK"). Kuti usimbise kiyi yekutanga, kubata kwakadzika kwedingindira kunowanzo kuburitswa (F. F-dur, bar 54, uye f-moll, bar 2, kubva ku4nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"). Mavhoti achipedzisa. chikamu, sekutonga, hachina kudzimwa; mune zvimwe zviitiko, kubatanidzwa kweinivhoyisi kunoratidzirwa mumhedziso. chord presentation (F. D-dur uye g-moll kubva pavhoriyamu yekutanga ye "HTK"). With will end. chikamu chacho dzimwe nguva chinobatanidza kuguma kwechimiro, chinowanzobatanidzwa ne stretta (F. g-moll kubva ku1st volume). Pedzisa. chimiro chinosimbiswa nechordal texture (yekupedzisira 2 zviyero zveF.); chikamu chinogona kunge chine mhedziso senge kodha diki (mazariro ekupedzisira eF. c-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yekutanga ye "HTK", yakatsikiswa netonic. org. ndima; mune yataurwa F. muG yeHindemith - basso ostinato); mune zvimwe zviitiko, chikamu chekupedzisira chingave chakazaruka: chingave chine kuenderera kweimwe mhando (somuenzaniso, apo F. iri chikamu chekukura kwesonata), kana kuti inobatanidzwa mune yakawanda coda yekutenderera, iyo iri pedyo. muchimiro chekupinda. chidimbu (org. prelude uye P. a-moll, BWV 2). Izwi rekuti "reprise" kupedzisa. chikamu F. inogona kushandiswa chete nemamiriro ezvinhu, mupfungwa yakawanda, nekufungisisa kwekusungirwa kwekusiyana kwakasimba. chikamu F. kubva pakutsanangura.

Kubva pakutevedzera. mafomu emhando dzakasimba, F. akagara nhaka yehunyanzvi hwekutsanangudza chimiro (Kyrie kubva kuPange lingua mass naJosquin Despres) uye tonal mhinduro. F.'s predecessor kune akati wandei. ndiyo yaive nyaya. Pakutanga wok. fomu, motet yakabva yaenda kune instr. mimhanzi (Josquin Deprez, G. Isak) uye yakashandiswa mucanzone, umo chikamu chinotevera chinonzi polyphonic. musiyano weimwe yapfuura. Mafugues eD. Buxtehude (ona, semuenzaniso, org. prelude uye P. d-moll: prelude - P. - quasi Recitativo - musiyano F. - mhedziso) chaizvoizvo canzones. F.'s closest predecessor was the one-dark organi or clavier ricercar (one-rima, thematic richness of the stretta texture, maitiro ekushandura dingindira, asi kusavapo kwe interludes hunhu hweF.); F. vanodana ma ricercars avo S. Sheidt, I. Froberger. G. Frescobaldi's canzones uye ricercars, pamwe neorgan uye clavier capriccios uye fantasies yeYa. Nzira yekuumbwa kwefomu yeF yaifamba zvishoma nezvishoma; ratidza imwe "1st F." hazvigoneki.

Pakati pemasamples ekutanga, fomu yakajairika, umo kusimudzira (German zweite Durchführung) uye zvikamu zvekupedzisira zvinoratidzira sarudzo (ona Repercussion, 1), saka, iyo fomu inoumbwa sengetani yekupikisa-kuratidzwa (mune basa rataurwa. Buxtehude F. ine tsananguro uye 2 yezvakasiyana). Chimwe chezvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvenguva yeGF Handel naJS Bach kwaive kuiswa kwetonal development muuzivi. Nguva dzinokosha dzekufamba kwetonal muF. dzinoratidzwa neakajeka (kazhinji akazara akakwana) cadences, ayo muBach kazhinji asingaenderane nemiganhu yekuratidzwa (muF. D-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeCTC, iyo kusakwana cadence muchiyero 9 "inodhonzera mukati" h-moll-noe ichitungamira mukuratidzwa), ichigadzira uye yekupedzisira zvikamu uye "kucheka" nazvo (muiyo F. imwecheteyo cadence mu e-moll mubha 17 pakati pekusimudzira. chikamu chinoparadzanisa fomu muzvikamu zviviri). Kune akawanda akasiyana emhando yezvikamu zviviri: F. C-dur kubva ku2st vhoriyamu ye "HTK" (cadenza a-moll, chiyero 1), F. Fis-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu imwechete inosvika kune yekare-zvikamu zviviri. fomu (cadenza pane inotonga, kuyera 14, cadence mu dis-moll pakati pechikamu chekusimudzira, bar 17); maficha eiyo sonata yekare muF. d-moll kubva ku23st vhoriyamu (iyo stretta, iyo inopedzisa 1st kufamba, inotapurwa pamagumo eF. kupinda mukiyi huru: cf. mbariro 1-17 uye 21-39) . Muenzaniso wezvikamu zvitatu - F. e-moll kubva ku44st volume ye "HTK" ine mavambo akajeka achagumisa. chikamu (chiyero 1).

Yakasiyana-siyana ndeye F., umo kutsauka uye modulations hazvibatanidzwe, asi kuitiswa kwechinyorwa uye mhinduro zvinopihwa chete mune chikuru. uye anotonga (org. F. c-moll Bach, BWV 549), dzimwe nguva - mukupedzisa. chikamu - mune subdominant (Contrapunctus I kubva kuBach's Art yeFugue) makiyi. Zvakadaro F. dzimwe nguva inonzi monotonous (cf. Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., 1961), yakagadzikana-tonal (Zolotarev V. A., 1932), tonic-inotonga. Hwaro hwebudiriro mavari kazhinji imwe kana imwe contrapuntal. musanganiswa (ona zvakatambanudzwa muF. Es-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"), kuwiriranisa uye shanduko yedingindira (zvikamu zviviri F. C-moll, matatu-chikamu F. d-moll kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"). Zvimwe zvekare kare munguva yeI. C. Bach, aya mafomu anowanikwa chete apo neapo munguva dzinozotevera (yekupedzisira ye divertissement Nha. 1 yeHaydn baritones, Hob. XI 53). Iyo rondo-yakaita fomu inoitika kana chidimbu cheiyo main inosanganisirwa muchikamu chinokura. tonality (muF. Cis-dur kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK", chiyero 25); Mozart akanyora iyi fomu (F. c-moll yetambo. quartet, K.-V. 426). Mazhinji emafugues aBach ane sonata maficha (semuenzaniso, Coupe Nha. 1 kubva kuMisa muh-moll). Mune mafomu e-post-Bach nguva, pesvedzero yemaitiro emimhanzi yehomophonic inoonekwa, uye fomu rakajeka rezvikamu zvitatu rinouya pamberi. Munyori wenhoroondo. Kubudirira kwevaViennese symphonist kwaive kuchinjika kweiyo sonata fomu uye F. fomu, inoitwa senge fugue yesonata fomu (yekupedzisira yeMozart's G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387), kana se symphonization yeF., kunyanya, shanduko yechikamu chinokura kuita sonata development (yekupedzisira yequartet, op. 59 Kwete. 3 yaBeethoven). Pahwaro hwezvinobudirira izvi, zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa. mune homophonic-polyphonic. mafomu (misanganiswa ye sonata ine kaviri F. mukupedzisira kweBruckner's 5th symphony, ine quadruple F. mune yekupedzisira korasi ye cantata "Mushure mekuverenga pisarema" naTaneyev, aine kaviri F. mu 1st chikamu che symphony "The Artist Mathis" neHindemith) uye yakasarudzika mienzaniso yesymphonies. F. (1st chikamu che 1st orchestra. suites naTchaikovsky, yekupedzisira ye cantata "John weDhamasiko" naTaneyev, orc. Reger's Kusiyana uye Fugue pane Dingindira naMozart. Iko kukwevera kune kwekutanga kwekutaura, hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwekudanana, hwakatambanudzirwa kune mafomu eF. (zvimiro zvekufungidzira mu org. F. pamusoro pedingindira reBACH Liszt, rinoratidzwa musimba rakajeka. misiyano, kuunzwa kwe episodic material, rusununguko rwe toni). Mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20 tsika inoshandiswa. F. mafomu, asi panguva imwechete pane inooneka tsika yekushandisa yakanyanya kuoma polyphonic. tricks (ona Nha 4 kubva ku cantata "Mushure mekuverenga Pisarema" naTaneyev). Tsika. chimiro dzimwe nguva mhedzisiro yezvakananga. chimiro che neoclassical art (yekupedzisira concerto ye2 fp. Stravinsky). Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanyori vanotsvaka kuwana mutsika. fomu isina kushandiswa. zvinokwanisika, kuizadza ne-unconventional harmonic. zvemukati (muF. C-dur kumusoro. 87 Mhinduro yaShostakovich inoti Mixolydian, cf. chikamu - mumasikirwo emasikirwo emudiki mood, uye reprise - neLydian stretta) kana kushandisa nyowani harmonic. uye kutumira mameseji. Pamwe chete neizvi, vanyori F. muzana remakore rechi20 gadzira zvachose mafomu ega. Saka, muF. muF kubva kuHindemith's "Ludus tonalis" the 2nd movement (kubva pachiyero 30) inobva pachikamu chekutanga mukufamba kwerakish.

Pamusoro pevhoriyamu imwe chete, kune zvakare F. pa2, isingawanzo 3 kana 4 misoro. Siyanisa F. pane akati wandei. avo uye F. yakaoma (ye2 - kaviri, ye3 - katatu); musiyano wavo ndewekuti yakaoma F. inosanganisira contrapuntal. musanganiswa wemisoro (zvese kana zvimwe). F. pamadingindira akati wandei munhoroondo anobva mumotet uye anomiririra anotevera F. akati wandei pamisoro yakasiyana (kune 2 yacho muorg. prelude uye F. a-moll Buxtehude). Iyi mhando yeF. inowanikwa pakati pe org. hurongwa hwekwaya; 6-chinangwa F. “Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir” rakanyorwa naBach (BWV 686) rine zvirevo zvinotangira chikamu chimwe nechimwe chekwaya uye zvakavakwa pamusoro pezvazviri; akadaro F. anonzi strophic (dzimwe nguva izwi rechiGerman rokuti Schichtenaufbau rinoshandiswa - kuvaka muzvikamu; ona muenzaniso muchikamu 989).

Kune yakaoma F. yakadzika misiyano yekufananidzira haina hunhu; madingindira ayo anongomisikidza mumwe nemumwe (yechipiri inowanzo famba uye isinganyanyi kusarudzwa). Kune F. ine kuratidzwa kwakabatana kwemadingindira (mbiri: org. F. h-moll Bach padingindira raCorelli, BWV 2, F. Kyrie anobva kuMozart's Requiem, prelude piyano uye F. op. 579 Taneyev; katatu: 29 -musoro. kugadzirwa f-moll Bach, prelude A-dur kubva ku3st vhoriyamu ye "HTK"; yechina F. mukupera kwekantata "Mushure mekuverenga Pisarema" naTaneyev) uye nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi F. ine zvirevo zvakasiyana (kaviri : F. gis-moll kubva ku1 th vhoriyamu ye "HTK", F. e-moll uye d-moll op. 2 naShostakovich, P. muA kubva "Ludus tonalis" naHindemith, katatu: P. vhoriyamu yechipiri ye "HTK", org. F. Es-dur, BWV 87, Contrapunctus XV kubva kuThe Art of the Fugue naBach, Nhamba 2 kubva kucantata Mushure mekuverenga Pisarema raTaneyev, F. muC kubva kuHindemith's Ludus tonalis ) Mamwe F. ndeemhando yakavhenganiswa: muF. cis-moll kubva ku552st volume yeCTC, 3st theme inopikisa mukuratidzwa kwe1nd uye 1rd misoro; muna 2th P. kubva Diabelli's Variations on a Dingindira, op. 3 Madingindira eBeethoven anoratidzwa ari maviri maviri; muF. kubva mukuvandudzwa kweiyo 120 symphony yeMyaskovsky, iyo 10st uye 1nd madingindira anoratidzwa pamwe chete, uye yechishanu zvakasiyana.

JS Bach. Kurongeka kwenhengo yekwaya "Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir", 1st exposition.

Mukutora mifananidzo kwakaoma, zvimiro zvechimiro chekuratidzira zvinocherechedzwa pakupa 1st musoro; exposure etc. the less strict.

A special siyana inomiririrwa naF. for chorale. Thematically yakazvimirira F. imhando yekumashure kwekwaya, iyo nguva nenguva (somuenzaniso, mumapindiro eF.) inoitwa munguva huru inopesana nekufamba kwaF.. Chimiro chakafanana chinowanikwa pakati pe org. . gadziriro dzekwaya naBach (“Jesu, meine Freude”, BWV 713); muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndeye kaviri P. kune chorale Confiteor No. 19 kubva muzhinji mu b-moll. Mushure meBach, chimiro ichi hachiwanzoitiki (somuenzaniso, kaviri F. kubva kuMendelssohn's Organ Sonata No. 3; iyo yekupedzisira F. yeTaneyev's cantata John weDhamasiko); pfungwa yekusanganisira kwaya mukusimudzira F. yakaitwa muPrelude, Chorale uye Fugue yepiyano. Frank, muF. No 15 H-dur kubva ku "24 Preludes and Fugues" yepiyano. G. Muschel.

F. yakasimuka sechimiro chechiridzwa, uye chiridzwa (nezvese kukosha kwewok. F.) akaramba ari mukuru. sphere, mayakatanga munguva yaitevera. Basa raF. yakaramba ichiwedzera: kutanga kubva kuna J. B. Lully, akapinda muFrench. kupera, I. Ya Froberger akashandisa ratidziro ye fugue mune gigue (mu suite), Italian. masters vakasuma F. в сонату kubva kuchechi uye gross concert. Muchikamu chechipiri. 17 in. F. yakabatana neyekutanga, passacaglia, yakapinda mu toccata (D. Buxtehude, G. Muffat); Ph.D. branch instr. F. — org. hurongwa hwekwaya. F. yakawana kushandiswa mumass, oratorios, cantatas. Pazl. maitiro ebudiriro F. ndine classic. kuratidzwa mubasa raI. C. Bach. Main polyphonic. Kutenderera kwaBach kwaive kutenderera kwezvikamu zviviri zve prelude-F., iyo yakachengeta kukosha kwayo kusvika nhasi (vamwe vanyori vezana ramakore rechi20, semuenzaniso. Čiurlionis, dzimwe nguva inotungamirirwa naF. akawanda anotangira). Imwe tsika yakakosha, zvakare inobva kuBach, isangano reF. (dzimwe nguva pamwe chete nemapreludes) muzvikamu zvakakura (2 mavhoriyamu "XTK", "The Art of the Fugue"); chimiro ichi muzana remakore rechi20. kugadzira P. Hin-demit, D. D. Shostakovich, R. TO. Shchedrin, G. A. Muschel nevamwe. F. yakashandiswa nenzira itsva neveViennese classics: yakashandiswa sechimiro chePh.D. kubva kune zvikamu zve sonata-symphony. kutenderera, muBeethoven - seimwe yezvakasiyana mukutenderera kana sechikamu chechimiro, semuenzaniso. sonata (kazhinji fugato, kwete F.). Zvakabudirira zveBach nguva mumunda weF. yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumasters e19th-20th century. F. rinoshandiswa kwete chete sechikamu chekupedzisira chekutenderera, asi mune dzimwe nguva inotsiva sonata Allegro (somuenzaniso, mune yechipiri symphony yeSaint-Saens); mukutenderera "Prelude, chorale uye fugue" yepiyano. Franka F. ine sonata rondedzero, uye kuumbwa kwese kunoonekwa sehukuru sonata-kufungidzira. Mune zvakasiyana-siyana F. kazhinji inotora chinzvimbo chekupedzisira chekupedzisira (I. Brams, M. Reger). Fugato mubudiriro c.-l. kubva kumativi esymphony inokura kusvika paF yakakwana. uye kazhinji inova pakati pefomu (yekupedzisira yeRachmaninoff's Symphony No. 3; Myaskovsky's Symphonies Nha. 10, 21); muchimiro cheF. zvinogona kutaurwa kuti.-l. kubva kumadingindira e (chikamu chikamu muchikamu chekutanga cheMyaskovsky's quartet Nha. 13). Mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi19 ne20. chimiro chekufananidzira chaF. Mune maonero asingatarisirwe erudo. munyori wenziyo. thumbnail inooneka fp. Schumann's fugue (op. 72 Kwete 1) uye chete 2-chinangwa. fugue naChopin. Dzimwe nguva (kutanga naHaydn's The Four Seasons, Nha. 19) F. inoshanda kuratidza. zvinangwa (mufananidzo wehondo muMacbeth naVerdi; nzira yerwizi muSymph. nhetembo "Vltava" naSmetana; "chiitiko chekupfura" mumutambo wechipiri weShostakovich's Symphony No. 11); muF. zverudo zvinouya. kufananidzira - kunotyisa (kuguma kweBerlioz's Fantastic Symphony), dhimoni (p. F. Mashizha), irony (symph. Strauss's "Zvakadaro Zarathustra" mune dzimwe nguva F. - mutakuri wemufananidzo wegamba (sumo kubva ku opera "Ivan Susanin" naGlinka; symphony. nhetembo "Prometheus" naLiszt); pakati pemienzaniso yakanakisa yekududzira komedic yeF. sanganisira chiitiko chekurwa kubva kumagumo e2nd d. iyo opera "Mastersingers yeNuremberg" naWagner, iyo yekupedzisira ensemble kubva kuopera "Falstaff" naVerdi.

2) Izwi rokuti, Crimea pa14 - kutanga. Zana ramakore rechi 17 bhuku reBhaibheri rakafuridzirwa rakagadzwa (mupfungwa yazvino uno yeshoko), ndiko kuti, kutevedzera kunopfuurira mumanzwi maviri kana kuti anopfuura. "Fuga kuzivikanwa kwezvikamu zvezvakagadzirwa maererano nenguva, zita, chimiro, uye maererano nekurira uye kumira" (I. Tinktoris, 2, mubhuku: Musical Aesthetics yeWestern Europe Middle Ages uye Renaissance. , peji 1475). Nhoroondo F. vhara magwaro eBhaibheri akadaro. mhando dzakaita seItaly. caccia (caccia) uye French. shas (chasse): chifananidzo chenguva dzose chekuvhima mukati mavo chinosanganiswa ne "kutsvaga" kwezwi rakatevedzwa, kubva kune zita F. Mu 370nd floor. 2th c. chirevo cheMissa ad fugam chinosimuka, chinoreva misa yakanyorwa pachishandiswa canonical. maitiro (d'Ortho, Josquin Despres, Palestrina).

J. Okegem. Fugue, kutanga.

Muzana remakore rechi16 akasiyanisa F. akasimba (Latin legata) uye akasununguka (Latin sciolta); muzana remakore rechi17 F. legata zvishoma nezvishoma "yakanyungudika" muchirevo che canon, F. sciolta "yakabuda" muF. munguva yemazuva ano. pfungwa. Kubva muna F. 14-15 mazana emakore. manzwi haana kusiyana mukudhirowa, zvinyorwa izvi zvakanyorwa pamutsetse mumwechete nekududzwa kwenzira yekudhirodha (ona nezveizvi muunganidzwa: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, chinyorwa 2, M., 1972, p. 7). Fuga canonica muEpidiapente (kureva canonical P. kumusoro yechishanu) inowanikwa muBach's Musical Offering; 2-chinangwa kanoni ine izwi rekuwedzera ndiF. muB kubva kuHindemith's Ludus tonalis.

3) Fugue muzana remakore rechi17. - rhetoric yemimhanzi. mufananidzo unotevedzera kumhanya nerubatsiro rwekukurumidza kutevedzana kwemanzwi kana izwi rinoenderana richiimbwa (ona Mufananidzo).

References: Arensky A., Nhungamiro yekudzidza kwemafomu emimhanzi yezviridzwa uye yezwi, chikamu XNUMX. 1, M., 1893, 1930; Klimov M. G., Gwaro pfupi rekudzidza nezve counterpoint, canon uye fugue, M., 1911; Zolotarev V. A., Fugue. Nhungamiro yefundo inoshanda, M., 1932, 1965; Tyulin Yu., Crystallization ye thematism mubasa raBach nevakamutangira, "SM", 1935, No 3; Skrebkov S., Polyphonic analysis, M. – L., 1940; yake pachake, Textbook of polyphony, ch. 1-2, M. – L., 1951, M., 1965; Sposobin I. V., Mumhanzi fomu, M. – L., 1947, 1972; Tsamba dzinoverengeka kubva kuna S. Uye. Taneyev pamimhanzi uye theoretical nyaya, ona. Vl. Protopopov, mubhuku: S. Uye. Taneev. zvinhu uye zvinyorwa, nezvimwewo. 1, M., 1952; Dolzhansky A., Nezve fugue, “SM”, 1959, No 4, zvakafanana, mubhuku rake: Selected Articles, L., 1973; yake pachake, 24 preludes uye fugues naD. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Kershner L. M., Mabviro evanhu verwiyo rwaBach, M., 1959; Mazel L., Kuumbwa kwemabasa emimhanzi, M., 1960, kuwedzera., M., 1979; Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., Zvinyorwa zvepolyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Dmitriev A. N., Polyphony sechinhu chekuumba, L., 1962; Protopopov V., Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Nziyo dzechiRussian dzeclassical neSoviet, M., 1962; yake, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Western European classics yeXVIII-XIX mazana emakore, M., 1965; yake, The Procedural Significance of Polyphony in the Musical Form yaBeethoven, mu: Beethoven, vol. 2, M., 1972; yake pachake, Richerkar uye canzona muzana remakore rechi2-1972 uye kushanduka kwavo, muna Sat.: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, chinyorwa 1979, M., XNUMX; ake, Zvikepe kubva munhoroondo yezviridzwa zvechiXNUMX - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, M., XNUMX; Etinger M., Harmony uye polyphony. (Zvinyorwa pamapolyphonic cycles eBach, Hindemith, Shostakovich), "SM", 1962, No 12; yake pachake, Harmony mupolyphonic cycles yeHindemith naShostakovich, mu: Theoretical matambudziko emimhanzi yezana remakore rechiXX, kwete. 1, M., 1967; Yuzhak K., Zvimwe zvimiro zvefugue I. C. Bach, M., 1965; iye, Pachimiro uye zvakanangana zvekufunga kwepolyphonic, muunganidzwa: Polyphony, M., 1975; Mimhanzi aesthetics yeWestern Europe Middle Ages uye Renaissance, M., 1966; Milstein Ya. I., Ane Hasha Clavier I. C. Bach…, M., 1967; Taneev S. I., Kubva kuScience uye Pedagogical Heritage, M., 1967; Den Z. V., Kosi yemhanzi-yezvidzidzo zvidzidzo. Rekodha M. Uye. Glinka, mubhuku: Glinka M., Muunganidzwa wakakwana. op., vol. 17, M., 1969; wake, O fugue, ibid. Zaderatsky V., Polyphony mumabasa echiridzwa naD. Shostakovich, M., 1969; yake pachake, Late Stravinsky's Polyphony: Mibvunzo yeInterval uye Rhythmic Density, Stylistic Synthesis, mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 9, Moscow, 1975; Christianen L. L., Preludes uye Fugues naR. Shchedrin, mu: Mibvunzo yeMumhanzi Theory, vol. 2, M., 1970; Musical aesthetics yeWestern Europe yeXVII-XVIII mazana emakore, M., 1971; Bat N., Polyphonic mafomu mune symphonic mabasa eP. Hindemith, mu: Mibvunzo yeMumhanzi Form, vol. 2, M., 1972; Bogatyrev S. S., (Ongororo yemamwe fugues naBach), mubhuku: S. C. Bogatyrev. Tsvakurudzo, zvinyorwa, memoirs, M., 1972; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972; Likhacheva I., Ladotonality of fugues naRodion Shchedrin, mu: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 2, M., 1973; yake pachake, Thematism uye kusimudzira kwayo kwekuratidzira mune fugues yeR. Shchedrin, mu: Polyphony, M., 1975; yake pachake, 24 preludes uye fugues naR. Shchedrina, M., 1975; Zakharova O., Mimhanzi rhetoric yechiXNUMX - yekutanga hafu yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, muunganidzwa: Matambudziko eMumhanzi Sayenzi, vol. 3, M., 1975; Kon Yu., Anenge maviri fugues I. Stravinsky, muunganidzwa: Polyphony, M., 1975; Levaya T., Horizontal uye vertical hukama mumafugues eShostakovich neHindemith, muunganidzwa: Polyphony, Moscow, 1975; Litinsky G., Fugues manomwe uye recitatives (manotsi ekumucheto), muunganidzwa: Aram Ilyich Khachaturyan, M., 1975; Retrash A., Marudzi ekupedzisira Renaissance chiridzwa mimhanzi uye kuumbwa kwe sonata uye suite, mubhuku: Mibvunzo yeTheory uye Aesthetics yeMumhanzi, vol. 14, L., 1975; Tsaher I., Dambudziko rekupedzisira muB-dur quartet op. 130 Beethoven, muna Sat: Matambudziko eMumhanzi Sainzi, vol. 3, M., 1975; Chugaev A., Zvimiro zvechimiro cheBach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Mikhailenko A., Panheyo dzechimiro cheTaneyev's fugues, mu: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, vol. 3, M., 1977; Theoretical yekutarisa panhoroondo yemimhanzi, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Nazaikinsky E., Basa retimbre mukugadzira dingindira uye kusimudzira dingindira mumamiriro ekutevedzera polyphony, muunganidzwa: S. C. Scrapers.

VP Frayonov