Mimhanzi yekune dzimwe nyika yekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20

Chishuvo chevanyori vekuita zvakanyanya pane zvese zvinogoneka zvechromatic scale zvinotibvumira kuratidza imwe nguva yakaparadzana munhoroondo yezvidzidzo zvekune dzimwe nyika mimhanzi, iyo yakapfupisa kubudirira kwemazana emakore apfuura uye yakagadzirira kuziva kwevanhu kuti vaone mimhanzi kunze kwe. 12-toni system.

Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwakapa nyika yemimhanzi 4 mikuru yekufambisa pasi pezita remazuva ano: impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism uye neofolklorism - zvose izvi hazviiti chete zvinangwa zvakasiyana, asiwo zvinopindirana mukati menguva imwe chete yemimhanzi.

Impressionism

Mushure mekunyatsoita basa rekuita kuti munhu ave ega uye kuratidza nyika yake yemukati, mimhanzi yakaenderera kune zvaanoona, kureva kuti MAONERO anoita munhu zvakamupoteredza uye zvemukati. Kurwisana pakati pechokwadi chaicho nezviroto kwakapa nzira kukufungisisa kwechimwe nechimwe. Nekudaro, shanduko iyi yakaitika kuburikidza nekufamba kwezita rimwe chete muFrench yakanaka art.

Nekuda kwemifananidzo yaClaude Monet, Puvis de Chavannes, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec naPaul Cézanne, mimhanzi yakaratidza kuti guta, rakasviba mumaziso nekuda kwemvura yematsutso, zvakare mufananidzo wehunyanzvi unogona kuitwa. zvinotumirwa nemanzwi.

Mimhanzi impressionism yakatanga kuoneka mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, apo Erik Satie akaburitsa opuss yake ("Sylvia", "Ngirozi", "Three Sarabands"). Iye, shamwari yake Claude Debussy nemuteveri wavo Maurice Ravel vese vakakweva kurudziro uye nzira dzekutaura kubva mukuona kwekuona.

Kukurudzira

Expressionism, kusiyana ne impressionism, haitauri zvemukati, asi kuratidzwa kwekunze kwechiitiko. Yakatanga mumakumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi20 muGermany neAustria. Expressionism yakava maitiro kuHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, ichidzorera vanyori kune dingindira rekupokana pakati pemunhu uye chokwadi, yaivepo muna L. Beethoven uye vanodanana. Iye zvino kurwisana uku kune mukana wekuzviratidza nezvose 12 manotsi emimhanzi yeEurope.

Mumiriri ane mukurumbira wekutaura uye mimhanzi yekunze kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 ndiArnold Schoenberg. Akavamba Chikoro Chitsva cheViennese uye akazova munyori we dodecaphony uye serial technique.

Chinangwa chikuru cheNew Vienna Chikoro ndechekutsiva iyo "yekare" tonal system yemimhanzi nemaitiro matsva eatonal ane hukama nemafungiro edodecaphony, serial, serialism uye pointllism.

Mukuwedzera kune Schoenberg, chikoro chacho chaisanganisira Anton Webern, Alban Berg, Rene Leibowitz, Victor Ullmann, Theodor Adorno, Heinrich Jalowiec, Hans Eisler nevamwe vanyori.

Neoclassicism

Mimhanzi yekune dzimwe nyika yepakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 yakasimudza panguva imwe chete kune nzira dzakawanda uye nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutaura, izvo zvakabva zvatanga kupindirana pamwe chete uye kubudirira kwemimhanzi kwemazana emakore apfuura, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuongorora nguva yemitambo yemimhanzi yenguva ino.

Neoclassicism yakakwanisa kubata zvine hudzamu mikana mitsva ye12-toni mimhanzi uye mafomu nemisimboti yemakirasi ekutanga. Kana iyo yakaenzana temperament system yakaratidza zvizere mikana yayo uye miganhu, neoclassicism yakazvigadzira pachayo kubva pane zvakanakisa kubudirira kwemimhanzi yezvidzidzo panguva iyoyo.

Mumiriri mukuru weneoclassicism muGermany ndiPaul Hindemith.

MuFrance, nharaunda inonzi "Vatanhatu" yakaumbwa, avo vanyori mubasa ravo vakatungamirirwa naErik Satie (muvambi we impressionism) naJean Cocteau. Sangano iri raisanganisira Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Germaine Taillefer naGeorges Auric. Wese munhu akatendeukira kuFrench classicism, achiitungamira kuhupenyu hwemazuva ano hweguta hombe, vachishandisa hunyanzvi hwekugadzira.

Neofollorism

Kusanganiswa kwengano nemazuva ano kwakakonzera kubuda kweneofolklorism. Mumiriri wayo ane mukurumbira aive mugadziri wemuHungary Bela Bartok. Akataura nezve“kuchena kwedzinza” munziyo dzemarudzi ose, pfungwa dzaakataura nezvadzo mubhuku rine zita rimwe chetero.

Heano maitiro makuru nemhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi kwakazara mumimhanzi yekunze kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Kune zvimwe zvikamu zvenguva ino, imwe yemapoka ayo ose anoshanda akanyorwa kunze kwe tonality panguva ino mukutanga wave avant-garde.