Kugadzirwa kwepiyano: kubva ku clavichord kusvika kune yemazuva ano huru piyano

Chero chiridzwa chemimhanzi chine nhoroondo yayo yakasiyana, iyo inobatsira zvikuru uye inofadza kuziva. Kugadzirwa kwepiyano chaive chiitiko chekuchinja mune zvemimhanzi tsika yekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18.

Chokwadi munhu wese anoziva kuti piyano haisi yekutanga kiibhodhi chiridzwa munhoroondo yevanhu. Vaimbi veMiddle Ages vairidzawo zviridzwa zve keyboard. Iyo organ ndiyo yekare mhepo kiibhodhi chiridzwa, ine nhamba huru yemapombi pachinzvimbo chetambo. Nhengo ichiri kutorwa se "mambo" wezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, inosiyaniswa nezwi rayo rine simba, rakadzika, asi haisi hama yakananga yepiyano.

Imwe yekutanga keyboard zviridzwa, hwaro hwayo hwaive husiri mapaipi, asi tambo, yaive clavichord. Chiridzwa ichi chaiva nechimiro chakafanana nepiyano yemazuva ano, asi panzvimbo yesando, semukati mepiyano, marata esimbi akaiswa mukati meclavichord. Zvisinei, ruzha rwechiridzwa ichi rwakanga rwuchiri rwakanyarara uye rwakapfava, izvo zvakaita kuti zvisakwanisika kuridza pamberi pevanhu vakawanda pachikuva chikuru. Chikonzero ndeichi. Iyo clavichord yaive netambo imwe chete pakiyi, nepo piano yaive netambo nhatu pakiyi.

Clavichord

Sezvo iyo clavichord yaive yakanyarara kwazvo, sechisikigo, haina kutendera vatambi sehumbozha sekuitwa kwekutanga dynamic shades - uye. Zvisinei, clavichord yakanga isingangosvikiki chete uye yakakurumbira, asiwo chiridzwa chaidiwa pakati pevaimbi vose nevanyori venguva yeBaroque, kusanganisira JS Bach mukuru.

Pamwe chete neclavichord, imwe yakagadziridzwa kiibhodhi chiridzwa chaishandiswa panguva iyoyo - harpsichord. Nzvimbo yetambo dze harpsichord yakanga yakasiyana kana ichienzaniswa ne clavichord. Iwo akatambanudzwa anoenderana nemakiyi - chaizvo sepiyano, uye kwete perpendicular. Ruzha rwe harpsichord rwainyatsonzwika, kunyange rusina kusimba zvakakwana. Nekudaro, chiridzwa ichi chaive chakakodzera kuridza mimhanzi pamatanho "mahombe". Zvakanga zvisingakwanisiwo kushandisa dynamic shades pane harpsichord. Uyezve, ruzha rwechiridzwa chacho rwakapera nokukurumidza, saka vanyori venguva iyoyo vakazadza mitambo yavo nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze melismas (embellishments) kuitira kuti neimwe nzira "kurebesa" inzwi remashoko marefu.

Harpsichord

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, vaimbi vose nevaimbi vakatanga kunzwa kudiwa kwakakomba kwechiridzwa chekibhodhi chakadaro, mimhanzi uye kuratidzira kukwanisa kwaisazove kwakaderera kune violin. Izvi zvaida chiridzwa chine huwandu hwakakura hwekuchinja chaizokwanisa kuburitsa zvine simba uye zvakapfava zvakanyanya, pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hwese hwekuchinja kwekuchinja.

Uye hope idzi dzakazoitika. Zvinotendwa kuti muna 1709, Bartolomeo Cristofori wokuItaly akagadzira piyano yokutanga. Akadana chisiko chake kuti “gravicembalo col piano e forte,” iro rakashandurwa kubva muchiItalian rinoreva “chiridzwa chekeyboard chinoridza zvinyoronyoro uye zvine ruzha.”

Chiridzwa chemhanzi cheCristofori chakazove chiri nyore kwazvo. Maumbirwo epiyano akanga akadai. Yaiva nemakiyi, sando yainzwa, tambo uye chaiyo yekudzosa. Kana kiyi ichirohwa, nyundo inorova tambo, nokudaro ichiita kuti izununguke, iyo isiri zvachose yakafanana nekurira kwetambo dze harpsichord uye clavichord. Sando yaidzokera shure, ichibatsirwa neanoidzosa, isina kuramba yakatsikirirwa patambo, nokudaro ichivharidzira ruzha rwayo.

Kwapera chinguva, iyi nzira yakagadziridzwa zvishoma: nerubatsiro rwechigadzirwa chakakosha, nyundo yakaderedzwa patambo, ndokuzodzoka, asi kwete zvachose, asi hafu chete, iyo yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuita trills uye kudzokorora - nokukurumidza. kudzokororwa kwenzwi rimwe chete. Menicha yacho yakanzi .

Chinonyanya kukosha chinosiyanisa piyano kubva kune zvakamboenderana zviridzwa kugona kuridza kwete chete ruzha kana kunyarara, asiwo kuita kuti mutambi wepiyano aite crescendo uye diminuendo, ndiko kuti, kushandura masimba uye ruvara rweruzha zvishoma nezvishoma uye kamwe kamwe. .

Panguva iyo chiridzwa ichi chinoshamisa chakatanga kuzvizivisa, nguva yekuchinja pakati peBaroque neClassicism yakatonga muEurope. Iyo sonata genre, iyo yakaonekwa panguva iyoyo, yakanga yakakodzera kuridza piyano zvinoshamisa; mienzaniso inoshamisa yeizvi mabasa aMozart naClementi. Kekutanga, chiridzwa chekiibhodhi chine zvese zvachigona chakaita sechiridzwa chega, izvo zvakakurudzira kubuda kwemhando nyowani - konsato yepiyano uye orchestra.

Nerubatsiro rwepiyano, zvave kugona kuratidza manzwiro ako uye manzwiro kuburikidza neruzha rwunoshamisa. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mubasa revanyori venguva itsva yerudo mumabasa aChopin, Schumann, naLiszt.

Kusvika nanhasi, chiridzwa ichi chinoshamisa chine hunyanzvi hwakawanda, kunyangwe hudiki hwacho, chine simba guru munharaunda yese. Vanenge vese vanyori vakuru vakanyorera piyano. Uye, munhu anofanira kutenda kuti nekufamba kwemakore mukurumbira waro uchawedzera chete, uye uchatifadza zvakanyanya nenzwi rayo remashiripiti.