Ferdinand Laub |

Ferdinand Laub

Hafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX yaive nguva yekukurumidza kusimudzira kwebato rerusununguko-redemocracy. Kupokana kwakadzama uye misiyano yenzanga yemabhunu inomutsa kuratidzira pakati pevakangwara vane pfungwa dzinofambira mberi. Asi kuratidzira hakuchina hunhu hwekumukira kwerudo kwemunhu achipokana nekusaenzana kwevanhu. Mazano eDemocratic anomuka semugumisiro wekuongorora uye kunyatsoongorora kwehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu, chido chezivo uye tsanangudzo yenyika. Muchikamu cheunyanzvi, misimboti yechokwadi inosimbiswa zvisina kusimba. Mumabhuku, nguva ino yakaratidzwa nemaruva ane simba echokwadi chakakosha, iyo yakaratidzwawo mukupenda - vaRussia Wanderers muenzaniso weizvi; mumimhanzi izvi zvakatungamirira kupfungwa, vanhu vane chido, uye mumabasa emagariro evaimbi - kujekesa. Zvinodiwa zveunyanzvi zviri kuchinja. Kumhanyira mumakonti emakonti, vachida kudzidza kubva kune zvose, petty-bourgeois intelligentsia, inozivikanwa muRussia se "raznochintsy", inokweverwa nechido kumimhanzi yakadzika, yakakomba. Sirogani yezuva iri kurwisa hunhu, kuratidzwa kwekunze, salonism. Zvese izvi zvinopa shanduko yakakosha muhupenyu hwemimhanzi - mune repertoire yevatambi, munzira dzekuita hunyanzvi.

Iyo repertoire yakazara nemabasa evirtuoso iri kutsiviwa nerepertoire yakafumiswa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwakakosha. Haisi iyo inoshamisa zvidimbu zvevanoridza violin ivo pachavo zvinoitwa zvakanyanya, asi makonsati aBeethoven, Mendelssohn, uye gare gare - Brahms, Tchaikovsky. Ikoko kunouya "rumutsiriro" rwemabasa evatenzi vekare vemazana emakore XVII-XVIII - J.-S. Bach, Corelli, Vivaldi, Tartini, Leclerc; mukamuri repertoire, kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kune yekupedzisira quartets yaBeethoven, iyo yakamborambwa. Mukuita, hunyanzvi hwe "artistic shanduko", "chinangwa" kufambisa kwemukati uye chimiro chebasa chinouya pamberi. Muteereri anouya kukonzati anonyanya kufarira nziyo, nepo hunhu hwomuiti, unyanzvi hunoyerwa nokukwanisa kwake kutaura pfungwa dziri mumabasa evanyori. Hwaro hwekuchinja uku hwakanyatsocherechedzwa naL. Auer: “Epigraph – “mimhanzi iripo nokuda kwounyanzvi” haichazivikanwi, uye kutaura kwokuti “virtuoso iripo nokuda kwemimhanzi” kwazova chirevo chemuimbi wechokwadi wemazuva ano. .”

Vamiririri vakajeka vemaitiro matsva eunyanzvi mukuita violin vaiva F. Laub, J. Joachim naL. Auer. Ndivo vakagadzira hwaro hweiyo nzira yechokwadi mukuita, vaive vagadziri vemisimboti yayo, kunyangwe subjectively Laub achiri akabatana zvakanyanya nerudo.

Ferdinand Laub akaberekwa muna Ndira 19, 1832 muPrague. Baba veviolin, Erasmus, aiva muimbi uye mudzidzisi wake wokutanga. Kuita kwekutanga kwemutambi weviolinist ane makore matanhatu kwakaitika mune imwe konzati yega. Aive mudiki zvekuti akatozogadzikwa patafura. Pazera ramakore masere, Laub akaoneka pamberi peruzhinji rwePrague atove mukonzati yeruzhinji, uye imwe nguva gare gare akaenda nababa vake parwendo rwekonzati kumaguta emunyika yake. The Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, uyo mukomana akambounzwa kwaari, anofara netarenda rake.

Muna 1843, Laub akapinda muPrague Conservatory mukirasi yaProfessor Mildner uye akapedza kudzidza zvakanaka pazera remakore 14. Kuita kwemuimbi wechidiki kunokwezva kutarisa, uye Laub, apedza kudzidza kubva muchengeti, haashaiwi makonti.

Huduku hwake hwakasangana nenguva yezvinonzi "Czech Renaissance" - kukurumidza kukurumidza kwemafungiro ekusununguka kwenyika. Muhupenyu hwake hwese, Laub akachengeta rudo rwenyika, rudo rusingaperi kune nyika yakasungwa, inotambura. Pashure pokumukira kwePrague muna 1848, kwadzvinyirirwa nezviremera zveAustria, ugandanga hwakatonga munyika yacho. Zviuru zvevanoda nyika yavo zvinomanikidzwa kuenda kuutapwa. Pakati pavo ndiF. Laub, anogara kwemakore maviri muVienna. Anoridza pano muimbi ye opera, achitora chinzvimbo cheano soloist uye anoperekedza mairi, achivandudza mumhanzi dzidziso uye counterpoint naShimon Sekhter, muimbi weCzech uyo akagara muVienna.

Muna 1859, Laub akatamira kuWeimar kuti atore nzvimbo yaJosef Joachim, akanga aenda kuHannover. Weimar - imba yekugara yeLiszt, yakaita basa guru mukugadzirwa kweviolinist. Sezvo ari oga uye mutungamiriri wemutambo we orchestra, anogara achitaura naLiszt, uyo anokoshesa zvikuru mutambi anoshamisa. MuWeimar, Laub akave shamwari naSmetana, achigovana zvizere zvishuvo zvake zvekuda nyika uye tariro. Kubva kuWeimar, Laub anowanzo famba nemakonzati kuenda kuPrague nemamwe maguta eCzech Republic. “Panguva iyoyo,” anonyora kudaro nyanzvi yemimhanzi L. Ginzburg, “apo kutaura kweCzech kwaitambudzwa kunyange mumaguta eCzechoslovakia, Laub haana kuzeza kutaura mutauro wake wokuzvarwa ari muGermany. Mudzimai wake akazoyeuka kuti Smetana, akasangana naLaub kuLiszt muWeimar, akatyiswa neushingi hwakataurwa naLaub muchiCzech pakati peGermany.

Gore mushure mekutamira kuWeimar, Laub akaroora Anna Maresh. Akasangana naye muNovaya Guta, pane imwe yekushanyira kwake kunyika yake. Anna Maresh aive muimbi uye nekuita kuti Anna Laub ave nemukurumbira nekugara achishanya nemurume wake. Akazvara vana vashanu - vanakomana vaviri nevanasikana vatatu, uye muupenyu hwake hwose aiva shamwari yake yakazvipira zvikuru. Violinist I. Grzhimali akanga akaroora mumwe wevanasikana vake, Isabella.

Hunyanzvi hwaLaub hwaiyemurwa nevaimbi vakuru vepasirese, asi mukutanga 50s kuridza kwake kwainyanya kuzivikanwa nekunaka. Mutsamba yaakanyorera mukoma wake kuLondon muna 1852, Joachim akanyora kuti: “Zvinoshamisa kuti murume uyu ane unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu; hapana chinomuomera.” Repertoire yaLaub panguva iyoyo yakanga izere nemimhanzi yevirtuoso. Anoda kuita makonti uye fungidziro dzeBazzini, Ernst, Vietana. Gare gare, kutarisa kwekutarisa kwake kunoenda kune classics. Mushure mezvose, aive Laub uyo, mukududzira kwake kwemabasa aBach, makonsati uye ensembles yaMozart naBeethoven, aive kune imwe nhanho akatangira uyezve mukwikwidzi waJoachim.

Zviitwa zveLaub zvequartet zvakaita basa rakakosha mukudzamisa kufarira mumakirasi. Muna 1860, Joachim anodana Laub "mutambi weviolin akanakisa pakati pevaanoshanda navo" uye anomuongorora nechido semutambi wequartet.

Muna 1856, Laub akabvuma kukokwa kubva kudare reBerlin ndokugara muguta guru rePrussia. Mabasa ake pano akanyanya - anotamba muvatatu naHans Bülow naWohlers, anopa manheru equartet, anosimudzira makirasi, kusanganisira achangoburwa quartets aBeethoven. Pamberi peLaub, manheru eruzhinji quartet muBerlin muma40s akaitwa nemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa naZimmermann; Nhoroondo yaLaub yaive yekuti makonti ake emukamuri akave echigarire. Iyo quartet yakashanda kubva 1856 kusvika 1862 uye yakaita zvakawanda kudzidzisa kuravira kwevanhu, kujekesa nzira yaJoachim. Basa muBerlin rakasanganiswa nenzendo dzekonzati, kunyanya kazhinji kuCzech Republic, kwaaigara kwenguva yakareba muzhizha.

Muna 1859 Laub akashanyira Russia kekutanga. Kuita kwake muSt. Petersburg nemapurogiramu aisanganisira mabasa naBach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, anokonzera manzwiro. Vatsoropodzi vakatanhamara veRussia V. Odoevsky, A. Serov vanofara nekuita kwake. Mune imwe yetsamba dzine chekuita nenguva ino, Serov akadana Laub kuti "mwari wechokwadi." "NeSvondo kuVielgorsky's ndakanzwa maquartets maviri chete (Beethoven's muF-dur, kubva kuRazumovskys, op. 59, uye Haydn's muG-dur), asi chii ichocho !! Kunyangwe mumagetsi, Viettan akazvikunda.

Serov anopa nhevedzano yezvinyorwa kuna Laub, achitarisisa zvakanyanya kududzira kwake mimhanzi yaBach, Mendelssohn naBeethoven. Bach's Chaconne, zvakare kushamisika kweuta hwaLaub neruoko rweruboshwe, anonyora Serov, toni yake yakakora, bhendi rakafara rekurira pasi peuta hwake, iro rinowedzera violin kanokwana kana kupesana neyakajairika, ake akapfava zvakanyanya mu "pianissimo", yake. chirevo chisingaenzaniswi, nekunzwisisa kwakadzama maitiro eBach! .. Kuteerera mimhanzi iyi inofadza yakaitwa nekuita kunofadza kwaLaub, unotanga kushamisika: kuchine mimwe mimhanzi munyika, yakasiyana zvachose (kwete polyphonic), kana kodzero yekuva mugari wemhosva mumatare inogona kuva nemhando yakasiyana. , - yakakwana seyo isingaperi organic, polyphonic chimiro cheSebastian mukuru?

Laub inonakidza Serov muBeethoven's Concerto zvakare. Pashure pekonzati yacho pana March 23, 1859, akanyora kuti: “Panguva ino zviri pachena zvinoshamisa; akaimba nziyo dzakajeka, dzechokwadi dzengirozi nouta hwake zviri nani zvisingaenzaniswi kupfuura mukonzati yake muhoro yeNoble Assembly. Hunhu hunoshamisa! Asi iye haapo muLaub pachake, asi kuti abatsire zvisikwa zvemimhanzi. Dai chete virtuosos dzose dzakanzwisisa zvadzinoreva uye chinangwa nenzira iyi! " "Mumaquartets," anonyora Serov, mushure mekuteerera manheru ekamuri, "Laub inoita kunge yakatoreba kupfuura uri wega. Iyo inonyatso sangana nemimhanzi irikuitwa, iyo yakawanda virtuosos, kusanganisira Vieuxne, isingakwanise kuita. "

Nguva inonakidza mumanheru equartet yaLaub yevatungamiri vePetersburg kwaiva kubatanidzwa kweBeethoven yekupedzisira quartets muhuwandu hwemabasa akaitwa. Maonero akananga kunguva yechitatu yebasa raBeethoven aive hunhu hwedemocratic intelligentsia ye50s: "... uye kunyanya takaedza kujairana mukuita nemaquartets ekupedzisira aBeethoven," akanyora kudaro D. Stasov. Mushure meizvozvo, zviri pachena kuti sei makonzati ekamuri yeLaub akatambirwa nechido.

Mukutanga 60s, Laub akapedza nguva yakawanda muCzech Republic. Makore aya kuCzech Republic dzimwe nguva aikurumidza kusimuka mutsika dzemimhanzi yenyika. Nheyo dzeCzech musical classics dzakaiswa naB. Smetana, uyo Laub anochengetedza hukama hwepedyo naye. Muna 1861, imba yemitambo yokuCzechoslovakia yakavhurwa muPrague, uye kusvitsa makore 50 kwenzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu kwakapembererwa zvine mutsindo. Laub anoridza Beethoven Concerto pamabiko ekurangarira. Anogara achitora chikamu mumabasa ese ekuda nyika, nhengo inoshingaira yemubatanidzwa wenyika yevamiriri vehunyanzvi "Crafty conversation".

Muzhizha ra1861, apo Laub aigara muBaden-Baden, Borodin nemudzimai wake vaiwanzouya kuzomuona, uyo, ari piano, aida kutamba duets naLaub. Laub akatenda zvikuru tarenda remumhanzi raBorodin.

Kubva kuBerlin, Laub akatamira kuVienna uye akagara pano kusvika 1865, achigadzira makonti uye zviitiko zvekamuri. “Kuna Mambo weViolin Ferdinand Laub,” akarava mashoko akanyorwa paruvara rwendarama rwakaunzwa kwaari neVienna Philharmonic Society apo Laub akabva kuVienna.

Muna 1865 Laub akaenda kuRussia kechipiri. Musi waKurume 6, anotamba manheru kuN. Rubinstein, uye munyori weRussia V. Sollogub, aivepo, mutsamba yakazaruka yakanyorerwa Matvey Vielgorsky, yakabudiswa muMoskovskie Vedomosti, anopa mitsara inotevera kwaari: “… Laub's mutambo wakandifadza kwazvo zvekuti ndakakanganwa uye chando, nechamupupuri, nehurwere… Kudzikama, hunhu, kureruka, kuoma kwemaitiro, kushaya zvekunyepedzera, kusiyanisa uye, panguva imwe chete, kufemerwa kwepedyo, zvakasanganiswa nesimba rinoshamisa, zvaiita se Ini Laub ane zvimiro zvakasiyana… Haana kuoma, semusikirwo, kwete manyawi, serudo. Iye wepakutanga, akazvimiririra, ane, sekutaura kwaBryullov, gag. Haangafananidzwi nemunhu. Imwe nyanzvi yechokwadi inogara yakajairwa. Akandiudza zvakawanda uye akabvunza nezvako. Anokuda kubva pasi pemoyo wake, sezvo wese anokuziva anokuda. Mumaitiro ake, kwandiri zvaiita sekuti akanga ari nyore, ane ushamwari, akagadzirira kuziva chiremera chemumwe munhu uye akanga asingagumburwi nazvo kuti akwidziridze kukosha kwake.

Saka neshamhu shoma, Sollogub akadhirowa mufananidzo unoyevedza waLaub, murume uye muimbi. Kubva mutsamba yake zviri pachena kuti Laub akanga atoziva uye ari pedyo nevaimbi vakawanda veRussia, kusanganisira Count Vielgorsky, anoshamisa cellist, mudzidzi weB. Romberg, uye mukurumbira wemimhanzi muRussia.

Pashure pokunge Laub apedza kutamba naMozart’s G muduku Quintet, V. Odoevsky akapindura nechinyorwa chinofadza: “Ani nani asati anzwa Laub muMozart G Minor Quintet,” akanyora kudaro, “haasati anzwa iyi quintet. Ndeupi wevaimbi asingazive nemusoro iyo nhetembo inoshamisa inonzi Hemole Quintet? Asi kashoma sei kunzwa kuita kwake kwakadaro kunogutsa zvizere pfungwa yedu younyanzvi.

Laub akauya kuRussia kechitatu muna 1866. Makoniti aakapa muSt. Petersburg neMoscow pakupedzisira akasimbisa mukurumbira wake unoshamisa. Laub sezviri pachena akafadzwa nemamiriro ehupenyu hwemimhanzi yeRussia. March 1, 1866 anosaina chibvumirano chokushanda mubazi reMoscow reRussian Musical Society; pakukoka kwaN. Rubinstein, anova purofesa wekutanga weMoscow Conservatory, iyo yakavhurwa mumatsutso e1866.

Kufanana naVenyavsky naAuer muSt. Petersburg, Laub akaita mabasa akafanana muMoscow: pa-conservatory akadzidzisa kirasi ye violin, kirasi ye quartet, yakatungamirira orchestras; akanga ari mutungamiriri uye soloist we symphony orchestra uye wekutanga violinist mu quartet yebazi reMoscow reRussian Musical Society.

Laub akagara muMoscow kwemakore 8, ndiko kuti, anenge kusvika pakufa kwake; Migumisiro yebasa rake yakakura uye inokosha. Akamira semudzidzisi wekirasi yekutanga uyo akadzidzisa vanenge 30 violinists, pakati pavo paiva naV. Villuan, uyo akapedza kudzidza kubva muchengeti wekuchengetedza muna 1873 ane menduru yegoridhe, I. Loiko, uyo akazova mutambi wekonti, shamwari yaTchaikovsky I. Kotek. Mutambi wePolish violinist anozivikanwa zvikuru S. Bartsevich akatanga dzidzo yake naLaub.

Kuita kwaLaub, kunyanya kamuri yekutanga, yakakosheswa zvakanyanya nevaairarama navo. "MuMoscow," Tchaikovsky akanyora, "kune mutambi we quartet, uyo ose makuru eWestern Europe anotarisa negodo ..." Maererano naTchaikovsky, Joachim chete ndiye anogona kukwikwidzana naLaub mukuita mabasa echinyakare, "anopfuura Laub mukukwanisa chiridzwa chine mutinhimira unobaya mwoyo, asi zvakaderera kwaari musimba renzwi, murudo uye nesimba rakanaka.

Zvakawanda gare gare, muna 1878, mushure mekufa kwaLaub, mune imwe yetsamba dzake kuna von Meck, Tchaikovsky akanyora nezvekuita kwaLaub kwaAdagio kubva kuMozart's G-moll quintet: "Laub paaitamba iyi Adagio, ndaigara ndakahwanda mukona yehoro. , kuti vasaone zvandinoitirwa kubva mumhanzi uyu.

MuMoscow, Laub yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemhepo inodziya, ine hushamwari. N. Rubinstein, Kossman, Albrecht, Tchaikovsky - vose vakuru veMoscow mimhanzi vaiva muushamwari hukuru naye. Mutsamba dzaTchaikovsky kubva muna 1866, pane mitsara inopupurira kutaurirana kwepedyo naLaub: "Ndiri kukutumira menyu ine hunyanzvi yekudya kwemanheru kuPrince Odoevsky, kwandakapinda naRubinstein, Laub, Kossmann naAlbrecht, varatidze kuna Davydov. ”

The Laubov Quartet muimba yeRubinstein ndiyo yakatanga kuita Tchaikovsky's Second Quartet; Muimbi mukuru akatsaurira Third Quartet yake kuna Laub.

Laub aida Russia. Kakawanda akapa makonti mumaguta ematunhu - Vitebsk, Smolensk, Yaroslavl; mutambo wake wakateererwa muna Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov.

Aigara nemhuri yake muMoscow paTverskoy Boulevard. Duva remimhanzi reMoscow rakaungana mumba make. Laub yaive nyore kubata, kunyangwe aigara akazvitakura nekuzvikudza uye neruremekedzo. Aisiyaniswa nokushingaira kukuru muchinhu chiri chose chine chokuita nebasa rake: “Aitamba nokudzidzira anenge nguva dzose, uye pandaimubvunza,” anoyeuka kudaro Servas Heller, mudzidzisi wevana vake, “nei achiri kushushikana kudaro iye atosvika. , zvichida , musimboti wokunaka, akaseka sokunge aindinzwira tsitsi, uye ipapo akati zvakakomba: “Pandinongorega kuvandudzika, zvichabva zvangoitika kuti mumwe munhu anotamba zviri nani kundipfuura, uye ini handidi. .”

Hushamwari hukuru uye zvido zveunyanzvi zvakabatanidza Laub naN. Rubinstein, uyo akazova shamwari yake yenguva dzose mumadekwana esonata: "Iye naNG Rubinstein vainyatsoenderana maererano nemhando yemutambo, uye zvigaro zvavo dzimwe nguva zvakanaka zvisingaenzaniswi. Kashoma chero munhu akambonzwa, semuenzaniso, kuita kwakanakisa kwaBeethoven's Kreutzer Sonata, umo vese maartist akakwikwidza musimba, unyoro uye chido chemutambo. Vaive nechokwadi chemumwe nemumwe zvekuti dzimwe nguva vaitamba zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe pachena kwavari pasina kudzokorora, zvakanangana ne livre overt.

Ari pakati pekukunda kwaLaub, chirwere chakangoerekana chamubata. Muzhizha ra1874, vanachiremba vakakurudzira kuti aende kuKarlsbad (Karlovy Vary). Sokunge achitarisira kupera kwave pedyo, Laub akamira munzira mumisha yeCzech yaidiwa nemoyo wake - kutanga muKřivoklát, kwaakasima gwenzi rehazel pamberi peimba yaakambogara, ipapo muNovaya Guta, kwaakatamba. akati wandei nehama.

Kurapa muKarlovy Vary hakuna kufamba zvakanaka uye muimbi airwara zvachose akaendeswa kuTyrolean Gris. Pano, musi waMarch 18, 1875, akafa.

Tchaikovsky, muhwirudzuro yake yekonzati yakaitwa nomuridzi we<em>virtuoso we<em>violin K. Sivori, akanyora, kuti: “Ndichimuteerera, ndakafunga nezvezvakanga zviri pachikuva chimwe chetecho gore rapfuura. kwenguva yekupedzisira mumwe mutambi weviolin akatamba pamberi peruzhinji, azere nehupenyu nesimba, mukutumbuka kwese kwetarenda rehunyanzvi; kuti mutambi weviolin uyu haachazoratidziri pamberi pevateereri vapi navapi vavanhu, kuti hapana achafadzwa noruoko rwakaita ruzha rwakasimba zvikuru, rune simba uye panguva imwe cheteyo runyoro nokupuruzira. G. Laub akafa aine makore 43 chete.”

L. Raaben