Mimhanzi alphabet |

Mumhanzi alphabet inzira yemavara yekugadzira manzwi decomp. urefu. Yakamuka pasati papera 3rd century. BC. muDr. Greece, uko kwaiva nemaitiro maviri eA. m. Mune imwe yekutanga instr. hurongwa hwaisanganisira mavara echiGiriki. uye maarufabheti eFenikiya. Mune imwe wok gare gare. hurongwa hunoshandiswa chiGiriki chete. mabhii ari munhevedzano yearufabheti anoenderana nekero inodzika.

Mamwe mavara echiGiriki akashandiswa muZap. Europe pamberi pe10 C. Munguva yekutanga yeMiddle Ages, nzira yekugadzira manzwi nemabhii lat yakasimuka uye yakashandiswa pamwe chete nayo. alphabet. Yokutanga diatonic. chikero chine nziyo mbiri. octaves (A - a), inoratidzirwa netsamba kubva kuA kusvika kuR. Gare gare, mabhii manomwe okutanga chete akatanga kushandiswa. Neiyi nzira, kunyorwa kwaive kwakadai: A, B, C., D, E, F, G; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, aa. Gare gare, ichi chikero chakawedzerwa kubva pasi nekunzwika kwemunyu weoctave huru, inoratidzirwa nebhii g (gamma) remabhii echiGiriki. II nhanho yehukuru chiyero chakatanga kushandiswa mumhando mbiri: yakakwirira - inzwi si, rainzi B durum (lat. - yakasimba) uye yakaratidzwa nechidimbu chechikwere (ona Bekar); yakaderera - ruzha rweB-flat, yainzi B mollis (lat. - soft) uye yakaratidzwa nehurukuro yakatenderedzwa (ona Flat). Nokufamba kwenguva, inzwi si rakatanga kuratidzwa nelat. tsamba H. Pashure pezana remakore rechi12. Wed-century. hurongwa hwekunyora tsamba hwakatsiviwa nekunyora kusiri kwemunhu uye kwaya, zvisinei, mumazana emakore 14-18. yakamutsiridzwa mushanduro dzakasiyana-siyana muogani uye lute tablature.

Parizvino, iyo diatonic chiyero mukati meoctave ine anotevera mavara mazita:

Munyika dzemutauro weChirungu, urongwa uhwu hunoshandiswa nekamwe digression - zita rekare rezwi rine tsamba b rakachengetedzwa; B-flat inoreva b flat (B-nyoro).

Kunyora netsaona, syllables inowedzerwa kune mavara: is - sharp, es - flat, isis - double sharp, eses - double flat. Kunze ndiko kurira kweB-flat, iyo iyo dhizaini ine tsamba b, manzwi eE-flat uye A-flat, anotaridzwa nemasyllable es uye se, zvichiteerana, akachengetedzwa. C-yakapinza - cis, F-double-inopinza - fisis, D-flat - des, G-double-flat - geses.

Kunyika dzemutauro weChiRungu kupinza kunoratidzwa nezwi rinoti furati, furati – nezwi rinoti furati, kaviri-kaviri – nemazwi anoti kaviri kaviri, kaviri-kaviri – nemazwi anoti kaviri furati, C-yakapinza – ine inopinza, F- kupinza kaviri – f kupinza kaviri, D-flat – d flat , G double flat – g double flat.

Ruzha rweoctave huru inoratidzirwa nemavara makuru, uye madiki nemavara madiki. Kune manzwi emamwe maoctave, manhamba kana madheshi anowedzerwa kune mavara, anoenderana nenhamba kune mazita emaoctave:

kusvika pa octave yekutanga - c1 kana c' re yechipiri octave - d2 kana d ” mi yechitatu octave - e3 kana e '' fa yechina octave - f4 kana f "" kusvika kune yechishanu octave - c5 kana c ” “' zviri chibvumirano — H1 kana 1H kana H ye subcontroctave – A2 kana A, kana

Kuratidza makiyi, mazwi anowedzerwa kune mavara: dur (mukuru), moll (diki), uye kune makiyi makuru mavara makuru anoshandiswa, uye makiyi madiki - madiki, semuenzaniso C-dur (C chikuru), fis -moll (F-sharp minor) zvichingodaro. Munzira yakapfupikiswa yekunyora, mavara makuru (asina kuwedzera) anoratidza makiyi makuru uye chords, uye mavara madiki anoratidza madiki.

Nesumo yemimhanzi. maitiro eiyo linear musical system A. m. yakarasa zvayaireva uye yakachengetedzwa seyebetsero. nzira yezita renzwi, chords uye makiyi (kunyanya mumimhanzi uye edzidziso mabasa).

References: Gruber RI, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, t. 1, ch. 1, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann Fr., Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen, V., 1847; Fortlage K., The musical system of the Greeks…, Lpz., 1847; Riemann H., Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Monro DV, Modes of Ancient Greek music, Oxf., 1894; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Sachs C., Die griechische Instrumentalnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VI, 1924; его же, Die griechische Gesangsnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VII, 1925; Pоtirоn H., Mavambo ezvinyorwa zvearufabheti, Revue grйgorienne», 1952, XXXI; Сorbin S., Valeur et sens de la notation alphabйtique a Jumiiges…, Rouen, 1955; Smits van Waesberghe J., Les origines de la notation alphabйtique au moyen vge, в сб.: Annuario musical XII, Barcelona, ​​​​1957; Barbour JM, Nheyo dzeGreek notation, "JAMS", XIII, 1960.

VA Vakhromeev