Jean-Marie Leclair |

Jean Marie Leclair

Mumwe anogona achiri kuwana sonatas neakakurumbira violinist wechiFrench wehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Jean-Marie Leclerc, muzvirongwa zvemakontani violinists. Kunyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye C-diki, iyo ine subtitle "Kurangarira".

Nekudaro, kuti unzwisise basa rayo renhoroondo, zvinodikanwa kuziva nharaunda umo violin art yeFrance yakagadziridzwa. Kureba kupfuura kune dzimwe nyika, violin yakaongororwa pano sechiridzwa cheplebeian uye mafungiro pamusoro payo akanga asina basa. Iyo viola yakatonga muhupenyu hwakanaka-hwepamusoro hwemimhanzi. Ruzha rwayo rwakapfava, rwakapfava rwakanyatsozadzisa zvaidiwa nevakuru vairidza mimhanzi. Iyo violin yakashanda mazororo enyika, gare gare - mabhora uye masquerades mudzimba dzevakuru, kutamba kwainzi kunonyadzisa. Kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi24, mimhanzi yekonti yega yega yakanga isipo muFrance. Chokwadi, muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vaimbi veviolin vakati wandei vakabuda muvanhu uye vaine hunyanzvi hunoshamisa vakawana mukurumbira. Ava ndiJacques Cordier, anonzi Bokan naLouis Constantin, asi havana kuita sevaimbi vega. Bokan akapa zvidzidzo zvekutamba mudare, Constantin akashanda munhandare yebhora, inonzi "XNUMX Violins of the King."

Vaimbi veviolin vaiwanzoita sevatenzi vekutamba. Muna 1664, bhuku reviolinist Dumanoir rinonzi The Marriage of Music and Dance rakaonekwa; munyori wechimwe chezvikoro zveviolin zvehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore re1718 (yakabudiswa muna XNUMX) Dupont anozviti "mudzidzisi wemimhanzi uye kutamba."

Idi rokuti pakutanga (kubvira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1582) raishandiswa mumhanzi wedare mune inonzi “Stable Ensemble” rinopupurira kuzvidza violin. Ensemble ("chorus") yedangara yainzi chapel yezviridzwa zvemhepo, iyo yakashanda kuvhima kwehumambo, nzendo, pikiniki. Muna 24, zviridzwa zveviolin zvakaparadzaniswa kubva ku "Stable Ensemble" uye "Large Ensemble of Violinists" kana kuti zvimwe "XNUMX Violins of the King" yakaumbwa kubva kwavari kuti vatambe pamabhora, mabhora, masquerades uye kushumira chikafu cheumambo.

Ballet yaive yakakosha zvikuru mukuvandudza kweFrench violin art. Hupenyu hwemudare hwakasvibira uye hwakajeka, mhando yemitambo yemitambo iyi yaive pedyo zvakanyanya. Ihwo hunhu kuti gare gare kutamba kwakava kunenge kuri kuita nyika stylistic mimhanzi yeFrench violin. Kunaka, nyasha, kurova kwepurasitiki, nyasha uye elasticity yemadhindo ndiwo hunhu huri mumhanzi weFrench violin. Mumaballet ematare, kunyanya J.-B. Lully, violin yakatanga kuhwina nzvimbo yechiridzwa chega.

Haasi munhu ari wose anoziva kuti munyori mukurusa wechiFrench wezana ramakore rechi 16, J.-B. Lully airidza violin zvakanyanyisa. Nebasa rake, akabatsira pakuzivikanwa kwechiridzwa ichi muFrance. Akawana kusikwa padare re "Small Ensemble" yevanoridza violinists (kunze kwe21, ipapo vaimbi ve1866). Nokubatanidza nziyo dzacho dzose dziri mbiri, akagamuchira orchestra inoorora yaiperekedza mabhareti emhemberero. Asi zvinonyanya kukosha, violin yakapihwa nhamba dzega mumabhora aya; muThe Ballet yeMuses (XNUMX), Orpheus akaenda pachikuva achiridza violin. Pane humbowo hwekuti Lully pachake akatamba basa iri.

Chiyero chehunyanzvi hwevaFrench violinists munguva yaLully chinogona kutongerwa nekuti mu orchestra yake vaimbi vaive nechiridzwa chete mukati mechinzvimbo chekutanga. An anecdote yakachengetedzwa kuti kana chinyorwa chakasangana muzvikamu zveviolin to pane yechishanu, iyo yaigona "kusvikirwa" nekutambanudza munwe wechina pasina kusiya nzvimbo yekutanga, yakatsvaira muokestra: "kuchenjerera - kusvika!"

Kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore re1712 (muna 1715), mumwe wevaimbi veFrance, theoretician uye violinist Brossard, vakatsigira kuti munzvimbo dzakakwirira inzwi reviolin rinomanikidzwa uye risingafadzi; “neshoko. haisisiri violin zvakare. Muna XNUMX, apo maCorelli's trio sonatas akasvika kuFrance, hapana kana mumwe wevaridzi veviolin akakwanisa kuiridza, sezvo vaive vasina zvinzvimbo zvitatu. "Regent, Mutungamiriri weOrleans, anonyanya kuda mimhanzi, achida kuvanzwa, akamanikidzwa kusiya vaimbi vatatu kuti vaiimbe ... uye makore mashoma gare gare pakanga paine vatatu vairidza violin vaigona kuiimba."

Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, violin art yeFrance yakatanga kukura nekukurumidza, uye nezviuru makumi manomwe zvikoro zvevanoridza violin zvakange zvatoumbwa, zvichigadzira mafungu maviri: iyo "French", iyo yakagara nhaka tsika dzenyika kubva kuna Lully, uye " Italian”, yaive pasi pesimba rakasimba reCorelli. Kurwisana kunotyisa kwakamuka pakati pavo, mutsara wehondo yeramangwana yemabhufu, kana kurwisana kwe "glukists" uye "picchinists". VaFrench vagara vachiwedzera muzviitiko zvavo zvemimhanzi; uyezve, munguva ino pfungwa dzevaenisaikoropidhiya dzakatanga kukura, uye kukakavadzana kukuru kwaiitwa pane zvese zvemagariro, zvehunyanzvi, zvekunyora.

F. Mupanduki (1666–1747) naJ. Duval (1663–1728) vaiva vevanyori veviolinists vaLullist, M. Maschiti (1664–1760) naJ.-B. Senaye (1687-1730). Maitiro e "French" akagadzira misimboti yakakosha. Yaizivikanwa nekutamba, kuyevedza, kurova mapfupi. Kusiyana neizvi, vaimbi veviolin, vachipesvedzerwa nehunyanzvi hwekuItaly violin, vakarwira kuimba, yakafara, yakapfuma cantilena.

Kuti misiyano yaiva pakati pemafungu maviri aya yakanga yakasimba sei inogona kuonekwa neidi rokuti muna 1725 munyori wembira akakurumbira wokuFrance Francois Couperin akabudisa bhuku rainzi “The Apotheosis of Lully.” Iyo "inotsanangura" (nhamba yega yega inopihwa zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura) kuti Apollo akapa sei Lully nzvimbo yake paParnassus, kusangana kwaanoita naCorelli ipapo uye Apollo anopwisa vese kuti kukwana kwemimhanzi kunogona kuwanikwa chete nekubatanidza mimhanzi yechiFrench neItaly.

Boka revatambi veviolin vane tarenda rakatora nzira yesangano rakadaro, pakati pavo hama Francoeur Louis (1692-1745) naFrancois (1693-1737) naJean-Marie Leclerc (1697-1764) vakanyanya kusimuka.

Vekupedzisira vavo vanogona nechikonzero chakanaka kunzi muvambi weFrench classical violin chikoro. Mukugadzira nekuita, akagadzira zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvenguva iyoyo, achipa mutero wakadzama kutsika dzenyika dzeFrance, achivapfumisa neiyo nzira dzekutaura dzakakundwa nezvikoro zvekuItaly violin. Corelli – Vivaldi – Tartini. Leclerc's biographer, nyanzvi yeFrance Lionel de la Laurencie, anotora makore 1725-1750 senguva yekutanga kutumbuka kwetsika yeFrench violin, iyo panguva iyoyo yanga yatove nevazhinji vanoridza violin. Pakati pavo, anogovera nzvimbo yepakati kuLeclerc.

Leclerc akaberekerwa muLyon, mumhuri yenyanzvi mhizha (nehunyanzvi galloon). Baba vake vakaroora musikana Benoist-Ferrier musi wa8 Ndira, 1695, uye vakaita vana vasere kubva kwaari - vakomana vashanu nevasikana vatatu. Dangwe pamwana uyu aiva Jean-Marie. Akazvarwa musi waMay 10, 1697.

Maererano nezvinyorwa zvekare, mudiki Jean-Marie akaita dhizaini yake yekutanga pazera re11 semutambi muRouen. Kazhinji, izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo vakawanda vanoridza violin muFrance vaiita kutamba. Nekudaro, asingarambe zviitiko zvake munzvimbo iyi, Laurency anoratidza kusahadzika kana Leclerc akaenda kuRouen. Sezvingabvira, akadzidza zvose zviri zviviri zvounyanzvi muguta raakaberekerwa, uye kunyange ipapo, sezviri pachena, zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvo aitarisira zvikurukuru kuita basa rababa vake. Laurency anoratidza kuti paive nemumwe mutambi kubva kuRouen aive nezita rekuti Jean Leclerc.

MuLyon, musi wa9 Mbudzi 1716, akaroora Marie-Rose Castagna, mwanasikana wemutengesi wedoro. Aive zvino ati pfuurei makore gumi nemapfumbamwe. Nechekare panguva iyoyo, iye, pachena, akanga akabatanidzwa kwete chete mumhizha yegorosi, asiwo akaziva basa remuimbi, kubva muna 1716 akanga ari pamazita evaya vakakokwa kuLyon Opera. Angangodaro akawana dzidzo yake yekutanga yeviolin kubva kuna baba vake, avo vakazivisa kwete iye chete, asi vanakomana vake vose kumimhanzi. Vakoma vaJean-Marie vakaridza muLyon orchestras, uye baba vake vakanyoreswa secellist uye mudzidzisi wekutamba.

Mudzimai waJean-Marie aive nehama muItari, uye pamwe kuburikidza navo Leclerc akakokwa muna 1722 kuTurin semutambi wekutanga weguta ballet. Asi kugara kwake muguta guru rePiedmont kwakagara kwenguva pfupi. Kwapera gore, akatamira kuParis, kwaakabudisa muunganidzwa wekutanga we sonatas yeviolin ine digitized bass, achizvitsaurira kuna Mr. Bonnier, mubati wehomwe wehurumende yepurovhinzi yeLanguedoc. Bonnier akazvitengera zita rekuti Baron de Mosson nemari, aive nehotera yake muParis, nzvimbo mbiri dzekugara munyika - "Pas d'etrois" muMontpellier nenhare yeMosson. Apo iyo yemitambo yakavharwa muTurin, maererano nekufa kwePrincess wePiedmont. Leclerc akagara kwemwedzi miviri nemutsigiri uyu.

Muna 1726 akatamira zvakare kuTurin. Iyo Royal Orchestra muguta yakatungamirwa nemudzidzi ane mukurumbira weCorelli uye wekutanga-kirasi violin mudzidzisi Somis. Leclerc akatanga kutora zvidzidzo kubva kwaari, achifambira mberi zvinoshamisa. Somugumisiro, kare muna 1728 akakwanisa kuita muParis nekubudirira kwakajeka.

Munguva iyi, mwanakomana weachangobva kufa Bonnier anotanga kumutsigira. Anoisa Leclerc muhotera yake paSt. Dominica. Leclerc anotsaurira kwaari chikamu chechipiri che sonatas ye solo violin ine bass uye 6 sonatas ye 2 violins isina bass (Op. 3), yakabudiswa muna 1730. Leclerc anowanzoita muChristian Concerto, achisimbisa mukurumbira wake seanoimba solo.

Muna 1733 akabatana nevaimbi vedare, asi kwete kwenguva refu (kusvikira munenge muna 1737). Chikonzero chekuenda kwake yaive nyaya inonakidza yakaitika pakati pake nemukwikwidzi wake, mutambi weviolin akakurumbira Pierre Guignon. Mumwe nemumwe aive negodo nembiri yemumwe zvekuti haana kubvuma kuridza izwi rechipiri. Pakupedzisira, vakabvumirana kuchinjana nzvimbo mwedzi woga woga. Guignon akapa Leclair kutanga, asi mwedzi pawakanga wapera uye aifanira kuchinja kuviolin yechipiri, akasarudza kusiya basa.

Muna 1737, Leclerc akaenda kuHolland, kwaakasangana nemukuru weviolin wehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mudzidzi weCorelli, Pietro Locatelli. Uyu munyori wepakutanga uye ane simba aive nesimba guru paLeclerc.

Kubva kuHolland, Leclerc akadzokera kuParis, kwaakagara kusvika pakufa kwake.

Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvemabasa uye mitambo yenguva dzose mumakonzati zvakasimbisa kugara zvakanaka kweanoridza violinist. Muna 1758, akatenga imba ine nhurikidzwa mbiri nebindu paRue Carem-Prenant mumasabhubhu eParis. Imba iyi yaive mukona yeParis kwakanyarara. Leclerc aigara mairi ega, asina vashandi nemukadzi wake, aiwanzoshanyira shamwari pakati peguta. Kugara kwaLeclerc munzvimbo iri kure kudaro kwainetsa vanomuyemura. Iye Duke de Grammont akaramba akazvipira kugara naye, uku Leclerc aifarira kugara ega. Musi waOctober 23, 1764, mangwanani-ngwanani, murimi webindu, ainzi Bourgeois, achipfuura pedyo neimba, akaona suo rakavharika. Zvinenge panguva imwe chete, murimi webindu raLeclerc, Jacques Peizan, akaswedera uye vose vakaona heti yemuimbi uye wigi zvakarara pasi. Vakatya vakadaidza vavakidzani ndokupinda mumba. Mutumbi waLeclerc wakarara muvhesi. Akabaiwa nebanga kumusana. Mhondi nevavariro dzemhosva dzakaramba dzisina kugadziriswa.

Marekodhi emapurisa anopa tsananguro yakadzama yezvinhu zvakasiiwa kubva kuLeclerc. Pakati pazvo pane tafura yechinyakare yakachekwa negoridhe, macheya akawanda emubindu, matafura maviri ekupfekedza, chipfuva chedhirowa, chimwe chibhokisi chidiki chemadhirowa, bhokisi refodya rinodiwa, spinet, maviolin maviri, nezvimwewo. library. Leclerc aive murume akadzidza uye aiverenga zvakanaka. Raibhurari yake yaive nemavhoriyamu mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu uye yaive naOvid's Metamorphoses, Milton's Paradise Lost, inoshanda naTelemachus, Molière, Virgil.

Iyo chete yasara mufananidzo weLeclerc ndeye muvezi Alexis Loire. Inochengetwa muimba yekudhinda yeNational Library yeParis. Leclerc anoratidzwa akatarisana nehafu, akabata peji yebepa remimhanzi rakanyorwa muruoko rwake. Ane chiso chakazara, muromo wakakora uye maziso ane upenyu. Vemazuva ano vanoti aive nehunhu hwakareruka, asi aive munhu anodada uye anoratidza. Achinokora mashoko imwe yezvinyorwa zverufu, Lorancey anotaura mashoko anotevera: “Aizivikanwa nokupfava kwokudada uye chimiro chakajeka chenyanzvi. Akanga ari serious uye aifunga uye aisada nyika huru. Melancholic uye akasurukirwa, airamba mudzimai wake uye akasarudza kugara kure naye nevana vake.

Mukurumbira wake waive wakasarudzika. Pamusoro pemabasa ake, nhetembo dzakanyorwa, kuongorora kwechido kwakanyorwa. Leclerc aionekwa satenzi anozivikanwa weiyo sonata genre, mugadziri weFrench violin concerto.

Sonatas ake nemakonsati anonyanya kunakidza maererano nechimiro, kugadzirisa kwechokwadi kwemazwi emumhanzi weFrench, Germany uye Italian violin. MuLeclerc, mamwe mativi emakonsati anonzwika chaizvo "Bachian", kunyangwe pazere ari kure nechimiro chepolyphonic; kutendeuka kwakawanda kweizwi kunowanikwa, kwakakweretwa kubva kuCorelli, Vivaldi, uye mune inonzwisa tsitsi "arias" uye mune inopenya rondos yekupedzisira ndiye muFrench chaiye; Ndosaka vanhu vepanguva yake vakakoshesa basa rake chaizvo nekuda kwehunhu hwaro hwenyika. Kubva kumitambo yenyika kunouya "mufananidzo", kuratidzwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvesonatas, mavanoita seCouperin's harpsichord miniature. Kubatanidza izvi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya zvemamelos, anoasanganisa nenzira yekuti anowana yakasarudzika monolithic maitiro.

Leclerc akanyora chete violin inoshanda (kunze kweiyo opera Scylla naGlaucus, 1746) - sonatas yeviolin ine bass (48), trio sonatas, concertos (12), sonatas yemaviolin maviri asina mabass, nezvimwe.

Semunhu anoridza violinist, Leclerc aive shasha yehunyanzvi hwekutamba panguva iyoyo uye ainyanya kuzivikanwa nekuita kwemachords, manotsi maviri, uye kuchena kwakakwana kweizwi. Imwe yeshamwari dzaLeclerc uye nyanzvi yemumhanzi, Rosois, anomuti "nyanzvi yakadzama inosandura makanika emutambo kuita hunyanzvi." Kazhinji, izwi rekuti "saenzi" rinoshandiswa zvine chekuita neLeclerc, inopupurira hungwaru hunozivikanwa hwekuita kwake uye hunyanzvi uye inoita kuti munhu afunge kuti zvakawanda muunyanzvi hwake zvakamuswededza pedyo nemaencyclopedist uye akatsanangura nzira yekuenda kukirasi. “Mutambo wake wakanga wakachenjera, asi pakanga pasina kuzengurira muuchenjeri uhwu; waive mugumisiro wekuravira kwakasarudzika, uye kwete kubva mukushaiwa ushingi kana rusununguko.

Heino ongororo yemumwe akararama panguva iyoyo: “Leclerc ndiye akatanga kubatanidza zvinofadza nezvinobatsira mumabasa ake; ndiye munyori akadzidza zvikuru uye anotamba manotsi maviri ane kukwana kwakaoma kukunda. Ane hukama hunofadza hweuta neminwe (ruoko rworuboshwe. - LR) uye anotamba nekuchena kwakasiyana-siyana: uye kana, zvichida, dzimwe nguva achishorwa nokuda kwekumwe kutonhora munzira yake yekufambisa, zvino izvi zvinobva mukushayikwa. wounhu, uyo anowanzova tenzi akakwana wevanenge vanhu vose.” Achitaura ongororo iyi, Lorancey anosimbisa hunhu hunotevera hwekuridza kwaLeclerc: “Ushingi hwemaune, hunhu husingaenzaniswi, hwakasanganiswa neruramiso yakakwana; pamwe kumwe kuoma nekumwe kujeka uye kujeka. Mukuwedzera - hukuru, kusimba uye kudziviswa unyoro.

Leclerc aive mudzidzisi akanaka. Pakati pevadzidzi vake pane vakakurumbira violinists veFrance - L'Abbe-son, Dovergne naBurton.

Leclerc, pamwe naGavinier naViotti, vakaita mbiri yeFrench violin art yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

L. Raaben