Composition |

kubva lat. compositio - kuunganidza, kuumba

1) Chidimbu chemimhanzi, mhedzisiro yechiito chekugadzira chemunyori. Pfungwa yekuumbwa seyakakwana yehunyanzvi yakazara haina kukura nekukurumidza. Kuumbwa kwayo kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekuderera kwebasa rekuvandudza. akatanga mumhanzi. art uye nekuvandudzwa kwemumhanzi notation, iyo pane imwe nhanho yebudiriro yakaita kuti zvikwanise kurekodha mimhanzi nenzira kwayo muzvinhu zvakakosha. Naizvozvo, revo yazvino uno yeshoko rokuti “K.” yakawanikwa chete kubva muzana remakore rechi13, apo nziyo dzemimhanzi dzakagadzira nzira dzekugadzirisa kwete kureba chete, asiwo nguva yekurira. Mumhanzi pakutanga. mabasa akanyorwa pasina kuratidza zita remunyori wavo - munyori, uyo akatanga kuiswa chete kubva muzana remakore rechi14. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekukosha kuri kuwedzera kwezvimiro zveunyanzvi muK. pfungwa dzemunyori wayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, mune chero K., izvo zvakajairika zvemamuse zvinoratidzwa zvakare. art yenguva yakapihwa, maficha enguva ino pachayo. Nhoroondo yemimhanzi iri munzira dzakawanda nhoroondo yeMuses. nziyo - mabasa akatanhamara evatambi vakuru.

2) Chimiro chebasa remimhanzi, chimiro chayo chemimhanzi (ona Mumhanzi fomu).

3) Kugadzira mimhanzi, rudzi rweunyanzvi. kusika. Zvinoda kusika. chipo, pamwe neimwe dhigirii yekudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi - ruzivo rweiyo huru. maitiro ekuvakwa kwemimhanzi. mabasa akavepo munguva yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. Nekudaro, iyo mimhanzi basa haifanirwe kunge iri seti yezvakajairwa, zvinozivikanwa zvemimhanzi mataurirwo, asi art. rose, rinoenderana aesthetic. zvinodiwa nenzanga. Kuti uite izvi, inofanira kunge iine unyanzvi hutsva. zvemukati, nekuda kwemagariro uye mafungiro. zvinhu uye kuratidza muchimiro chekufananidzira chakasiyana zvakakosha, zvinowanzoitika zvechokwadi chemazuva ano kumunyori. Izvo zvitsva zvirimo zvakare zvinotarisa hutsva hwenzira dzinoratidza, izvo, zvisinei, mumhanzi chaiwo hazvireve kuputsa tsika, asi kukura kwayo maererano nehunyanzvi hutsva. mabasa (ona Realism in music, Socialist realism mumhanzi). Vamiriri chete vemarudzi ese eavant-garde, mafambiro emazuva ano mumimhanzi anotyora tsika dzakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore, vachiramba kubva mumhando uye tonality, kubva kune yaimbove ine musoro mhando yechimiro, uye panguva imwe chete kubva mumagariro akakosha zvemukati izvo. ine humwe hunyanzvi uye hwekuziva kukosha (ona Avant-gardism , Alearic, Atonal music, Dodecaphony, Concrete music, Pointilism, Expressionism, Electronic music). Creative pachake. process muna dec. vagadziri vanoenda nenzira dzakasiyana. Kune vamwe vanyori, mimhanzi, sekuvandudza, inodururwa nyore nyore, ivo vanobva vainyora muchimiro chakapedzwa chisingade kukwenenzvera kunotevera, kushongedza uye kukwenenzvera (WA Mozart, F. Schubert). Vamwe vanowana mhinduro yakanakisisa chete semugumisiro wenguva yakareba uye yakasimba yekuvandudza mufananidzo wekutanga (L. Beethoven). Vamwe vanhu vanoshandisa chiridzwa pakugadzira mimhanzi, kazhinji fp. (semuenzaniso, J. Haydn, F. Chopin), vamwe vanotendeukira kukutarisa kuti ff. chete mushure mokunge basa rapera zvachose (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, SS Prokofiev). Muzviitiko zvese, mucherechedzo wekukosha kwebasa rakagadzirwa nevanyori vechokwadi ndiro dhigirii rekunyorerana kwaro nehunyanzvi. chinangwa. Vanyori veAvant-garde vane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira iyo nzira inotora chimiro chemusanganiswa unonzwisisika wemanzwi zvinoenderana neimwe kana imwe yakatemerwa mitemo (semuenzaniso, mu dodecaphony), uye kazhinji chinhu chemukana chakakosha kukosha (mu aleatorics, nezvimwe. )

4) Chidzidzo chinodzidziswa mumaconservatories, nezvimwe. ice dzidzo masangano. MuRussia inowanzonzi rondedzero. K. chokwadi, sekutonga, inoitwa nemunyori; makirasi anosanganisira zvakanyanya mukuti mudzidzisi anojairana nebasa remudzidzi-munyori kana chidimbu chebhuku iri, anomupa ongororo yakajairika uye anoita tsinhiro pamusoro pezvinhu zvaro zvega. Mudzidzisi anowanzopa mudzidzi rusununguko rwekusarudza rudzi rwekuumbwa kwake; panguva imwecheteyo, chirongwa chikuru chekosi chinopa kufambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune nyore kusvika kune yakaoma, kusvika kumhando dzepamusoro dze wok.-instr. uye instr. mimhanzi - opera uye symphonies. Pane nzira. nhamba yeakaunti mvumo yeK. Kusvikira 19 c. kukosha kweiyo nhungamiro yeK. kazhinji aiwana mabhuku ezvinyorwa pa counterpoint (polyphony), general bass, kuwirirana, kunyange pamibvunzo yemimhanzi. kuurayiwa. Pakati pavo, semuenzaniso, "Treatise on harmony" ("Traité de l'harmonie", 1722) J. P. Rameau, "Chiitiko chekuraira mukuridza nyere inochinjika" ("Versuch einer Anweisung die Plute traversiere zu spielen", 1752) I. Uye. Quantz, "Chiitiko chenzira chaiyo yekutamba clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen", 1753-62) K. F. E. Bach, "Chiitiko chechikoro chakasimba cheviolin" ("Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule", 1756) naL. Mozart. Dzimwe nguva, mabasa emumhanzi aionekwawo semadhairekitori ekugadzira mimhanzi - senge, semuenzaniso, The Well-Tempered Clavier uye The Art of Fugue naI. C. Bach (rudzi urwu rwe "kudzidzisa" nziyo dzakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi20, somuenzaniso. "Play of Tonalities" - "Ludus tonalis" naHindemith, "Microcosmos" naBartok). Kubva muzana ramakore rechi 19, apo nzwisiso yemazuva ano yeshoko rokuti “K.”, gwara kuna K. kazhinji kusanganisa makosi ekutanga. mimhanzi theorist inoranga, iyo ruzivo rwakakosha kune munyori. Zvidzidzo izvi zvinodzidziswa mazuva ano. conservatories sevakaparadzana uch. zvidzidzo - kuwirirana, polyphony, dzidziso yechimiro, chiridzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, mune zvinyorwa zveK. zvinhu zvedzidziso yerwiyo zvinowanzotsanangurwa, mibvunzo yemhando uye masitayera inorapwa, kureva. e. nzvimbo dzemimhanzi. dzidziso kusvika nhasi uno. nguva isina kudzidziswa sekuzvimiririra. tatu. kuranga. Ndivo vakadaro. chinyorwa chinyorwa J. G. Momigny (1803-06), A. Reichi (1818-33), G. Weber (1817-21), A. B. Marx (1837-47), Z. Zechter (1853-54), E. Prouta (1876-95), S. Yadasson (1883-89), V. d'Andy (1902-09). Nzvimbo yakatanhamara pakati pemabasa akadaro inogarwa ne“Big Textbook of Composition” naX. Riman (1902-13). Kune zvakare uch. mabhuku ekunyora mimhanzi yemamwe marudzi (semuenzaniso, inzwi, dariro), mamwe marudzi (somuenzaniso, nziyo). MuRussia, mabhuku ekutanga akanyorwa naK. dzakanyorwa naI. L. Fuchs (pairi. lang., 1830) uye ini. TO. Gunke (muRussia 1859-63). Basa rakakosha uye makomendi pamusoro peK. uye dzidziso yayo ndeyaN. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. Uye. Tchaikovsky, S. Uye. Taneevu. Mabhuku ekuverenga K., ane mazizi. vanyori, chinangwa chekutanga. kune vanotanga vasati vapasa basic. theorist. zvinhu. Aya ndiwo mabasa aM. P. Gnesina (1941) uye E.

References: 3) uye 4) (vanoronga zvikurukuru mabasa ane chokuita nenguva apo nzwisiso yazvino uno yeshoko rokuti “K.” yakanga yatotangwa, uye kududzira nhau yaK. yose zvayo. Pamabhuku ezana ramakore rechi 20 pakunyora “nziyo itsva. ”, imwe rye chete, yevamiriri vayo vane mukurumbira) Gunka O., Nhungamiro yekunyora mimhanzi, dep. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1859-63; Tchaikovsky PI, Nezveunyanzvi hwemunyori. Zvidimbu zvakasarudzwa kubva mutsamba uye zvinyorwa. Comp. IF Kunin, M., 1952, pasi pech. Tchaikovsky PI, Pamusoro pekugadzira uye hunyanzvi hwemunyori, M., 1964; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Pamusoro pedzidzo yemimhanzi. Chisungo I. Dzidzo yekumanikidzwa uye yekuzvidira muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Chinyorwa II Dzidziso uye maitiro uye obligatory dzidziso yemimhanzi muRussia Conservatory, mubhuku: AN Rimsky-Korsakov, Musical zvinyorwa uye manotsi, St. II, M., 1911; Taneev SI, Pfungwa pabasa rake rekugadzira, mu: Mukurangarira Sergei Ivanovich Taneev, Sat. zvinyorwa uye zvinhu ed. Vl. Protopopova, M., 1963; ake, Zvishandiso uye zvinyorwa, vol. I, M., 1947; Gnesin MP, Kosi yekutanga yekuumbwa kwemaitiro, M.-L., 1952, M., 1941; Bogatyrev S., Pakugadziriswazve kwedzidzo yevanyori, "SM", 1962, No 1949; Skrebkov S., Pamusoro pekugadzira nzira. Zvinyorwa zveMudzidzisi, “SM”, 6, No 1952; Shebalin V., Sensitively uye kunyatsodzidzisa vechidiki, "SM", 10, No 1957; Evlakhov O., Matambudziko edzidzo yemunyori, M., 1, L., 1958; Korabelnikova L., Taneyev pamusoro pekurerwa kwevanyori, "SM", 1963, No 1960; Tikhomirov G., Zvimiro zveunyanzvi hwevanyori, M., 9; Chulaki M., Vanyori vanonyora sei mimhanzi? "SM", 1964, Nha 1965; Messner E., Zvinokosha zvekuumbwa, M., 9.