Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa |

Carlo Gesualdo anobva kuVenosa

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, fungidziro nyowani yakabata madrigal yeItaly nekuda kwekuunzwa kwechromatism. Sekuita kunopesana neakare ekwaya art yakavakirwa padhiatonic, kuvirisa kukuru kunotanga, kubva iyo opera uye oratorio inozosimuka. Cipriano da Pope, Gesualdo di Venosa, Orazio Vecchi, Claudio Monteverdi vanobatsira mukushanduka-shanduka kwakasimba nebasa ravo rekuvandudza. K. Nef

Basa raC. Gesualdo rinomira pachena nekuda kwekusajairika kwaro, nderenguva yakaoma, yakaoma yenhoroondo - shanduko kubva kuRenaissance kuenda kuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, izvo zvakapesvedzera magumo evazhinji vane mukurumbira. Achizivikanwa nevaairarama navo se "musoro wemimhanzi nevadetembi vemimhanzi," Gesualdo aive mumwe wevakashinga zvikuru mukugadzira madrigal, inotungamira mhando yemimhanzi yenyika yeRenaissance art. Hazvisi zvetsaona kuti Carl Nef anodana Gesualdo "ane rudo uye anoratidza wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX."

Mhuri yekare yevakuru veimba yaive yemunyori yaive imwe yedzakatanhamara uye ine simba muItaly. Zvisungo zvemhuri zvakabatanidza mhuri yake nechechi yepamusoro-soro - amai vake vaiva muzukuru waPapa, uye munun'una wababa vake aiva kadhinari. Zuva chairo rekuzvarwa kwemunyori harizivikanwi. Talent yemumhanzi yemukomana uyu yakazviratidza kare kare - akadzidza kuridza lute nezvimwe zviridzwa, akaimba nekunyora mimhanzi. Mamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredzwa akabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzira kugona kwechisikigo: baba vakachengeta chapel munhare yavo pedyo neNaples, umo vaimbi vakawanda vane mukurumbira vaishanda (kusanganisira madrigalists Giovanni Primavera naPomponio Nenna, uyo anoonekwa semudzidzisi waGesualdo mundima yekunyora) . Kufarira kwejaya mutsika yemimhanzi yevaGiriki vekare, avo vaiziva, kuwedzera kune diatonicism, chromatism uye anharmonism (iyo 3 mikuru modal maitiro kana "mhando" yemimhanzi yekare yeGreek), yakamutungamirira kukuedza kwakasimba mumunda we melodic. -harmonic zvinoreva. Atova madrigals ekutanga eGesualdo anosiyaniswa nekutaura kwavo, manzwiro uye kupinza kwemutauro wemimhanzi. Kunyatsozivana nevadetembi vakuru veItaly uye nyanzvi dzezvidzidzo zvezvinyorwa T. Tasso, G. Guarini dzakazarura maonero matsva ebasa remunyori. Akabatikana nedambudziko rehukama pakati penhetembo nemimhanzi; mumadrigals ake, anotsvaka kuwana kubatana kwakakwana kwemisimboti miviri iyi.

Hupenyu hwaGesualdo hunokura zvakanyanya. Muna 1586 akaroora muzukuru wake, Dona Maria d'Avalos. Mubatanidzwa uyu, wakaimbwa naTasso, wakave usina mufaro. Muna 1590, aziva nezvekusavimbika kwemudzimai wake, Gesualdo akamuuraya nemudiwa wake. Njodzi iyi yakasiya chiratidzo chisingafadzi paupenyu nebasa remuimbi ane shasha. Subjectivism, kuwedzera kukwidziridzwa kwekunzwa, mutambo uye kukakavara kusiyanisa madrigals ake e1594-1611.

Kuunganidzwa kwemazwi ake mashanu-manzwi matanhatu uye matanhatu-mazwi madrigals, akadzokororwa akadhindwazve munguva yehupenyu hwemunyori, akatora shanduko yemaitiro aGesualdo - anoratidza, akakwenenzverwa zvine hungwaru, akacherechedzwa nekutarisisa kune zvinotsanangurwa zvinotsanangurwa (kusimbisa kwemazwi ega echinyorwa chedetembo chine rubatsiro rwetessitura yakakwira zvisina kujairika yechikamu chezwi, inopinza-inonzwika inopindirana yakatwasuka, inonzwisa tsitsi ine mutinhimira unorira mitsara). Munhetembo, munyori anosarudza zvinyorwa zvinonyatsoenderana nehurongwa hwekufananidzira hwemimhanzi yake, iyo yakaratidzwa nemanzwiro ekusuwa kukuru, kuora mwoyo, kushungurudzika, kana mafungiro ezvinyorwa zvelanguid, hupfu hunotapira. Dzimwe nguva mutsara mumwe chete wakava sosi yekurudziro yenhetembo yekugadzira madrigal nyowani, mabasa mazhinji akanyorwa nemunyori pamagwaro ake.

Muna 1594, Gesualdo akatamira kuFerrara ndokuroora Leonora d'Este, mumiriri weimwe yemhuri inokudzwa zvikuru muItaly. Sezvakangoita muhuduku hwake, muNaples, boka remuchinda weVenous vaive vadetembi, vaimbi nevaimbi, muimba itsva yeGesualdo, vanoda mimhanzi uye vaimbi vane hunyanzvi vanoungana muFerrara, uye anokudzwa philanthropist anovasanganisa kuita academy "kuvandudza. kuravira kwemimhanzi." Mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, munyori akatendeukira kumhando dzemimhanzi tsvene. Muna 1603 na1611 muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvake zvomudzimu zvinobudiswa.

Inyanzvi yeakanakisa tenzi wekupedzisira Renaissance ndeyekutanga uye inopenya munhu. Nesimba rayo remanzwiro, kuwedzera kutaura, inomira pakati peiyo yakagadzirwa nevenguva yaGesualdo nevakatangira. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa remunyori rinonyatsoratidza hunhu hweItari yese uye, zvakanyanya, tsika dzeEurope pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Dambudziko rehunhu hwehunhu hwePamusoro Renaissance, kuodzwa mwoyo muzvinangwa zvaro zvakakonzera kuzviisa pasi kwehunyanzvi hwevatambi. Chimiro chinobuda muunyanzvi hwenguva yekuchinja chainzi "mannerism". Aesthetic postulates yake yakanga isiri kutevera zvisikwa, maonero ane chinangwa echokwadi, asi "pfungwa yemukati" yemufananidzo wemifananidzo, yakaberekerwa mumweya wemuimbi. Tichifunga nezve ephemeral hunhu hwepasi uye kusava nechokwadi kwezvinotangwa nevanhu, pakutsamira kwemunhu pane zvisinganzwisisike zvisinganzwisisike masimba asina musoro, maartist akagadzira mabasa akazadzwa nenhamo uye kukwidziridzwa nekuwedzeredza dissonance, kusawirirana kwemifananidzo. Kusvika pamwero mukuru, aya maficha anewo maitiro ehunyanzvi hweGesualdo.

N. Yavorskaya