Cadence |

Cadence (Cadenza yeItaly, kubva muchiLatin cado - ndinodonha, ndinopera), cadence (French cadence).

1) Yekupedzisira harmonic. (pamwe nemimhanzi) shanduko, iyo yekupedzisira mimhanzi. kuvaka nekuipa kukwana, kuzara. Mune iyo huru-diki tonal system ye17th-19th mazana emakore. muK. anowanzobatanidzwa metrorhythmic. tsigiro (semuenzaniso, metrical accent mu8th kana 4th bar yenguva iri nyore) uye kumira pane imwe yeanonyanya kushanda akakosha kuwirirana (paI, V, zvishoma kazhinji pane IV nhanho, dzimwe nguva pane mamwe makoti). Yakazara, kureva, kuguma pane tonic (T), chord kuumbwa kwakakamurwa kuva yechokwadi (VI) uye plagal (IV-I). K. yakakwana kana T ichionekwa mune melodic. nzvimbo yeprima, muchiyero chinorema, mushure mekutonga (D) kana subdominant (S) muhukuru. chimiro, kwete mukutenderera. Kana imwe yemamiriro aya isipo, iyo to. anonzi haana kukwana. K., inopera muna D (kana S), inonzi. hafu (semuenzaniso, IV, II-V, VI-V, I-IV); rudzi rwehafu-yechokwadi. K. inogona kunzi inonzi. Phrygian cadence (yekupedzisira turnover type IV6-V mune harmonic minor). A special type ndiyo inonzi. kuvhiringidzwa (nhema) K. - kukanganisa kwechokwadi. To. nekuda kwekutsiva tonic. matatu mune mamwe makodhi (V-VI, V-IV6, V-IV, V-16, nezvimwewo).

Full cadenzas

Half cadenzas. Phrygian cadence

Kuvhiringidzwa cadences

Nenzvimbo mumimhanzi. chimiro (somuenzaniso, munguva) siyanisa yepakati K. (mukati mekuvaka, kazhinji kacho IV kana IV-V), yekupedzisira (pakupera kwechikamu chikuru chekuvaka, kazhinji VI) uye kuwedzera (yakabatanidzwa mushure yekupedzisira K., t kureva whorls VI kana IV-I).

harmonic mafomula-K. kare inotangira monophonic melodic. mhedziso (kureva, muchidimbu, K.) mune modal system yekupera kweMiddle Ages uye Renaissance (ona Medieval modes), iyo inonzi. zvirevo (kubva ku lat. claudere - kugumisa). Chirevo chinobata ruzha: antipenultim (antepaenultima; inotangira penultimate), penultim (paenultima; pekupedzisira) uye ultima (kupedzisira; yekupedzisira); izvo zvinonyanya kukosha ndezve penultim uye yekupedzisira. Chirevo pamusoro pekupedzisira (finalis) chainzi chakakwana K. (clausula perfecta), pane chero imwe inzwi - isina kukwana (clausula imperfecta). Mazwi aiwanzo sangana akanzi “treble” kana soprano (VII-I), “alto” (VV), “tenor” (II-I), zvisinei, asina kupihwa manzwi anoenderana, uye kubva ser. 15 c. "bass" (VI). Kutsauka kubva kunhanho-munhanho VII-I, yakajairwa kune ekare frets, yakapa izvo zvinonzi. “Landino’s clause” (kana kuti gare gare “cadenza yaLandino”; VII-VI-I). Iko kusanganiswa kwakafanana kweizvi (uye zvakafanana) melodic. K. akanyora cadence chord progressions:

Zvikamu

Ita "Waunokodzera muna Kristu." 13 c.

G. de Macho. Motet. 14 c.

G. Monk. Chikamu chetatu-chikamu chekushandisa. 15th c.

J. Okegem. Missa sine nomina, Kyrie. 15 c.

Kusimuka nenzira yakafanana harmonic. turnover VI yave yakawanda uye yakarongeka inoshandiswa mumhedziso. K. (kubva kuhafu ye2 yezana remakore rechi15 uye kunyanya muzana remakore rechi16, pamwe chete neplagal, "chechi", K. IV-I). MaItaly theorists ezana ramakore rechi 16. akasuma shoko rokuti “K.”

Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17. cadence turnover VI (pamwe chete neiyo "inversion" IV-I) inopindira kwete chete kupera kwemutambo kana chikamu chayo, asi magadzirirwo awo ese. Izvi zvakakonzera chimiro chitsva chemaitiro uye kuwirirana (iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi cadence kuwirirana - Kadenzharmonik).

Deep theoretical substantiation yehurongwa hwekuwirirana kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwepakati yayo - yechokwadi. K. - ndeyaJF Rameau. Akatsanangura mimhanzi-logic. kuwirirana chord hukama K., kutsamira pane zvakasikwa. izvo zvinodikanwa zvakaiswa muhunhu chaihwo hwemamusi. inzwi: inzwi guru rinowanikwa mukuumbwa kwezwi re tonic uye, saka, sezviri, rinogadzirwa naro; Shanduko yeinotonga kune tonic ndiko kudzoka kweiyo yakatorwa (yakagadzirwa) chinhu kune yayo yekutanga. Rameau akapa kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzeK dzichiripo nanhasi: dzakakwana (parfaite, VI), plagal (maererano naRameau, "zvisizvo" - zvisina kujairika, IV-I), yakavhiringidzwa (kureva kuti "yakaputsika" - rompue, V-VI, V. -IV). Kuwedzerwa kwechikamu chechishanu chechokwadi K. ("katatu chikamu" - 3: 1) kune mamwe mitsara, kuwedzera kune VI-IV (somuenzaniso, munhevedzano yemhando I-IV-VII-III-VI- II-VI), Rameau anonzi “kutevedzera K . (kubereka kweiyo cadence formula mumaviri echords: I-IV, VII-III, VI-II).

M. Hauptman uyezve X. Riemann vakaburitsa dialectic yereshiyo huru. classical chords. K. Maererano naHauptmann, kupesana kwemukati kwekutanga tonic kunosanganisira "bifurcation" yayo, pakuti iri muhukama hwakapesana kune subdominant (ine toni huru ye tonic sechishanu) uye kune iyo inotonga (ine yechishanu. ye tonic seyo huru toni). Sekureva kwaRiemann, kuchinjika kweT uye D kuri nyore kusiri-dialectical. toni kuratidza. Mukuchinja kubva kuT kuenda kuS (iyo yakafanana nekugadzirisa kweD muT), panoitika, sokunge zvakadaro, kushanduka kwechinguva pakati pesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Kuonekwa kwaD nekugadziriswa kwayo muT kunodzoreredza hukuru hweT zvakare uye nekuisimbisa padanho repamusoro.

BV Asafiev akatsanangura K. kubva pamaonero edzidziso yeizwi. Anodudzira K. sehuwandu hwezvinhu zvechimiro chechimiro, sechinhu chakaoma chemaitiro ega ega intonational meloharmonics. mafomula, achipokana nemakanika eyakagadzikwa "yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa kubudirira" inotarwa nedzidziso yechikoro uye theoretical. abstractions.

Kushanduka kwekuwirirana mu con. 19th uye 20th mazana emakore akatungamirira kukuvandudzwa kukuru kweK. formula. Nyangwe K. achiramba achizadzisa iwowo general compositional logic. ichavhara basa. Kuchinja, nzira dzekare dzekuona basa iri dzimwe nguva dzinozopedzisira dzatsiviwa nevamwe, zvichienderana neruzha rwechinhu chakapihwa (nekuda kweizvozvo, kuve kwechokwadi kwekushandisa izwi rekuti "K." mune zvimwe zviitiko hazvina chokwadi) . Mhedzisiro yemhedziso muzviitiko zvakadaro inotarirwa nekutsamira kwenzira dzekupedzisa pane yese ruzha chimiro chebasa:

MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov", chiito IV.

SS Prokofiev. "Kumhanya", Nha 2.

2) Kubva muzana remakore rechi16. Mhedziso yakanaka yezwi remunhu wega (opera aria) kana mimhanzi yezviridzwa, inovandudzwa nemutambi kana kunyorwa nemunyori. mitambo. Muzana ramakore rechi 18 chimiro chakakosha che K. chakagadzirwa mu instr. konzati. Pamberi pekutanga 19th century yaiwanzo kuwanikwa mucoda, pakati peiyo cadence kota-yechitanhatu chord uye D-chinomwe chord, ichiita sekushongedza kwekutanga kweiyi kuwirirana. K. is, sekunge, diki solo virtuoso fantasy pamadingindira ekonzati. Munguva yeViennese classics, kuumbwa kwaK. kana kuvandudzwa kwayo panguva yekuitwa kwakapihwa kumuiti. Nokudaro, muzvinyorwa zvakanyatsogadziriswa zvebasa racho, chikamu chimwe chakapiwa, icho chakanga chisina kusimbiswa nemunyori uye chinogona kuumbwa (chakagadziridzwa) nemumwe muimbi. Zvadaro, vanyori pachavo vakatanga kugadzira makristasi (kutanga naL. Beethoven). Kutenda kune izvi, K. inobatanidza zvakanyanya nemhando yezvinyorwa zvakazara. Dzimwe nguva K. anoitawo mamwe mabasa akakosha, achiumba chikamu chakakosha chepfungwa yekuumbwa (somuenzaniso, muRachmaninov's 3rd concerto). Dzimwe nguva, K. inowanikwawo mune mamwe marudzi.

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2) Schering A., The Free Cadence mu18th Century Instrumental Concerto, «Congress of the International Music Society», Basilea, 1906; Knцdt H., Pamusoro penhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweiyo cadences mune instrumental concerto, «SIMG», XV, 1914, p. 375; Stockhausen R., The cadenzas ku piyano concerto dzeViennese classics, W., 1936; Misch L., Beethoven Zvidzidzo, В., 1950.

Yu. H. Kholopov