Wilhelm Backhaus |

Wilhelm Backhaus

Basa reunyanzvi reimwe yezvinopenya zvepiyano yenyika rakatanga pakutanga kwezana remakore. Pazera re16, akaita dhizaini yakanakisa muLondon uye muna 1900 akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga kuEurope; muna 1905 akava muhwindi weIV International Competition yakatumidzwa zita raAnton Rubinstein muParis; muna 1910 akanyora zvinyorwa zvake zvokutanga; Pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, akanga atova nemukurumbira mukuru muU.SA, South America, uye Australia. Zita uye mufananidzo weBackhaus zvinogona kuonekwa muBhuku reGoridhe reMimhanzi rakabudiswa muGermany pakutanga kwezana remakore redu. Izvi hazvireve here, kuti muverengi angabvunza, kuti zvinobvira kuronga Backhouse semuimbi wepiyano we“mazuva ano” chete pazvikonzero zvakarongeka, tichifunga nezvehurefu husina kumboitika hwebasa rake, hwakatora makore anenge makumi manomwe? Aiwa, hunyanzvi hweBackhaus ndehwenguva yedu, zvakare nekuti mumakore ake ekuderera muenzi haana "kupedzisa zvake", asi aive pamusoro pezvaakagadzira. Asi chinhu chikuru hachisi kunyange mune izvi, asi muchokwadi chekuti maitiro ekutamba kwake uye maitiro evateereri kwaari kwemakumi emakore aya airatidza maitiro mazhinji ane hunhu hwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwepiyano yemazuva ano, vakaita senge. zambuko rinobatanidza pianism yekare nemazuva edu.

Backhouse haana kumbodzidza pane Conservatory, haana kugamuchira yakarongeka dzidzo. Muna 1892, conductor Arthur Nikisch akaita chinyorwa ichi mualbum yemukomana wemakore masere: "Uyo anoridza Bach yakakura kwazvo achaita chimwe chinhu muhupenyu." Panguva ino, Backhaus akanga achangotanga kutora zvidzidzo kubva kumudzidzisi weLeipzig A. Reckendorf, waakadzidza naye kusvikira muna 1899. Asi akafunga nezvebaba vake chaivo vemweya E. d'Albert, avo vakamunzwa kekutanga se13-- mukomana ane gore uye kwenguva yakareba akamubatsira nemazano ane ushamwari.

Backhouse akapinda muhupenyu hwake hweunyanzvi semuimbi akanyatsosimbiswa. Akakurumidza kuunganidza repertoire hombe uye aizivikanwa se phenomenal virtuoso inokwanisa kukunda chero matambudziko ehunyanzvi. Kwakanga kuri nomukurumbira wakadaro kuti akasvika muRussia pakupera kwa1910 uye akaita chimiro chakanaka. “Muridzi wepiyano muduku,” akanyora kudaro Yu. Engel, “kutanga pane zvose, ane “kunaka” kwepiyano kunoshamisa: mutinhimira wakanaka (mukati mechiridzwa) chine muto; pazvinenge zvichidiwa - ine simba, yakazara-inzwi, isina kuputika uye kuridza mhere; yakanakisa bhurashi, kuchinjika kwekukanganisa, kazhinji inoshamisa maitiro. Asi chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndechekureruka kweiyi nzira isingawanzo. Backhouse inokwira kumusoro kwayo kwete mudikita rechiso chake, asi zviri nyore, saEfimov ari mundege, kuitira kuti kusimuka kwekufara kwekuvimba kunopfuudzwa kune vateereri… muimbi wechidiki dzimwe nguva zvinongoshamisa. Akabata ziso kubva pachikamu chekutanga chechirongwa - Bach akaridza zvine mutsindo Chromatic Fantasy uye Fugue. Zvese zviri kuBackhouse hazvisi kupenya chete, asiwo munzvimbo yayo, mukurongeka kwakakwana. Maiwe! - dzimwe nguva kunyange zvakanyanyisa! Saka ndinoda kudzokorora mashoko aBülow kune mumwe wevadzidzi: “Ai, ai, ai! Saka mudiki - uye atova kurongeka kwakanyanya! Kudzikama uku kwainyanya kuoneka, dzimwe nguva ndaizogadzirira kutaura - kuoma, muChopin ... Mumwe mutambi wepiyano wekare anoshamisa, paakabvunzwa nezvezvinotora kuti uve virtuoso chaiye, akapindura chinyararire, asi nenzira yekufananidzira: akanongedza kumaoko ake, musoro, mwoyo. Uye zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti Backhouse haina kuwirirana kwakakwana mune iyi katatu; maoko anoshamisa, musoro wakanaka uye ane hutano, asi moyo usina hanya usingaenderani nawo. Maonero aya akagovaniswa zvizere nevamwe vaongorori. Mupepanhau "Golos" munhu aigona kuverenga kuti "kutamba kwake hakuna kunaka, simba remanzwiro: inenge yakaoma pane dzimwe nguva, uye kazhinji kuoma uku, kusava nemanzwiro kunouya pamberi, kuvharidzira rutivi rwakanaka." “Mutambo wake mune hunyanzvi hwakakwana, mune zvemimhanzi zvakare, asi kutapurirana hakudziyerwe nemoto wemukati. Kupenya kunotonhora, zvakanyanya, kunogona kushamisa, asi kwete kukwezva. Pfungwa yake yeunyanzvi haipindi nguva dzose kusvika pakadzika kwemunyori,” tinoverenga muongororo yaG. Timofeev.

Saka, Backhouse akapinda munhandare yepiyano semunhu akachenjera, akachenjera, asi anotonhora, uye pfungwa iyi yakamanikana - ine data yakapfuma - yakamudzivisa kusvika pakakwirira kweunyanzvi kwemakumi emakore akawanda, uye panguva imwe chete, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemukurumbira. Backhouse akapa makonzati asinganeti, akadzokorora angangoita mabhuku ese epiyano kubva kuBach kuenda kuReger naDebussy, dzimwe nguva aibudirira zvinokatyamadza - asi zvisipo. Akanga asina kana kuenzaniswa ne“vakuru venyika ino” - nevaturikiri. Kupa rukudzo kukururama, kurongeka, vatsoropodzi vakazvidza muiti wacho nokuda kwokutamba zvinhu zvose nenzira imwe cheteyo, nokusakendenga, kuti akanga asingakwanisi kutaura chimiro chake amene kumimhanzi yaiitwa. Muimbi wepiyano ane mukurumbira uye nyanzvi yemimhanzi W. Niemann akati muna 1921: “Muenzaniso unodzidzisa wekuti neoclassicism inotungamira nekusakendenga kwayo kwepfungwa nekwemweya uye kuwedzera kutarisisa tekinoroji ndiye mutambi wepiyano wekuLeipzig Wilhelm Backhaus… kubva pane zvakasikwa , mweya waizoita kuti inzwi rive chiratidzo chemukati wakapfuma uye unofungidzira, unoshaya. Backhouse yaive uye inoramba iri nyanzvi yezvidzidzo. " Aya maonero akagoverwa nevatsoropodzi veSoviet panguva yekushanya kwemuenzi weUSSR muma20s.

Izvi zvakaenderera kwemakumi emakore, kusvika pakutanga 50s. Zvaiita sekuti chimiro cheBackhouse chakaramba chisina kuchinja. Asi sezviri pachena, kwenguva yakareba zvisingaoneki, pakanga paine nzira yekushanduka-shanduka kweunyanzvi hwake, yakanyatsobatana nekushanduka kwevanhu. Nheyo yemweya, yehutsika yakauya pamberi zvakanyanya uye zvine simba, kupfava kwehuchenjeri kwakatanga kukunda kupenya kwekunze, kutaura - pamusoro pekusava nehanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, repertoire yemuimbi zvakare yakachinja: virtuoso zvidimbu zvakapotsa zvanyangarika kubva muzvirongwa zvake (zvaive zvino zvakachengeterwa encores), Beethoven akatora nzvimbo huru, achiteverwa naMozart, Brahms, Schubert. Uye zvakaitika kuti mumakore makumi mashanu, vanhu, sezvakangoita, vakawana zvakare Backhaus, vakamuziva semumwe weanoshamisa "Beethovenists" yenguva yedu.

Izvi zvinoreva here kuti nzira yakajairika yakapfuudzwa kubva kune inopenya, asi isina chinhu virtuoso, iyo ine yakawanda nguva dzese, kuenda kumuimbi chaiye? Kwete nenzira iyoyo. Ichokwadi ndechekuti maitiro ekuita zvemuimbi akaramba asina kuchinjwa munzira iyi yose. Backhouse yakagara yakasimbisa chimiro chechipiri - kubva pakuona kwake - yeunyanzvi hwekududzira mimhanzi maererano nekugadzirwa kwayo. Akaona mumuimbi chete "muturikiri", murevereri pakati pemunyori nemutereri, akaiswa seyake huru, kana isiri iyo chete chinangwa, kupfuudzwa chaiko kwemweya netsamba yezvinyorwa zvemunyori - pasina akawedzera kubva kwaari, pasina kuratidza hunyanzvi hwake "Ini". Mumakore ehuduku hwemuimbi, apo piyano yake uye kunyange kukura kwemimhanzi kwakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura kukura kweunhu hwake, izvi zvakakonzera kuoma kwepfungwa, kusava neunhu, kusava nemukati uye zvimwe zvakatoonekwa zvikanganiso zvepiyano yeBackhouse. Ipapo, sezvo nyanzvi yacho yaikura mumudzimu, hunhu hwake nenzira isingadzivisiki, pasinei zvapo neziviso dzipi nedzipi nekarukuro, dzakavamba kusiya chidhindo pakududzira kwake. Izvi hazvina kuita kuti dudziro yake "iwedzere kuzviisa pasi", haina kutungamirira kuhutongi - pano Backhouse yakaramba yakatendeka kwaari; asi pfungwa inoshamisa yezviyero, kuwirirana kwezvinhu uye zvose, kusimba uye hukuru huri nyore uye kuchena kwemweya kweunyanzvi hwake hwakazaruka pasina mubvunzo, uye kusanganiswa kwavo kwakatungamirira kune democracy, kusvikika, izvo zvakamuunzira kubudirira kutsva, kwemhando yakasiyana kupfuura kare. .

Zvinhu zvakanakisisa zveBackhaus zvinobuda nekusununguka kwakanyanya mukududzira kwake kweBeethoven's late sonatas - dudziro yakacheneswa chero kubata kwemanzwiro, nzira dzenhema, dzakanyatsoiswa pasi pekubudiswa kwechimiro chemukati chemufananidzo wemunyori, hupfumi hwepfungwa dzemunyori. Sezvo mumwe wevatsvakurudzi akacherechedza, dzimwe nguva zvaiita kune vateereri veBackhouse kuti akanga akafanana nemudzidzisi akadzikisa maoko ake uye akapa orchestra mukana wekuridza uri woga. “Apo Backhaus anoridza Beethoven, Beethoven anotaura nesu, kwete Backhaus,” akanyora kudaro nyanzvi yemimhanzi yakakurumbira yokuAustria K. Blaukopf. Kwete chete kunonoka Beethoven, asiwo Mozart, Haydn, Brahms, Schubert. Schumann akawana muinzi uyu muturikiri akatanhamara, uyo pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akabatanidza kunaka nehuchenjeri.

Mukurongeka, zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti kunyangwe mumakore ake ekupedzisira - uye ivo vaive zuva rekupedzisira reBackhouse - haana kubudirira mune zvese zvakaenzana. Maitiro ake akave asina kusimba, semuenzaniso, paakaiswa kumumhanzi waBeethoven wenguva yekutanga uye kunyangwe yepakati, uko kudziya kwakawanda kwekunzwa uye kufungidzira kunodiwa kubva kumuiti. Mumwe muongorori akataura kuti "apo Beethoven anoti zvishoma, Backhouse haina chero chekutaura."

Panguva imwecheteyo, nguva yakatibvumirawo kuti titarise patsva paunyanzvi hweBackhaus. Zvakava pachena kuti "chinangwa" chake chaive rudzi rwekuita kune kunakidzwa kwese nerudo uye kunyange "super-romantic" kuita, hunhu hwenguva pakati pehondo mbiri dzenyika. Uye, zvichida, yakanga iri mushure mokunge chido ichi chatanga kupera kuti takakwanisa kuonga zvinhu zvakawanda muBackhouse. Naizvozvo imwe yamagazini eGermany yakanga isina kururama mukudana Backhaus muchikamu cherufu “wokupedzisira wavaimbi vepiyano vakuru venguva yakapfuura.” Asi, aive mumwe wevatambi vepiyano vekutanga panguva ino.

"Ndinoda kuridza mimhanzi kusvika mazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwangu," akadaro Backhouse. Hope dzake dzakazoitika. Makore gumi nehafu apfuura yave nguva yekusimudzira kusati kwamboitika muhupenyu hwemuimbi. Akapemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake 70th nerwendo rukuru kuenda kuU.SA (achidzokorora makore maviri gare gare); muna 1957 akaridza ose makonzati Beethoven muna Rome manheru maviri. Mushure mekubva akanganisa basa rake kwemakore maviri ("kuisa iyo nzira muhurongwa"), muimbi akazviratidzazve pamberi peruzhinji mukubwinya kwake kose. Kwete chete pamakonzati, asiwo panguva yekudzokorora, haana kumbobvira atamba nehafu yemwoyo, asi, pane zvinopesana, aigara achida tempos yakakwana kubva kumakonduri. Akazviona senyaya yekukudzwa kusvika mazuva ake ekupedzisira ave nekuchengetedza, kune encores, payakagadzirira mitambo yakaoma yakadai saLiszt's Campanella kana Liszt zvinyorwa zvenziyo dzaSchubert. Mumakore makumi matanhatu, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveBackhouse zvakasunungurwa; zvinyorwa zvenguva ino zvakatora dudziro yake yezvose sonatas nemakonsati aBeethoven, mabasa aHaydn, Mozart naBrahms. Manheru ekuzvarwa kwake 60th, mutambi akatamba nechido chikuru muVienna Second Brahms Concerto, iyo yaakatanga kuita muna 85 naH. Richter. Pakupedzisira, mazuva masere asati afa, akapa konzati pamutambo weCarinthian Summer muOstia uye akatamba zvakare, senguva dzose, zvakanyanya. Asi kurwara kwemoyo kamwe kamwe kwakamutadzisa kupedzisa chirongwa, uye mazuva mashoma gare gare muimbi anoshamisa akafa.

Wilhelm Backhaus haana kusiya chikoro. Akanga asingadi uye akanga asingadi kudzidzisa. Kuedza kushoma - paKing's College muManchester (1905), Sonderhausen Conservatory (1907), Philadelphia Curtis Institute (1925 - 1926) haina kusiya chinyorwa munhoroondo yake. Akanga asina vadzidzi. “Ndakabatikana zvikuru nokuda kweizvi,” akadaro. "Kana ndikawana nguva, Backhouse pachake anova mudzidzi wangu wandinoda." Akataura pasina chimiro, pasina coquetry. Uye akaedza kukwana kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, achidzidza kubva mumimhanzi.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.