Polyphonic Variations |

Polyphonic Variations - chimiro chemumhanzi chakavakirwa pakudzokororwa kuita dingindira rine shanduko yehunhu hwekupokana. AP a. inogona kuva mimhanzi yakazvimirira. prod. (zita rekuti-rogo dzimwe nguva rinosarudza fomu, semuenzaniso. "Kusiyana kweCanonical paRwiyo rweKisimusi" naI. C. Bach) kana chikamu che cyclic hombe. prod. (Largo kubva kufp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), chiitiko mu cantata, opera (chorus "The Wonderful Queen Queen" kubva opera "The Legend of the Invisible Guta reKitezh uye Maiden Fevronia" naRimsky-Korsakov); kazhinji P. a. - chikamu chehombe, kusanganisira. kwete-polyphonic, mafomu (kutanga kwechikamu chepakati chechikwata chechipiri cheMyaskovsky's 2th symphony); dzimwe nguva dzinosanganisirwa mune dzisiri-polyphonic. kutenderera kutenderera ("Symphonic etudes" naSchumann). K P. a. zvese zvakajairika Hunhu hwechimiro chemisiyano inoshanda (kuumba, kupatsanura kuita yakasimba uye yemahara, nezvimwewo); izwi iri rakapararira. arr. mumazizi musicology. AP a. yakabatana nepfungwa yepolyphony. kusiyana, izvo zvinoreva contrapuntal. kuvandudzwa kwedingindira, chikamu chechimiro, chikamu chekutenderera (semuenzaniso, kutanga kwekuratidzwa, mabara 1-26, uye reprise, mabara 101-126, muchikamu chechipiri cheBeethoven's 2st symphony; chimes II ine kaviri muBach's. Chirungu Suite Nhamba 1; "Chromatic Invention" Nha. 145 kubva ku "Microcosmos" naBartok); polyphonic variation ndiyo hwaro hwemhando dzakasanganiswa (semuenzaniso, P. zana, fugue uye matatu-chikamu fomu mu aria No 3 kubva kuBach's cantata No 170). Main zvinoreva polyphonic. kusiyana-siyana: kuiswa kwemazwi ekupesana (ekusiyana-siyana kwekuzvimirira), kusanganisira. inomiririra melodic-rhythmic. basic options. Topics; kushandiswa kwekukudza, dingindira reversal, nezvimwewo; polyphonization yekuratidzwa kwechord uye melodicization yenhamba dzinoperekedza, ichivapa hunhu hwe ostinato, kushandiswa kwekutevedzera, canons, fugues uye marudzi avo; kushandiswa kwakaoma counterpoint; mune polyphony yezana ramakore rechi20. - aleatorics, shanduko yeiyo dodecaphone akatevedzana, nezvimwe. Mune P. a. (kana kuwedzera - ine polyphonic. mutsauko), pfungwa yekuumbwa inopihwa nenzira dzakakosha, izvo zvakakosha kuchengetedza chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvedingindira zvisina kuchinjwa (cf., semuenzaniso, yekutanga mharidzo mumabha 1-3 uye polyphonically siyana. mumabhawa 37-39 ye minuet ye g-moll symphony Mozart); imwe yeanonyanya kukosha ekuumba nzira ndeye ostinato, inova inherent in metric. kugara uye kuwirirana. kugadzikana; kubatana kwefomu P. a. kazhinji inotemwa nekudzoka nguva dzose ku c.-l. mhando yepolyphonic mharidzo (semuenzaniso, kune kanoni), zvishoma nezvishoma kuomarara kwehunyanzvi, kuwedzera kwenhamba yemanzwi, nezvimwe. Kune P. a. kupedzisa kwakajairika, to-rye sum up inonzwika polyphonic. zvikamu uye muchidimbu maitiro anoshandiswa; zvinogona kuva zvakaoma contrapuntal. musanganiswa (semuenzaniso muBach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), canon (Largo kubva ku8th symphony, inotangira gis-moll op. 87 No 12 Shostakovich); pl. kusiyana-siyana (kusanganisira isiri-polyphonic, umo, zvisinei, basa rakakurumbira rinoitwa ne polyphonic. Development techniques) inopera nefugue-variation, semuenzaniso. mune op. AP UYE. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, B. Britten nevamwe. Nekuti iyo polyphonic iyo tekinoroji inowanzobatanidzwa kune homophonic mharidzo (semuenzaniso, kuendesa rwiyo kubva paizwi repamusoro kuenda kune bass, sezvakaita vertically movable counterpoint), uye muP. a. homophonic nzira dzekusiyanisa dzinoshandiswa, miganhu pakati pepolyphonic. uye isiri-polyphonic. misiyano inoenderana. AP a. akakamurwa kuita ostinato (kusanganisira zviitiko apo inodzokororwa dingindira rinochinja, semuenzaniso fp. "Basso ostinato" Shchedrin) uye neostinato. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa P. a. на stubborn bass. Rumbo runodzokororwa runogona kuchengetwa muzwi ripi neripi (somuenzaniso, vatenzi vechimiro chakasimba vanowanzoisa cantus firmus mu tenor (2)) uye kutamiswa kubva kune rimwe izwi kuenda kune rimwe (semuenzaniso, muvatatu "Usadzima, mudiwa" kubva kuGlinka's opera "Ivan Susanin" ); tsananguro yakajairika yenyaya idzi ndiP. a. kumutinhiro wakasimba. Ostinate uye neostinate marudzi anowanzogara pamwe chete, hapana muganhu wakajeka pakati pavo. AP a. kubva kuNar. maitiro echando, uko mutinhimira une kudzokorora kwecouplet unogamuchira akasiyana polyphonic. decor. Mienzaniso yekutanga yaP. a. muprof. mimhanzi ndeyemhando ye ostinato. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndiwo motet yezana ramakore rechi 13. galliard mhando (ona muArt. Polyphony), iyo yakavakirwa pamitsara mitatu yebass yeGregorian chant. Mafomu akadaro aive akapararira (motets "Speravi", "Trop plus est bele - Biauté paree - je ne sui mie" naG. de Machot). Masters emhando yakasimba inodzidziswa muP. a. achataura. polyphonic maitiro. rurimi, etc. melodic technique. shanduko. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. Izaka: cantus firmus inodzokororwa mu tenor 5 nguva ine rhythm inoderera mu geometric. mafambiro (kuzotevera kubata nekaviri mapfupi marefu), mapoinzi anogadzirwa kubva kune chikuru. madingindira mukuderedza (ona muenzaniso pazasi). Nheyo P. a. dzimwe nguva yakashanda sehwaro hweMisa - nhoroondo yekutanga huru cyclic. mafomu: cantus firmus, yakaitwa senge ostinato mumativi ese, yaive mbiru inotsigira yekuchinja kukuru (semuenzaniso, muruzhinji paL'homme armé naJosquin Despres, Palestrina). Sov. vatsvakurudzi V. AT. Protopopov uye S. C. Scrapers inonzi polyphonic. kusiyanisa (pane ostinato, maererano nemusimboti wekumera uye strophic. type) hwaro hwekutevedzera mafomu e14th-16th century. (cm. Polyphony). Mune yekare P. a. cantus firmus haina kuitwa zvakasiyana pamberi pemisiyano; Tsika yekutaura dingindira rakanangana nemutsauko wakagadzirwa nemanzwi (cf. Intonation, VI) - nekuimba mutsara wekutanga wekwaya pamberi peMisa; kugamuchirwa kwakagadziriswa kwete mberi kwezana remakore rechi16. nekuuya kwepassacaglia uye chaconne, iyo yakava nzira dzinotungamira dzeP.

Kukurudzira kweP.'s development of century. (kusanganisira neostinata) chaive chiridzwa chine mikana yayo yekufananidzira.

Rudzi rwemhando yekwaya dzakasiyana, izvo zvinoratidzwa nenhengo P. v. S. Scheidt pa "Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz".

Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka pa "Est-ce Mars" - ornamental (dingindira rinofungidzirwa mukugadzirwa nekuderera (3)), yakasimba (chimiro chemusoro chakachengetedzwa), neostinata - zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakurumbira mu16 -17 mazana emakore. kusiyana kwedingindira renziyo.

Pakati pe neostinatny P. in. 17th-18th mazana emakore akaoma zvikuru ndeaya anosangana nefugue. Saka, kusvika P. remakore. kutevedzana kwepedyo kwekupokana-kuratidzwa, semuenzaniso mune fugues F-dur uye g-moll D. Buxtehude.

Kuumbwa kwakanyanya kuoma. G. Frescobaldi: kutanga 2 fugues, ipapo 3rd fugue variation (kubatanidza misoro yefugues yapfuura) uye 4th fugue variation (panyaya ye1st).

Mimhanzi naJS Bach - enisaikoropidhiya yehunyanzvi hweP. v. Bach yakagadzira kutenderera kwekwaya dzakasiyana, to-rye mune dzakawanda. nyaya dzirikusvika dzakasununguka nekuda kwekusimudzira kuiswa pakati pemitsara yekwaya. Rudzi rumwe cheterwo runosanganisira mutambo we "Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song" (BWV 769) - nhevedzano yemazwi maviri emakanoni-kusiyana kwecantus firmus (mu octave, yechishanu, yechinomwe uye octave mukukurisa; iyo 3rd uye 4th canons ine mahara. mazwi); mumusiyano wokupedzisira wechi5, chorale chinhu chenduru dziri kutenderera (munechitanhatu, chechitatu, chechipiri, hapana) chine manzwi maviri akasununguka; mumhemberero. iyo matanhatu-izwi coda inosanganisa mazwi ese ekwaya. Hupfumi hunokosha hwekusiyana kwepolyphonic hunosiyanisa "Goldberg Variations": kutenderera kunobatwa pamwe chete nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzebhasi uye kudzoka - sekudzivisa - kune unyanzvi hwekanoni. Makanoni ane manzwi maviri ane inzwi rakasununguka anoiswa mumutsauko wega wega wechitatu (hapana izwi rakasununguka mumutsauko wechi27), nguva yekanoni inowedzera kubva pakubatanidzwa kusvika kune imwe (mukutenderera mumisiyano yechi12 neyechi15); mune zvimwe zvakasiyana - mamwe polyphonic. mafomu, pakati pawo fughetta (musiyano wechigumi) uye quadlibet (musiyano wechi10), apo madingindira enziyo akati wandei anopikiswa nemufaro. Iyo organ passa-calla mu c-moll (BWV30) inosiyaniswa nesimba risingaenzaniswi rekukura kwakadzikama kwechimiro, yakashongedzwa korona nefugue seyakanyanya semantic synthesis. Iko kushandiswa kutsva kweiyo inovaka pfungwa yekuumbwa kwekutenderera pahwaro hweimwe dingindira rinoratidzira "Art of the Fugue" uye "Musical Offering" yeBach; semahara P. in. mamwe cantatas akavakirwa pachorales (somuenzaniso, No 582).

Kubva pa2nd floor. 18th century musiyano uye polyphony zvakati zvakaganhurwa: polyphonic. kusiyanisa kunoshanda kuratidza iyo homophonic theme, inosanganisirwa mune yekare. kuchinja fomu. Saka, L. Beethoven akashandisa fugue seimwe yezvakasiyana (kazhinji ye dynamization, semuenzaniso, mu 33 variations op. 120, fugato muLarghetto kubva ku7th symphony) uye akazvisimbisa sekupedzisira kwekusiyana kwekutenderera (somuenzaniso, misiyano Es-dur op .35). Several P. in. in the cycle vanogadzira nyore nyore "form ye 2nd plan" (somuenzaniso, muBrahms' "Variations on a Theme of Handel", the 6th variation-canon inopfupikisa budiriro yapfuura uye nokudaro inotarisira fugue yekupedzisira. ) Mhedzisiro yakakosha yenhoroondo yekushandiswa kwepolyphonic. zvakasiyana-siyana - zvakasanganiswa homophonic-polyphonic. mafomu (ona Free style). Classic samples - muOp. Mozart, Beethoven; muOp. vanyori venguva dzinotevera - kuguma kwepiyano. quartet op. 47 Schumann, 2nd movement yeGlazunov's 7th symphony (iyo sarabande muhutano inosanganiswa nematatu-mafambiro, concentric uye sonata mafomu), kuguma kweMyaskovsky's 27th symphony (rondo sonata ine kusiyana kwemadingindira makuru). Boka rakakosha rinoumbwa nemabasa apo P. v. uye fugue: Sanctus kubva kuBerlioz's Requiem (sumo uye fugue inodzoka ine akakosha polyphonic uye orchestral complications); the exposition and the strettas in the fugue kubva kuGlinka's Nhanganyaya kune opera Ivan Susanin inoparadzaniswa nekwaya inozivisa kunaka kwepolyphonic variation. couplet form; munhanganyaya kune opera Lohengrin, Wagner anofananidza P. v. musoro uye mhinduro sumo. Ostinatnye P. v. mumhanzi 2nd floor. 18th-19th mazana emakore akashandiswa kashoma uye akasununguka zvakanyanya. Beethoven aivimba netsika dzekare chaconnes mu 32 kusiyana mu c-moll, dzimwe nguva akadudzira P. v. pabasso ostinato sechikamu chechimiro chikuru (somuenzaniso, mumatambudziko ekodha ye 1st movement ye9th symphony); hwaro hwekupedzisira kweushingi hweiyo 3rd symphony ndiP. v. pabasso ostinato (dingindira rekutanga), iro rinoratidza maitiro erondo (kudzokorora kwe2, dingindira guru), tripartite (kudzoka kwekiyi huru mu 2nd fugato. ) uye mafomu akajeka. Ichi chinyorwa chakasiyana chakashanda semutungamiri weI. Brahms (yekupedzisira ye 4th symphony) uye symphonists yezana remakore rechi20.

Muzana remakore rechi19 rinova rakapararira polyphonic. kusiyanisa pamutinhimira wakasimba; kazhinji iyo soprano ostinato - chimiro, chichienzaniswa nebasso ostinato, haina kuwirirana, asi ine ruvara rukuru. (semuenzaniso, 2nd musiyano muPersian Choir kubva kuGlinka's Ruslan naLyudmila) uye zvinoonekwa (somuenzaniso, zvikamu murwiyo rwaVarlaam kubva kuna Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) zvinobvira, sezvo muP. v. pasoprano ostinato main. kufarira kunotarisa pane polyphonic shanduko. (pamwe nekuwirirana, orc., etc.) dhizaini yenziyo. Madingindira anowanzo kurira (semuenzaniso, Et incarnatus kubva kuSchubert's Mass Es-dur, kutanga kwesangano reLacrimosa kubva kuVerdi's Requiem), zvakare mune yazvino. mimhanzi (yechipiri yeMesiaen "Matatu Madiki Liturgy"). Similar P. in. inosanganisirwa muchimiro chikuru (semuenzaniso, muLarghetto kubva kuBeethoven's 2th symphony) kazhinji pamwe nemamwe marudzi akasiyana-siyana (semuenzaniso, Glinka's Kamarinskaya, Glazunov's kusiyana kwepiano op. 7, Reger's Variations uye Fugue paDingindira reMozart ) Glinka inounza pamwe P. zana. kune rwiyo rwakatsiga rune rwiyo rwemaumbirwo (semuenzaniso, inofambiswa yakatwasuka inochinjika muzvikamu zviviri zvevatatu "Usafemesa, mudikani" kubva ku opera "Ivan Susanin"; mune kanoni "Inguva inoshamisa sei" kubva mu opera. "Ruslan naLyudmila" contrapuntal environment inopinda mu rispost seP. v. pane propost). Kuvandudzwa kwetsika yeGlinka kwakakonzera kukura kwechimiro nenzira dzakawanda. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky nevamwe. Yakashandiswa mukugadzirisa mabhangi. nziyo naAV Alexandrov (semuenzaniso, "Hapana imwe nzira mumunda"), Ukrainian. munyori ND Leontovich (somuenzaniso, "Nemhaka yedombo gomo", "Poppy"), Uzbek. munyori M. Burkhanov ("Pagomo Rakakwirira"), munyori weEstonian V. Tormis (akasiyana-siyana ostinato nziyo nekushandiswa kwemazuva ano harmonic uye polyphonic unyanzvi mukwaya "Nziyo dzeSt. John's Day") nevamwe vakawanda. vamwe

Muzana remakore rechi20 P.'s value in. (kunyanya pabasso ostinato) yakawedzera zvinoshamisa; kugona kuronga kwe ostinato kunoderedza maitiro anoparadza emazuva ano. kuwirirana, uye panguva imwe chete basso ostinato, kubvumira chero contrapuntal. uye polytonal layers, haikanganise harmonic. rusununguko. Mukudzoka kune ostinato mafomu, aesthetics yakaita basa. kuiswa kwe neoclassicism (somuenzaniso, M. Reger); mune dzakawanda P.'s kesi in. - chinhu chekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso, mhedziso ye ballet "Orpheus" naStravinsky). Mu neostinatny P. yezana remakore. tsika yechinyakare yekushandisa hunyanzvi hwekanoni inogona kurondwa (semuenzaniso, "Free Variations" Nhamba 140 kubva kuBartok's "Microcosmos", iyo yekupedzisira yeWebern's symphony op. 21, "Variazioni polifonici" kubva piano sonata yeShchedrin, "Hymn" ye cello, rudimbwa uye timpani naSchnittke) . MuP. in. nzira dzepolyphony itsva dzinoshandiswa: kusiyana kwezvinhu zve dodecaphony, polyphony yezvikamu uye polyphonic. aleatoric (somuenzaniso, mune orchestral op. V. Lutoslavsky), sophisticated metrical. uye rhythmic. unyanzvi (somuenzaniso, P. v. muna Messiaen's Four Rhythmic Etudes), zvichingodaro. Kazhinji inosanganiswa netsika dzepolyphonic. tricks; chinowanzoitwa kushandiswa kwemaitiro echinyakare mumhando dzawo dzakaomarara (ona, semuenzaniso, zvivakwa zvekupinda muchikamu chechipiri cheSchedrin's sonata). Mumazuva ano kune mienzaniso yakawanda yakatanhamara yemimhanzi yechinyakare munziyo; kukumbira kune zvakaitika kuna Bach naBeethoven kunovhura nzira yeunyanzvi hwepamusoro huzivi hunokosha (basa raP. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Nokudaro, mumagumo ekupedzisira kwaShostakovich (Op. 2) violin sonata (ostinato kaviri pianos, apo counterpoint mu gis-moll ine chirevo chechikamu chechikamu), tsika yaBeethoven inonzwika muhurongwa hwemazamu akadzika. pfungwa, munhevedzano yekuwedzera yose; ichi chigadzirwa. - chimwe cheuchapupu hwemikana yemazuva ano. P. mafomu.

References: Protopopov Vl., Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo yakakosha zviitiko. Nziyo dzechiRussian dzeclassical neSoviet, M., 1962; yake, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Western European classics yeXVIII-XIX mazana emakore, M., 1965; yake, Variational process in musical form, M., 1967; Asafiev B., Mumhanzi fomu senzira, M., 1930, zvakafanana, bhuku. 2, M., 1947, (zvose zvikamu) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Artic nheyo dzemitambo yemimhanzi, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Kuongororwa kwemabasa emimhanzi. Musiyano fomu, M., 1974.

VP Frayonov